Makanga muri 1969, uye Hondo yeAmerica paVietnam yairatidzika kuva isingaperi. Kushatirwa kukuru pamusoro pehondo kwakanga kwapinda mumigwagwa yenyika nemakampasi - hasha pamusoro pemurwi unoramba uchikwira wemabhegi emuviri achidzokera kumba, pamusoro pemabhomba airamba achidonha achibva kundege dzeUS achienda kumisha yekumaruwa, aine mifananidzo yemhuri dzaitiza. ganda ravo rakapiswa nenapalm, rinotepfenyurwa pasi rose.
Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu akanga atanga kuramba hondo. Kudonha kwa1969 kwakaona nhoroondo Moratorium kuratidzira, kuratidzira kukuru munhoroondo yeUS.
Asi nepo shungu nekutsunga kwebato rekurwisa hondo kwaive kwakasimba, vamwe vakanzwa kuti ruzivo rwakaoma nezvesimba riri shure kwehondo yaive isina. Ndiani aigadzira uye kuita purofiti kubva kumabhomba, ndege, uye makemikari aishandiswa muVietnam? Muchina wehondo waivepi - mafekitori ayo, maLab ekutsvagisa - aripo muUS? Munyika dzipi, uye mumataundi api? Ndivanaani vaibatsirwa nemakambani uye vachikurudzira hondo?
Kana varongi pamwe nekufamba kwehondo yehondo vachikwanisa kuwana ruzivo urwu - ruzivo rwakakura uye rwakadzama rwemari uye simba rekambani kuseri kwehondo - bato racho rinogona kutonyanya kusimba, richikwanisa kutarisisa zvakasiyana zvikamu zvemuchina wehondo mhiri. nyika.
Aya ndiwo aive mamiriro akaita National Action / Tsvagiridzo paMasoja-Industrial Complex - kana NARMIC, sezvayakazozivikanwa - yakazvarwa.
NARMIC yaida kutsvagisa simba nemari kuseri kweindasitiri yezvidziviriro uye kuwana tsvakiridzo iyi mumaoko evaratidziri verunyararo vairamba Hondo yeVietnam kuti vakwanise kurwa zvakanyanya. Vaida - sezvavanoisa - "kuzadza gaka" pakati pe "tsvagiridzo yerunyararo" uye "kuronga runyararo." Vaida kuita tsvagiridzo yekuita - nekudaro, kushandisa kwavo izwi rekuti "chiito / tsvagiridzo" kutsanangura zvavakaita.
Munhoroondo yayo yese, vashandi veNARMIC nevazvipiri havana kungogara vakanyarara mukamuri vachiongorora masosi, vari voga kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Vakashanda pamwe chete nevarongi veko. Vakatora zvikumbiro zvevaratidziri kuti vatarise mumakambani ekunangana nawo. Vakadzidzisa vanhu vesangano kuita tsvakiridzo yavo vega. Uye vakaunganidza raibhurari hombe yemagwaro ekuti chero munhu ashandise, pamwe chete nemuunganidzwa wemapepa, mishumo, masiraidhi, uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvevanoronga.
Iyo nyaya yeNARMIC, senge nyaya ye SNCC Dhipatimendi Rokutsvagisa, chikamu chenhoroondo yakakosha asi yakavanzika yebasa rekutsvagisa simba munhoroondo yemafambisirwo ekuratidzira kweUS.
NARMIC yakavambwa muna 1969 neboka remaQuaker anorwa hondo aishanda ne American Friends Friends Service Committee (AFSC). Vakafemerwa nemuparidzi weQuaker uye anobvisa John Woolman, uyo Akaudzwa vateveri vake “kuti vaone uye vatore mutoro wokusaruramisira kunoiswa negadziriro dzeupfumi.”
Iri meseji - idzo kutsamwa kwehunhu kudzvinyirirwa kunoda kufananidzwa nekunzwisisa magadzirirwo ehurongwa hwehupfumi uye nekuchengetedza hudzvanyiriri ihwohwo - yakararama NARMIC muhupenyu hwayo hwose.
NARMIC yaive yakavakirwa muPhiladelphia. Vashandi vayo vekutanga vaive vachangopedza kudzidza kubva kumakoreji madiki akasununguka ehunyanzvi seSwarthmore, kunze kwePhiladelphia, uye Earlham, muIndiana. Yakashanda pabhajeti renguva pfupi, nevatsvagiri vayo vadiki vachishanda "pamari yekubhadhara isina mari," asi yakakurudzirwa zvikuru kuita tsvakiridzo yakasimba inogona kubatsira kurwisa hondo.
Chinangwa chikuru cheNARMIC chaive chemauto-maindasitiri, chaakatsanangura muna 1970 turakiti - ichitora Dwight Eisenhower - se "iyi mubatanidzwa wemauto makuru uye indasitiri huru yezvombo izvo zvitsva muchiitiko cheAmerica." NARMIC yakawedzera kuti "ichi chakaoma ichokwadi" icho "chinopararira munharaunda yese yehupenyu hwedu."
Mushure mekunge boka rakaumbwa muna 1969, NARMIC yakatanga kushanda ichitsvaga hukama hweindasitiri yekudzivirira kuHondo yeVietnam. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakaguma nezvinyorwa zviviri zvekutanga zvine simba guru mukati meboka rekurwisa hondo.
Yekutanga yaive rondedzero yevakuru ve100 kudzivirira makondirakiti muUS. Vachishandisa data rinowanikwa kubva kuDhipatimendi reDziviriro, vatsvakurudzi veNARMIC vakanyatsoisa pamwe chete zvigaro zvakaratidza kuti ndiani akabudirira muhondo yenyika uye kuti makambani aya akapiwa sei muzvibvumirano zvekudzivirira. Rondedzero iyi yakaperekedzwa neongororo inobatsira kubva kuNARMIC nezve zvakawanikwa.
Iwo epamusoro zana ekudzivirira makondirakiti runyorwa rwakagadziridzwa nekufamba kwenguva kuitira kuti varongi vagove neruzivo rwechizvino-zvino - pano, somuenzaniso, ndidzo dzakabva muna 1977. Ndaza iyi yaiva chikamu che“Military-Industrial Atlas of the United States” iyo NARMIC yakabatanidza.
Yechipiri hombe yekutanga chirongwa neNARMIC raive bhuku rekushandisa rainzi "Automated Air War." Ichi chinyorwa chakaputsika kuita mazwi akajeka marudzi akasiyana ezvombo uye ndege dzaishandiswa neUS muhondo yayo yemuchadenga kurwisa Vietnam. Yakazivisawo vagadziri nevagadziri vezvombo vari shure kwavo.
Asi iyo "Automated Air War" yakatoenderera mberi mukubatsira varongi vehondo. Muna 1972, NARMIC yakashandura tsvakiridzo kuita slideshow uye filmstrip ine chinyorwa uye mifananidzo - mifananidzo yemakambani logos, yevezvematongerwo enyika, yezvombo, uye yekukuvadzwa kwakaitwa kuVietnamese nezvombo zviri kukurukurwa. Panguva iyoyo, iyi yaive nzira yekucheka-cheka yekubatanidza uye kudzidzisa vanhu nezvenyaya yehondo nezvombo uye ekudzivirira makondirakiti kumashure kwayo.
NARMIC yaizotengesa slideshow kumapoka akatenderedza US, avo vaibva varatidzira yavo yekuratidzira munharaunda yavo. Kuburikidza neizvi, NARMIC yakaparadzira mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwayo simba munyika yese uye yakabatsira kune ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekurwisa hondo iro rinogona kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekuita zano pamusoro pezvainovavarira.
NARMIC yakaburitsawo mamwe zvinhu mukutanga 1970s izvo zvaibatsira varongi. “Movement Guide to Stockholders Meetings” yaro yakaratidza vatsigiri nzira yokupindira nayo mumisangano yavaridzi vemasheya. Yayo “Guide to Researching Institutional Portfolios” yakagoverwa kumapoka enzvimbo anodarika chiuru. Yayo "Kudzidziswa kweMapurisa: Counterinsurgency Pano neKunze" yakaongorora "kubatanidzwa kwemakambani eUS mukugadzira zvombo zvemapurisa uye kupindirana kweyunivhesiti mukukura kwemapurisa-indasitiri-yedzidzo yeindasitiri."
Kuburikidza nezvose izvi, NARMIC yakavakawo bhanga re data rinonakidza iro rayaigona kutora pariri kutsvaga. NARMIC yakatsanangura kuti hofisi yayo yaive ne "zvimedu, zvinyorwa, zvinyorwa zvekutsvagisa, mishumo yepamutemo, kubvunzurudza uye yakazvimirira yekutsvagisa zvakawanikwa" paindasitiri yezvidziviriro, mayunivhesiti, kugadzirwa kwezvombo, kupikisa kwepamba, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Yakanyorera kumagazini eindasitiri nemadhairekitori ayo vanhu vashoma vaiziva nezvawo asi aive neruzivo rwakakosha. NARMIC yakaita kuti bhangi rayo redata riwanikwe kune chero boka kana muratidziri anogona kusvika kuhofisi yePhiladelphia.
Mushure memakore mashoma, NARMIC yakange yazviitira zita mukati mebato rekurwisa hondo nekuda kwekutsvagisa kwayo. Vashandi vayo vakashanda pamwe chete, vachigovanisa vashandi pamapurojekiti makuru, vachigadzira nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi, uye, sekutaura kwakaita mumwe muongorori, vachiva "vakanyanya kunzwisisa mukunzwisisa zvaiitwa nePentagon."NARMIC vaongorori vanosangana mukutanga 1970s. Mufananidzo: AFSC / AFSC Archives
Asi kure nekuve pamusoro-pasi kufunga tank, chikonzero cheNARMIC chekuvepo kwagara kuri kuita tsvakiridzo ine chekuita uye inogona kusimbisa kuedza kwevanoronga hondo. Boka racho rakaita basa iri nenzira dzakasiyana.
NARMIC yaive nekomiti yekuraira yakaitwa nevamiriri vemasangano akasiyana-siyana ekurwisa hondo iyo yaisangana nemwedzi mishoma yega yega kuti vakurukure kuti rudzii rwekutsvagisa rungabatsira mubato. Zvakatorawo kugara uchikumbira rubatsiro nekutsvaga kubva kumapoka ekurwisa hondo akasangana navo. Iri 1970 pamphlet yakaziviswa:
- "Vadzidzi vari kuongorora Pentagon tsvakiridzo pamakampasi, madzimai epamba vachiramwa zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemaindasitiri ehondo, "Njiva dzeCongress" vashandi vemushandirapamwe, masangano erunyararo emarudzi ese, mapoka ehunyanzvi uye vemubatanidzwa vauya kuNARMIC kuti vawane chokwadi uye kubvunza kuti vangatakura sei zvakanaka. kuita mapurojekiti. "
Diana Roose, muongorori weNARMIC kwenguva refu, akayeuka:
- Taifonerwa nevamwe vemapoka aya vachiti, “Ini ndinoda kuziva nezvenyaya iyi. Tiri kufora mangwana manheru. Chii chaungandiudze nezve Boeing nechirimwa chayo kunze kwePhiladelphia? " Saka taivabatsira kuzvitsvaga… isu taizove tsvakiridzo. Takanga tichivadzidzisawo maitirwo etsvakurudzo.
Chokwadi, NARMIC yakataura nezvechishuwo chayo chekudzidzisa varongi venzvimbo maitiro ekutsvaga simba. "Vashandi veNARMIC vanowanikwa kuti" zviite-iwe pachako" vaongorori kuti vavabatsire kudzidza mashandisiro e data bank uye mabhuku eraibhurari uye nzira yekuunganidza ruzivo rwakanangana nemapurojekiti avo," boka rakati.
Mienzaniso mishoma yekongiri inopa pfungwa yekuti NARMIC yakabatana sei nevarongi venzvimbo:
- Philadelphia: Vatsvakurudzi veNARMIC vakabatsira vanorwisana nehondo kuti vawane ruzivo pamusoro peGE uye yeFiladelphia chirimwa icho sangano rakashandiswa mukuronga kwayo. GE yakagadzira zvikamu zvezvombo zveantipersonnel izvo zvaishandiswa kurwisa Vietnam.
- Minneapolis: Varatidziri vakaumba boka rainzi "Honeywell Project" kuratidzira Honeywell, yaive nechirimwa muMinneapolis yaigadzira napalm. NARMIC yakabatsira varongi kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezve magadzirirwo akaitwa napalm, ndiani aiwana purofiti kubva pairi, uye mashandisirwo ayaiitwa muVietnam. Muna Kubvumbi 1970, varatidziri vakabudirira kuvhara musangano wepagore waHoneywell muMinneapolis.
- New England: Zvinyorwa zveNARMIC zvakabatsira vatsigiri veNew England kuti vanzwisise zviri nani uye vaone zvinangwa munharaunda yavo. "[P] vanhu muNew England vakasvika pakuziva kuti nharaunda dzavo dzakaita chikamu chikuru mukugadzira uye kuita purofiti kubva mukuwedzera kwehunyanzvi hwehondo," yakanyora AFSC. "Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakasangana muWellesley, Mass., Zvombo zvemhepo zvakachengetwa muBedford, Mass., Uye mabhangi aitsigira matekinoroji matsva mudunhu rese. Zviitiko izvi zvakavharwa zvisinganzwisisike kudzamara NARMIC yafumura hukama hwavo kuhondo. "
Mushure mekunge Hondo yeVietnam yapera, NARMIC yakatamira kunzvimbo itsva dzekutsvagisa. Mukupera kwema1970 kusvika kuma1980, yakaburitsa mapurojekiti makuru pamativi akasiyana echiuto cheUS. Zvimwe zveizvi zvakakwevera pane zvakaitika kuNARMIC kubva kuHondo yeVietnam, senge masiraidhi aakaita kuperekedza tsvakiridzo pa bhajeti remauto. NARMIC yakaburitsawo mishumo yekupindira kwemauto mukati Central America uye basa reUS mukusimudzira South Africa Apartheid. Nguva yose iyi, boka racho rakaramba richishanda pamwe chete nevarongi vaibatanidzwa mumasangano ekuratidzira pamusoro pemisoro iyi.
Imwe yemipiro mikuru yeNARMIC panguva iyi raive basa rayo pazvombo zvenyukireya. Aya aive makore - ekupedzisira 1970s uye ekutanga 1980s - apo ruzhinji kufamba kurwisa kupararira kwenyukireya kwaibata muUS. Kushanda pamwe chete nemasangano akasiyana, NARMIC yakaisa zvinhu zvakakosha panjodzi dzezvombo zvenyukireya uye simba uye kuita pundutso shure kwavo. Semuenzaniso, yayo 1980 slideshow "Ngozi Inogamuchirika?: The Nuclear Age muUnited States” yakatsanangurira vaoni ngozi dzemichina yenyukireya. Yaiva nenyanzvi dzenyukireya pamwe neuchapupu kubva kune vakapukunyuka bhomba reatomu reHiroshima, uye yaiperekedzwa nezvinyorwa zvakawanda.
Pakazosvika pakati pemakore ekuma1980, sekureva kwemumwe wevaongorori vayo, NARMIC yakadonha nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvaisanganisira kushomeka kwemari, kubuda kwehutungamiriri hwayo hwekutanga, uye kupera kwekutarisa kwesangano sezvo nyaya nyowani dzakawanda nemishandirapamwe zvanga zvichimuka.
Asi NARMIC yakasiya nhaka yakakosha yenhoroondo, pamwe nemuenzaniso unokurudzira wevatsvagiri vemasimba nhasi vanotsvaga kufambisira mberi zvirongwa zvekuronga runyararo, kuenzana, uye kururamisira.
Nyaya yeNARMIC muenzaniso webasa rakakosha rakaitwa netsvagiridzo yesimba munhoroondo yemafambisirwo emagariro eUS. Tsvagiridzo yeNARMIC panguva yeHondo yeVietnam, uye mashandisiro akashandiswa tsvakiridzo iyi nevarongi kutora danho, yakaita kuti pave nemuchina wehondo wakakonzera kupera kwehondo. Yakabatsirawo kudzidzisa veruzhinji nezvehondo - nezve simba rekambani rinoita purofiti kubva pairi, uye nezvehurongwa hwezvombo hwakaoma hwaishandiswa neUS kurwisa vanhu veVietnam.
Muongorori weNARMIC Diana Roose anotenda kuti boka rakaita basa rakakura "mukuvaka bato rakaziviswa uye rakaitwa maererano nechokwadi, kwete kungonzwa":
- Militarism haiitike pasina chinhu. Haingozvikurire yoga. Pane zvikonzero nei huuto huchikura uye huchibudirira mune dzimwe nharaunda, uye nekuda kwehukama hwemasimba uye ndiani ari kuita purofiti uye ndiani ari kubatsirwa… Saka zvakakosha kuti usangoziva chete… .
Chokwadi, NARMIC yakaita mupiro wakakura mukusimbisa mauto-maindasitiri akaoma uye kuita kuti ive chinangwa chakakura chekupokana. "Pamusoro pazvo," yakanyora NARMIC muna 1970, "zvinoratidzika kunge zvisina musoro kuti boka diki rekuita / vaongorori vanogona kuita zvakawanda kurwisa hofori yeMIC." Asi chokwadi chakakwana, panguva iyo NARMIC yakaparara, kubatsirikana kwehondo uye kupindira kwemauto kwakaonekwa nekupokana nemamirioni avanhu, uye mafambiro erunyararo akange agadzira inokatyamadza yekutsvagisa - iyo NARMIC yakabatsira kuvaka, nevamwe - ichiripo nanhasi.
Munyori ane mukurumbira Noam Chomsky ane izvi zvekutaura kwaari LittleSis nezve nhaka yeNARMIC:
- Iyo NARMIC purojekiti yaive sosi yakakosha kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekuita kwakakomba kwevaratidziri nehurongwa hwemauto hwakaoma uye hunotyisa muUS nepasirese. Yakanga iriwo kukurudzira kukuru kune mafambiro akafararira kumanikidza kutyisidzira kunotyisa kwezvombo zvenyukireya uye kupindira kwechisimba. Iyo purojekiti yakaratidza, zvinobudirira, kukosha kwakakosha kwekunyatso tsvagurudza uye ongororo yekuedza kwevamiriri kugadzirisa matambudziko akakomba anofanira kunge ari pamberi pezvinetswa zvedu.
Asi pamwe zvakanyanya kupfuura zvese, nyaya yeNARMIC imwe nyaya pamusoro pemikana yekutsvagisa mafambiro - mabatiro aangaite pamwe nekuronga kuedza kujekesa mashandiro anoita simba uye kubatsira kuona zvinangwa zvekuita.
Nhaka yeNARMIC imhenyu mubasa rekufambisa ratinoita nhasi. Zvavakadana kuita / tsvakurudzo, tinogona kudana simba rekutsvakurudza. Zvavakadaidza kuti masiraidhi, isu tingati webinars. Sezvo varongi vakawanda nhasi vari kutambira kudiwa kwekutsvagisa simba, zvakakosha kuti tiyeuke kuti tinomira pamapfudzi emapoka akaita seNARMIC.
Kufarira kudzidza zvakawanda nezve simba rekutsvagisa uye kuronga zvinogona kushanda pamwechete nhasi? Bhalisa pano kubatana nayo Mepu Simba: Tsvakurudzo yeKuramba.
AFSC inoenderera mberi ichitarisa mukuwirirana kwekambani nekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Tarisa yavo Wongorora Website.
