Kuyeuka Kutambura Nezvipo zvevakadzi veKorea

NaJosefa Essertier, March 12, 2018.

"Unhu hunoonekwa asi husingaenzaniswi neUnited States-kusanganisira huwandu hunowanzoitika uye hunowanzoitwa zvepabonde uye zvechisarura-ndezve, kuburikidza nekuona zvinonyadzisira, kunokurudzirwa munyika yose sepabonde. Kubva pane maonero evakadzi veAmerica, nyika yose inonyadzisira inoreva kuti vakadzi veAmerica vanotywirwa uye vanotambudzwa uye vanoshungurudzwa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvigone kuitwa, kuti vakadzi munyika yose vagone kutyorwa uye kutambudzwa uye kushandiswa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwayo. Nenzira iyi misogyny American style inoratidzira nyika pamusoro pehutano hwevanhu sehutsika hwekunyadzisa mutauro weBrithani, sezvo yakanyora nyika pasi pamutemo, inova nechokwadi kuti hapana chakaitwa pamusoro payo. "

Catharine MacKinnon, Ndivakadzi Vanhu? Uye Dzimwe Mhirizhonga Dzepasi Pese (2006)

Vatatu Vakasviba P's: Patriarchy, Chipfambi, uye Zvinonyadzisira

Zvakaoma kuti munhu upi zvake azviise muzvishongo zveumwe munhu. Iyi pfungwa inonzwisisika zvakanyanya kuti ichinyorwa. Asi zvakanyanya kuoma kuti varume vakawanda vazvifungidzire pachavo mumamiriro emukadzi. Kunyange zvakadaro, kune ani anoona hutateguru sechinetso munyika mazuva ano, kuedza kunofanira kuitwa.

Nenzira yakanaka, vamwe varume nhasi vari kuedza kukunda unyengeri hwehukuru hwevanhu. Sezvo bell yevakadzi inokwidzika yakanyora, "Kutora hutano hwakanaka hwehutano hwevarume uye huchiita kuti ive chisimba ndezvehutongerwo hwemhuri huri kuramba huchirwisana nemunhu wechirume, mhosva iyo huzhinji hwevarume husati huine simba rokuzivisa. Varume vanoziva zviri kuitika. Vangori vakadzidziswa kuti varege kutaura chokwadi chemiviri yavo, chokwadi chekuita kwavo zvepabonde "(hook hook, Kuda Kuchinja: Varume, Masculinity, uye Rudo, 2004). Kutanga kupokana neupfambi nekuona zvinonyadzisira uye kukwikwidza kutenderwa kwe "basa repabonde" zvichida chikamu chekuita isu isu tinofanira kutungamira, nekuda kwevakadzi kutanga uye kunyanya asi nekuda kwekwatiri, vakomana, nevamwe varume. "Kudzimai ndeyevanhu vose" inoenda kune imwe yebell hooks 'mabhuku mazhinji.

Funga nezvemumwe mupukunyuka wokuKorea weupombwe hwevanhu:

Kana iwe uchifunga kuti hupombwe huri pabonde, iwe hauna kunyatsoziva. Kuita zvepabonde nemukomana wako 350 kunze kwemazuva 365 pagore kunonzwika kunotyisa, saka ungatora sei vatengi vemazuva ese zuva rimwe nerimwe kunzwa sepabonde? Ufeve hunoshandiswa zvakajeka hwevakadzi vasina urombo. Iyo inongoratidzika sekushandurana kwakanaka nokuti johns [kureva, ufeve vanotenga] vanobhadhara mabasa. Uye zvifeve zvekare zvinotorwa sevanhu vanokodzera kurwiswa nekutukwa. Hatisi kukukumbira iwe kuti uone isu sevanhu vakaipa. Hatisi kukumbira tsitsi yako. Tiri kutaura kuti hupombwe haisi dambudziko redu chete. Kana iwe uchiramba uchifunga kuti ndizvo, dambudziko haringambogadziriswa. (Izvi uye zvese zvinotevera zvinowanikwa kubva mubhuku raCaroline Norma kunze kwekunge zvataurwa zvichinzi: IJapan Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery panguva yeChina uye Pacific Wars, Bloomsbury Academic, 2016).

Uye dambudziko reupfambi rakanyatsoratidzwa zvakajeka uye noushingi nemashoko aSusan Kay anoti:

Kufanana nemunhu anorohwa, haana hanya nezvaanoda kana kuti anoda kana zvido. Haafaniri kumubata semunhu nokuti ari chinhu chinofanira kuita masturbated pane uye mukati. Patinoona chisimba chisina kusimbiswa uye tinoisa pamari mari iyo inoshandiswa kumutsamwisa iye, zvepabonde chiito chokubata chibharo. "

Izvi zvinotsanangura hupfambi hwakawanda. Rinotsanangurawo zvinonyadzisira zvakawanda, rudzi rwevanhu chaivo vadzidzisi (zvichienderana nehupenyu). Kunyange kana iwe uchiziva zvishoma nezvekusaruramisira kweupfambi, kunyange iwe uchizviona uri mukadzikadzi anorwisana nekutengesa zvepabonde, uye kana iwe wakaverenga zvishomanana nezveupfambi hweJapan uye huwandu hwezvinonyadzisira, iwe ungangodaro unotyisidzirwa nehuzhinji hwezvauri dzidza muna Caroline Norma's IJapan Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery panguva yeChina uye Pacific Wars, kana iwe wakashinga kuti utarise.

Chimwe chepfungwa dzake dzepfungwa ndeyekuti hutapwa hwevanhukadzi hwepabonde uye hutapwa hwemagariro ehurumende huripo hunoenderana zvikuru, kuti idzi mbiri dzekusaruramisira dzinoitwa pamitumbi, moyo, uye pfungwa dzevasikana, vechidiki vari kuyaruka, uye vakadzi vanotsigira pamwe chete. Bhuku raNorma rinotaura nezvevakadzi vechiJapan vakanga vakabatwa muupfambi hwehurumende, uye avo vakabatwa uye vakapfigirwa nemhando yehupombwe hwemauto hunoti "nzvimbo dzekunyaradza." Vakadzi vazhinji vakave varwadziri vemhando mbiri dzeupfambi. I "nzvimbo dzekunyaradza" dzakapararira munzvimbo dzose dzeImambo yeJapan uye pedyo nenzvimbo dzehondo dzenyika iyo Umambo hwaive mukugadzirira kukunda. Kutengeswa kwepabonde kwe "nzvimbo dzekunyaradza" iyo hurumende yakagadziridza uye yakashanda muHighteen Years War (1931-45) inomirira nzira imwechete iyo vakadzi vechiJapan munguva yakapfuura vakave varanda nekuda kwekugutsikana kwepabonde kwevarume veJapan.

Asi bhuku rake rinowedzerawo dzimwe nhoroondo yechisimba chinoitirwa vakadzi vechiKorea muhurongwa huno hwehutapwa hwehutano hwemagetsi. Uye mwedzi uno, Mwedzi Wegore reMadzimai muUnited States, ndinoda kupa shanduro shoma yezvakakosha pamusoro penyaya dzevakadzi veKorea iyo munhu anogona kutora kubva mubhuku rino, chibereko chemakore ekutsvakurudza nezveupfambi, zvinonyadzisira, uye kutengesa muJapan uye South Korea, uyewo kuAustralia.

Caroline Norma pamusoro pezvigaro zveVanhu veJapan neChivilian uye War

Norma anoratidza kuti, semadzitateguru ehurumende yekudzidzira mune dzimwe nyika, hukuru hwechiJapane hutungamiri hwevarume munguva yeTaisho (1912-26) kodzero yekufeva vakadzi nenzira isinganzwisisiki. Kubva pakuona kwangu, semumwe munhu akadzidza mabhuku echiJapan uye nguva dzose akawana vanyori vechiJapan vakadzi vanofarira, izvi hazvishamisi. Iyi ndiyo nyika yedhokwe-savakadzi vemazita uye fetishism yemunyori wenhau anozivikanwa Tanizaki Jun'ichiro (1886-1965), we geisha nhoroondo, yezvinonyadzisira Anime, uye munguva yeMeiji (1868-1912) kurwisana kwevakadzi kunopedza vakaroorana, bigamy, uye hupombwe.

Ndinoyeuka kuti munguva yekutanga ye1990 imwe yaiwanzoona varume vachitasva nguva dzose-ye-nguva, yakanakisa, yemazuva ano zvitima zvine pepanhau kana magazini yakabudiswa pachena pachena nemaoko akajeka nenzira yakadai kuti zvifananidzo zvinonyadzisa zvidhori kana mifananidzo zvinogona kuonekwa nevamwe vatakuri, kunyange vana nevasikana vaduku. Nekuuya kwefoni dzeserura uye nehuwandu asi hunokosha hwekuziva kukura, mumwe anoona zvishoma zvishoma nhasi, asi ndinorangarira kushamiswa kakawanda panguva iyoyo, kwete kunyanya pamifananidzo yakazara yevakadzi asi nguva dzese dzepabonde kurwisa uye kugadzirisa zvepabonde zvifananidzo zvevana nevechiri kuyaruka Manga. Mukadzi wechikadzi anonzi Ueno Chizuko akarevedza Japan kuti "vanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira."

Asi, kunyange kana vakashongedzerwa nezivo yakadai, mifananidzo iyo Caroline Norma inoratidzira yemazuva ekutanga emakambani emazuva ano echifeve eJapan anotyisa. Handina kuverenga zvakawanda pahupfambi hweAmerica, saka izvi zviri mukati hapana nzira kuenzanisa kweUnited States neJapan, asi kungotora chokwadi pamusoro pezvavari, somuenzaniso,

Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vevakadzi vechiJapan vaitengesa mumakamuri ekunyaradza vakanga vatozosvika kuhukuru, vanga vaine nguva dzose vaine hupombwe pamberi peizvi mune zvemabhizimisi ezvepabonde kubvira pauduku. Izvi zvaive zvakanyanya kuitika kune vakadzi vakatengeswa mumasitesheni ekunyaradza kubva ku 'geisha' nzvimbo. Kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvekubvumirana ne geisha nzvimbo yekuchengetedza sekuita sepakati pezvakawanikwa zvekutsvaga kwakaita kuti hupombwe hwevasikana vaduku huve chinhu chinokosha pamabhizimisi aya, uye nzvimbo dze geisha dzaive nzvimbo yakawanda inobva kuvakadzi veJapan vaitengeswa munzvimbo dzinochengetedza zvivako.

Mababa eJapan neamai vaive vachitarisana nehurombo hwakanyanya vakanyengedzwa nevatengesi kuti varege kudzora vanasikana vavo pachivimbiso chebasa ravo rekufekitari rekunda kwavo geisha. Izvo zvandakanga ndatoziva, asi ini ndakanga ndisingazivi kuti sezvo vakagamuchirwa, vanogona kushungurudzwa kunyange kupfuura mamwe marudzi eupfambi.

Indentured servitude yakanga iri nzira yekutsvaga iyo yakaita kuti kutengesa, kunyanya, kuwanda kwevasikana vaduku mumakambani eJapan aTaisho-era, kunyanya mu kafes, geisha nzvimbo dzakasiyana, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingaiti nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzaisati dzaregererwa ... Kusuma kunosarudza zvikonzero zviviri zvechikamu chikuru chevasikana vaduku muzvigadzirwa zvepabonde zveJapan: hurumende dzenharaunda dzaibvumira vasikana kubva muzera re16 kuti vashande pa kafe nzvimbo, uye vaduku vasikana vaigona kutengeswa mumutemo munzvimbo dze geisha pasi pekutsvaga kwekugadzira "maitiro".

(Chii chakange chatumidzwa kafes [kubva pashoko rechiChirungu rokuti "mahobeji"] akapa mikana yevarume kuti vaite hupombwe vasikana nevakadzi). Nevekupedzisira "vakadzi vanonyaradza" system yekupedzisira ye1930s uye yekutanga 1940s, mumwe anotarisira nhau dzinotyisa, asi ndakashamisika kuti kusagadzikana kushumira uye kutengesa vana kwakapararira muTaisho Period (1912-26).

Tinodzidza kuti gare gare, mune 1930s, iyi indasitiri inogamuchirwa nehurumende ine zvigadzirisho zviduku zvishoma zvokuti mauto anokurumidza kugadzirisa urongwa hwehutano hwepabonde hunopa mauto eJapan kuwana rudzi rwekugutsikana kwepabonde kare uye shure ivo vanotumirwa kuhondo dzekufa uye kuparadzwa mu "hondo yose," iyo iyo inopesana nezvinodiwa zveUnited States, mune izvo John Dower akadana "hondo isina tsitsi."

Yaiva yechisarura uye ine utsinye kune vose veAmerica uye neJapan, asi US yaiva nyika yakashata nekunaka kwekuparadza kwakanyanya zvikuru, saka kushaya mitezo kwaive kwakanyanya kwazvo mumauto eJapan uye nemaJapan vaiva nemukana muduku wekupona kupfuura Mauto eAmerica. Chizvarwa ichocho chevarume vakarasika chakatungamirira kuzvizhinji zvisingazviwanisi kuzviuraya pakati pevakadzi vakawanda vasina kuroora vakadzi vechiJapan-vasati vakaroorana nekuti vazhinji veJapan vakanga vafa muHondo iyo yaive nekushayikwa kwevarume vaaifambidzana navo yavanogona kuroora-munguva yekutanga 1990s , avo vakanga vakwegura uye vainzwa, nokuda kwechikonzero chipi nechipi, kuti vakanga vari mutoro kune hama dzavo kana dzimwe nhengo dzemhuri vaifanira kuvatsigira mari.

Iyi "nyaradzo yevakadzi" inotanga nekutsvaga kwevanhu vakawanda veJapan vasati vasvika pakuvimba zvikuru nekutengeserana kwevechiri kuyaruka nevakadzi vanobva kuKorea uye munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehutano-hutambudzi hwekutambudza muHurumende yose. Kuchinja kunobva kune hurumende, ine mvumo, uye yepamutemo pfambi yeupfambi kuhurumende yehurumende hupfambi, kureva, kutengesa zvepabonde, iyo inowanzonzi "yevakadzi vanonyaradza" system, yakanga iri nyore. Nzira yacho yakanga yakazaruka zvakare. Varume vakangotarisana uye vakabhadhara kuti vaite zvepabonde nevanoputika uye vakaiswa mujeri izvo hurumende yakanga yavapa.

Nguva yeTaisho yave ichibatanidzwa nehurumende dzezvematongerwo enyika dzevanhu veJapan, zvakadai sokuwedzera kwechirongwa chekusarudzwa, asi munguva iyi nguva yekuwana mazita ehurumende yakanga yakanyatsokwidziridzwa, Norma anotsanangura. Male zvikwereti zvakawedzerwa, asi vakadzi vechiJapan vainge vakanamirwa kunze kwe-date-patriarchal musungwa. Nhamba yevakadzi vanoshungurudzwa, kutambudzwa, nekuputsika-kutambura kubva kune izvo nhasi isu tinoziva sePTSD-muimba dzeupfambi chaizvoizvo yakawedzera. (Tsanangudzo yangu yehukuru hwevanhu ini ndinotora kubva Oxford Dictionary yeChirungu, kureva, "sangano revanhu kana hurumende umo varume vane simba uye vakadzi vari kunyanya kusabviswa pairi" uye kuwedzera kune izvo tsika yekufunga shure kwehutsika-masangano, masangano, uye maonero).

Hechino chidiki sampling yezvakawanda zvinotyisa chokwadi uye manhamba: Muna 1919 (kureva, iro iro gore rekuzivisa kweKorea rusununguko uye kutanga kweMarch 1 Movement yekurwisa hutongi hwekunze), chipfambi chakanyoreswa zviri pamutemo kuKorea yese neyaitonga maJapan. hurumende. Pakazosvika ma1920s, hafu yevakadzi vese vaiita zvechipfambi muKorea vaive maJapan. Pakupedzisira, vanyajambwa veKorea vakakurumidza kuita mashoma nhamba yevaJapan vakaurayiwa, asi mazuva ekutanga echipfambi pasi pehushe hweJapan akaona huwandu hwakawanda hwevakadzi vechihure vechiJapan zvakare. "Vavhizimusi vezvematongerwo enyika vanoita zvebonde" vakagadzira nzira yekubatanidzwa kwemauto mushure uye vazhinji veavo mabhizimusi vakashandisa guta rakavakwa kuburikidza nekutengesa zvepabonde kuumba makambani anobatsira uye "anoremekedzwa" mune mamwe maindasitiri. Nzara mamiriro mumaruwa mu1929 (kureva gore, gore rekuparara kwemusika wemasheya) yakapa zviuru zvevakadzi vanotambura veKorea kune vanotengesa zvepabonde. (Ini ndinokwereta izwi iri "rakashata" kubva kuKropotkin. Akatsanangura kuti capitalism haigone kushanda pasina kugadzikana kwevanhu vakapererwa, avo vakagogodzwa nemabvi avo mumamiriro ekusuwa uko kwavanogona kumanikidzwa kuita basa rinoshoresa ravangadai vasina kana zvisina kudaro wakamboita). Uye pakupedzisira, "nhamba yevakadzi vanoita zvechipfambi muKorea yakawedzera kashanu mukati megore ra1916 na1920." Iri bhuku rakazadzwa neanovhura ezvakaitika nhoroondo izvo zvichachinja kunzwisisa kwedu kweHondo.

Ndiani aizoita zvechisimba ichi, kunze kwekuti ivo varume vakatsigira mapurisa, kureva, varume avo vakanga vadzidziswa pasi pevanhu vepasi vehurumende vekudzidziswa kwemadzimai avo varume vaiva nekodzero yekuwana nguva dzose kumitumbi yevakadzi, kuti vatungamirire ivo sezvavanoda? Vanyori venhau dzakawanda vaizoisa munwe kumushandi akatendeka waKumambo, Tojo Hideki (1884-1948), mumwe wevanhu vakaurayiwa nemhosva yehondo. Maererano naJuki Tanaka, mumwe wevanonyanya kuzivikanwa vezvakaitika kare vekuJapan ve "kunyaradza vakadzi" nhau, Tojo "vakatakura basa rekupedzisira nekuda kwezvinhu zvinotinyaradza vakadzi" (Zvinotyisa Zvakavigwa: Mhosva dzehondo dzeJapan MuHondo Yenyika II, 1996).

Tojo mhaka dzainge dzisingataurikiki dzainge dzisingatauriki neyemurume ari mutariri webazi redu rebazi kubva ku1945 kusvika ku1953, Mutungamiri Harry S. Truman. Truman akabvumira bhomba reAmamuki mazuva matatu mushure mekuputika kwake kweHiroshima apo dai pasina munhu akanga aona kuwanda kwekukuvara kweHiroshima. Mumwe wevarayiridzi vake vakavimbika shure kwehondo iyoyo ndiyo yaiva yekutonga kweHondo yeKorea uye yakavakwa zvikuru yezvikwata zvemauto-industrial Dean Acheson (1893-1971).

Chero ani zvake akagadzirira Kova yeKorea 2.0 ane simba renyukireya? Kana zvakaitwa neAmerica kuJapan zvakanga zvakaipa, funga kuti chii chaizoitwa kune nuke-yakagadzirirwa North Korea. Chimbofunga zvaizoitika apo maSouth Korea neOnne Korea neOkinawa vakarohwa, kana kana Beijing akanzwa achityisidzirwa neAmerica kuzorwa kweNorth Korea (sezvazvakaita munguva yeHondo yekuKorea yekupedzisira) ndokupinda muhondo. Funga zvaizoitika kune vakadzi nevanasikana muKorea sezvo vapoteri vakatiza kubva kuKorea vachienda kuChina.

Mutoja weAmerica neChivilian Men's Entitlements

Makore e73 apfuura kubva pakuguma kweHondo yePacific, sezvo kutengesa zvekuita zvepabonde kweJapan kwakaderera kusvika. Nokuda kwekuti Umambo hweJapan hwakaratidza basa rahwo hwevatengesi vezvepabonde, hapana mubvunzo ikozvino pakati pevanyori venhau dzakaitika-yeJapan, Korea, China, US, Philippines, nedzimwe nyika-kuti hurumende yeJapan yaiva umwe wevashandi vane mhosva yekutambudzwa kwehutapwa hwepabonde zvehondo. Asi vanyori vezvakaitika kare, vakadzi vekodzero dzemadzimai, uye dzimwe nyanzvi iye zvino vava kutanga kugadzira zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kubva kune imwe nzvimbo inotevera muhutongi-hwekutambudzwa kwevakadzi veKorea, kureva, iyo yehurumende yeUnited States uye varume veAmerica, iyo yakatora nguva yakareba kupfuura yeJapan kushambadzira zvepabonde zvemauto.

Nenzira inofadza, hupombwe hwevanhu nevakuru veUnited States hwakarambidzwa neuto reUnited States mu2005, uye mumakore achangopfuura hurikufambira mberi kuri kuitwa muU.S. maererano nehondo yekugumisa chisimba chepabonde muhuwandu. Chimwe chikwereti nokuda kwechocho chikonzero nekuda kwe "vakadzi vanonyaradza" vakapukunyuka, vakadzi vanoita zvechisimba, uye vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakashanda pamwe chete navo, vazhinji vavo Korean. Vanhu vakadaro vakazarura maziso edu kune izvo zvinogona kuitika kunekutengesa zvepabonde pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ehondo, asi bhuku raNorma rinotiratidza kuti rinogona kunge rinoparadza zvinoparadza vanhu kunyange pasi pemamiriro ehurumende.

Muchiitiko chevakadzi vekuJapan vanonyaradza, kusungwa nekutengesa kazhinji zvaitanga vakadzi pavakange vari pazera rekuyaruka. Izvi zvinowirirana nezvatinoziva nezvekutengeswa pabonde muAmerica nhasi: “Avhareji zera iro vasikana vanotanga kubatwa chibharo vane makore gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemana. Haasi vasikana chete vari mumigwagwa vanokanganiswa; vakomana nevechidiki vanoita zvepabonde vanoita zvechipfambi vari pakati pemakore gumi nerimwe kusvika pagumi nepakati. ” (https://leb.fbi.gov/2011/march/human-sex-trafficking) "Gore roga rega, vatengesi vanoita mabhiriyoni emadhora muzvikwereti nekukuvadza mamiriyoni evanhu muUnited States uye pasi rose. Vatengesi vanofungidzirwa kushandisa zvisina kufanira mamiriyoni e20.9, uye inofungidzirwa kuti vane mamiriyoni evanhu gumi nemana vari kuNorth America, European Union, uye dzimwe dzichiri kubudirira mune hupfumi pamwe chete. "(" Kutengeserana Kwevanhu, "National Human Trafficking Hotline, yakasvika muna July 1.5, 17:  https://humantraffickinghotline.org/type-trafficking/human-trafficking).

Nokudaro ndezvechokwadi kuti makore anopfuura 100 apfuura Japan rakanga rine hupfambi hwekuita zvepabonde / zvekutengesa zvepabonde, asi inofanira kufungisisa veAmerica kuti tine imwe kunyange nhasi. Uye ndizvo pashure makumi emakore edzidzo pamusoro pepabonde, kushungurudzwa kwevana, mukadzi-kurova, kubata chibharo, nezvimwewo munyika yakapfuma pasi pano umo kusununguka kwevakadzi uye kumhanya kwevana kwakanyanya. Kusiyana neJapanese avo vakamira kupinda muhondo mu1945, veAmerica vachiri kuuraya nhamba dzakawanda dzevanhu vasina mhosva pamakwikwi ehondo. Uye hurumende dzedu dzehondo dzinomutsa kusungwa uye kuve varanda vevakadzi nekuda kwemasoja pamwero mukuru. Saka tine bhizinesi rezvekutengesa zvepabonde uye tine zvekutengesa zvepabonde zvemauto, sezvakaitwa neAsia yeJapan mumakore ekupedzisira. (Handizoedza kuenzanisa kuwanda kwechisimba chepabonde-chiyeuchidzo zvakare kuti ichi hachisi kuenzanisa).

Kune kuwedzera kukura kwechinetso chekutengesa zvepabonde kwePhilippines muUnited States uye kuti varume vanofeve vePhilippines vanowanzo / vanowanzotambudza sei. (Muenzaniso wemushumo unotyisa weUN https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ngocontribute/Gabriela.pdf). Kurapa kwevakadzi vokuSouth Korea kunofanirwa kunge kwakanyanya kuipa munguva yekushanda kweUnited States yeKorea (1945-48), Hondo yeKorea, uye mumakore achangobva Hondo yeKorea. Nhoroondo yekutsvakurudza nezvehutsinye hwakaitwa neKorea inotanga. Kana uye uye kana rugare ruchisvika kuKorea Peninsula, kutsvakurudza kwakawanda kweChirungu kwekuNorth Korea kuchabudiswa, zvechokwadi pamhirizhonga yeUnited States, zvichida kune dzimwe mhirizhonga dzeUnited Nations, uye zvechokwadi kutanga kwemazana makumi maviri zvemazana eJapan.

Mune nyaya yevasikana vechiJapan nevechiri kuyaruka vakadzidziswa se geisha, avo vakapedzisira vatengeswa mu "chiteshi chekunyaradza," vaive vatove nekurwadziwa kwakajairika kwechipfambi chevana vasati vava "kunyaradza vakadzi," kusanganisira "mapfupa akavhunika, maronda, matambudziko ekubereka, hepatitis uye njovhera ... [uye] kuomerwa kwepfungwa kusanganisira kushushikana , PTSD, kufunga nezvekuzviuraya, kuzvicheka-cheka, uye kunzwa kwakasimba kwekuva nemhosva uye kunyara. ” Urwu ndirwo rudzi rwekutambudzika uko vanobatwa chibharo muUnited States vanofanira kunge vari kutarisana nako izvozvi.

Chiito cheupfambi "chinowanikwa munyika yose kuti chiratidze huwandu hwemamiriro ekutambudzika kunetseka kuvakadzi vakuru kudarika vehondo vemauto, kunyange apo kusati kwamboita zvekushungurudzwa kwepabonde kwepabonde kunoderedzwa sechinhu chinopesana." Iyi ndiyo marwadzo ayo mauto eJapan vakashanyira vakadzi veKorea kwemakore maviri kana matatu, uye chii chehondo dzeAmerica dzakashanyira vakadzi muSouth Korea kwemakore makumi manomwe nemanomwe zvino kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pedyo neuto reUnited States.

Izvo zvinowanzozivikanwa kuti mauto eAmerica aipata vakadzi pamwero mukuru munguva yeHondo yeKorea uye Hondo yeVietnam, kwete chete kuKorea neVietnam asiwo muJapan, Okinawa, neThailand. Pano pane kuderera kwechokwadi chokuti vakatora tsika dzakaipa munharaunda dzehondo uye vakavadzosa kuUnited States. Kuita zvepabonde pamusoro pevakadzi vokuAsia "kwakaputika" muUnited States pashure pehondo yeVietnam, maererano naKatherine MacKinnon. Anonyora,

Apo hondo inodzoka, inoshanyira vakadzi kumusha kuwedzera kwekurwa kwevarume varume vakadzidziswa uye vanoitwa kune vakadzi munzvimbo yehondo. United States inoziva izvi zvakanaka kubva muhondo muVietnam. Mhirizhonga yevarume kumudzimai yakakwira-kusanganisira unyanzvi hwavo hwekutambudza pasina kusiya mavara anooneka. Kuita zvepabonde kune vakadzi vokuAsia kuburikidza neupfambi uye zvinonyadzisira zvakaputika muUnited States munguva iyi. Varume veAmerica vakawana tariro chaiyo yekuvaputsa ikoko.

MacKinnon, Ndivakadzi Vanhu?, Chitsauko 18 (Yakataurwa naNorma).

Mauto ehondo anowedzera zvinetso zvechisimba chepabonde mukati meU.S. Kunyange pasina hondo chero ipi zvayo, nharaunda dzichawanzobvumira kuita zvechisimba zvepabonde zvekutengesa, asi hondo dzinoita zvechisimba zvepabonde. "Kuita zvechisimba zvepabonde nekusarura, ikozvino, kuburikidza nekuona zvinonyadzisira, 'kunokurudzirwa munyika yose sepabonde'." MaAmerica nemaJapan vari kuita kuti kusimudzirwa kwechisimba uye zvechisarura sekuita zvepabonde kuburikidza nehukuru hwehupfambi hwevanhu uye zvinonyadzisira mashizha nhasi.

Korean Women Trailblazing Kodzero dzevanhu uye Rugare

Vagari veSouth Korea, kusanganisira vazhinji vanoita zvepabonde, vanoramba vachishandisa zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvepabonde ikoko izvo zvakasimbiswa nehurumende dzekuJapan nehurumende yeUnited States "camptowns" (nzvimbo dzakakomberedza nheyo apo hupombwe hwevakadzi hwakarambidzwa muSouth Korea kuti ibatsirwe Mauto eAmerica). Uye kushandiswa kwepasi pose kwevakadzi, nhamo, haisi kuita sekunonoka. Kutengeserana kwepabonde munyika yose ibhizinesi guru mu 2018, asi rinofanira kumira. Kana iwe une hanya neavo vanorwa nehondo, saka iwe unofanirwa kuva nehanya newe zvakare pamusoro pechisimba chepabonde. Zvose izvi dzinobva mumhuri, apo vakomana vanodzidziswa kuti ndiyo iyo basa ravo rokutonga kuburikidza nechisimba, kunyange nevanakomana vazhinji, zvakare, vanotambudzwa naro. Ngatitaurire zvakakwana zvakakwana. Ndapota tibatane nesu mukukumbira kuguma kumarudzi ose echisimba chepabonde.

Fungidzira mukadzi anotengeswa pabonde achiimba rwiyo rwaTracy Chapman "Subcity" (1989) aine mazwi "Ndiri munyasha dzenyika, ndinofungidzira ndine rombo rakanaka kuti ndiri mupenyu." (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WZiQXPVWho). Ndakagara ndichifungidzira rwiyo urwu seimwe yemukadzi wemuAfrica -America achikandwa mafufu kubva kuhupfumi hwakawanda hweAmerica nenzira yehurumende kugara zvakanaka uye zvitambi, asi ikozvino panguva yeMadzimai Nhoroondo yeMwedzi, nerunyararo muKorea ruchitaridzika kupfuura chero nguva 2017, apo ini ndichiteerera rwiyo urwu, ndiri kufungidzira mukadzi wechiKorea akambotengeswa pabonde nekuda kwekugutsikana kwechinguva kwemauto ane chisimba. Ndiri kufungidzira kuimba kwake, "isu tinogona kwete kungoda kupihwa asi nzira yekurarama yakatendeseka. Kurarama? Uku hakusi kurarama, ”mupfungwa yekuti haasi kuda kuti mari izokandwa kwaari mushure mekunge murume amushungurudza pabonde. Anoda kurarama, kwete sechisikwa chinonyadzisa chinopukunyuka kubva kune "mazano" aya kubva kune vanoita zvechisimba kwaari uye vamwe vakadzi asi se "munhu chaiye" ari muchirevo chezwi rokuti "chokwadi" rinoratidzwa nehupenyu hwekuvandudzwa kwechiJapan femalist Hiratsuka Raicho, nheyo yepepanhau rekuJapan rekutanga revakadzi Seito (Bluestocking) mu1911:

Pakutanga, mukadzi aive zvechokwadi zuva. Munhu chaiye. Iye zvino ndiye mwedzi, wan uye unorwara mwedzi, unotsamira pane imwe, uchiratidza kubwinya kweumwe. (Pakuvamba, Mukadzi Waiva Zuva, shanduro naTeruko Craig, 2006)

Fungidzira mumwe muSouth Korea akapona nezvekutengesa zvepabonde achiti, "Ndapota taurirai purezidhendi kutendeseka kwangu nekuregeresa" -mashoko okupfuura kuna Mutungamiri Trump paunomuona.

Regai mwedzi uyu, sezvo rugare ruchiona zvakanyanya uye ruchiita uye sezvatinotambudza kuwedzera mari yechisimba paKorea Peninsula nekuchengetedza hupenyu hwevana vasina mhosva, vakadzi, uyewo varume, nguva yekuchema, kurega misodzi kuyerera, mukuziva kwedu kuti vakadzi vekuKorea vave kubudirira sei. Asi regai zvakare ive nguva yekugadzirisa kuita chikamu chedu, kusimudzira nekubatana nevakadzi vechiKorea vanoshanda vasingashingi nhasi nekuda kwekodzero dzevanhu nerunyararo. Isu tose tinogona kuwana chivimbo uye ushingi kubva pane zvavanoita uye zvinyorwa, varume uye vakadzi. Kutaura kwakasimba pamusoro pechiso che "Young Girl's Statue for Peace" pamberi pekumisheni yeJapan kuSeoul (iyo inonziwo "Comfort Woman Statue") ikozvino inogara ichiyeuchidza nezvekuti nei tichitarisira rugare uye kuguma kwekutengesa zvepabonde . Mazana emakore kubvira ikozvino, zvifananidzo izvi zvingave zvichiri kudzidzisa vanhu nekukurudzira ushingi. Kungofanana nokuziva kuri kumutswa mumwe munhu panguva imwe, vari kuwedzera imwe neyese, sezvo iye zvino ava ku Glendale, California; Brookhaven, Georgia; Southfield, Michigan; uye kuToronto, Canada, kusataurira dzimwe nzvimbo kunze kweNorth America.

Vakasara veJapan ve "nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza" Shirota Suzuko akabudisa bhaibheri yake mu1971. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti haana kuwana kutarisirwa kwenyika dzakawanda kana kunyanya kutarisirwa muJapan, asi asati apera, iye aiva Nenzira inofadza yakanyaradzwa neruzivo kuti vakapukunyuka muSouth Korea vakabuda pachena nehupenyu hwavo, uye kuti vakange vatora nzvimbo yepasi rose iyo yaizoshandiswa kusimudzira kurwisana kwehondo nekumisa chisimba chepabonde. Muparadzi weSouth Korean Kim Hak-sun (1927-94) zvechokwadi akadzikisa marwadzo ezviuru zvevakapukunyuka vakadaro, vemarudzi gumi nemaviri, apo akashinga akazviitira nhoroondo yake yega yega mu1991, pakatarisana neEast Asia Confucianist patriarchy uye kazhinji kusarura kune vakadzi vanobatwa nepabonde-rudzi rwekusarura uko America inogoverana nemasangano eEast Asia, apo munhu ane mhosva anotongwa nokuda kwechisimba chakaitwa kwaari.

Hazvisi zvishoma pakati pevakadzi vechiKorea zvavakagadzirisa ndezviya zvavakawana gore rapera vakabatana pamwe nevarume vekuSouth Korean muClearlelight Revolution iyo yakagumisa mutemo wekare waimbova purezidhendi Park Geun-hye, mwanasikana we US-backed mudzvinyiriri Park Chung-hee uyo akatonga nyika kubva ku1963 kusvika ku1979. Mamiriyoni evakadzi veKorea vakabatsira kuita nguva yezvino yekuswededzwa kwepedyo pakati peNorth neSouth Korea inogoneka. Korean uye vamwe vanochengetedza zviteshi zvekunyaradza-kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seJapan, China, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, neIndonesia-inogonawo kutendwa nekuunza zuva rakanaka apo Mutungamiri Moon Jae-akakoka muparadzi uye kodzero dzevakadzi Lee Yong-soo kuenda kune imwe nyika yemanheru pamwe naMutungamiri Trump. Vakadzi vekuSouth Korea vari kuita hurumende inofambira mberi iyo inobatsira mamiriyoni evakadzi muKorea nemamiriyoni evakadzi kunze kweKorea Peninsula kune dzimwe nyika.

Lee Yong-soo, mumwe wevasingazivikanwi vakakurumbira vanoita zvechisimba zvepabonde pamusangano wepasi rose, akatonyanya kunyanya kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzakaipa zvikuru uye mutungamiriri wenzvimbo inonyanya kuzivikanwa nechisimba chepabonde-yeuto reUnited States. Chiratidzo chake chakanga chiri chiito chakafuma nechisimboti chinoratidza kuti mune ramangwana ramangwana rekuregerera, kuyananiswa, uye rugare muEast Asia. Kuyananiswa kwehuyo munguva yemberi kuchazadziswa sezvo varume kose-kose vanouya maererano nehukuru hwevanhu uye nzira dzatakange tadzidziswa, kunyengedzwa, uye kurangwa kubva pauduku kuti tifunge kuti kutonga vakadzi, zvepabonde uye mune dzimwe nzira dzisina kururama, zvichava zvinogutsa uye zvakashata kupfuura vanoda vakadzi uye kushanda pamwe chete navo.

Christine Ahn, mutungamiri wekuAmerica anotungamira murugare pamusoro peKorea Peninsula, achangobva kunyora kuti "sezvo Trump inotungamirira ichakurumidza kuwanikwa, vakadzi veKorea nevanobatana navo vari mberi pakudzorera ukama hwenyika yavo neWashington uye vachava nechokwadi chokuti vari akanzwa-mumigwagwa, pamberi pevamiririri, uye kuburikidza nemabhuku avo ehomwe. "Hungu. Nhasi, apo pane hukuru hwakakwanisa runyararo paKorea Peninsula, ngatitariyei zvose kutambura pamwe nemipiro yevakadzi veKorea.