By Peace Sciences Digest, June 8, 2022
Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza tsvakiridzo inotevera: Otto, D. (2020). Kufunga patsva 'rugare' mumutemo wepasi rose nezvematongerwo enyika kubva pamaonero echikadzi. Ongororo yeFeminist, 126(1), 19-38. DOI:10.1177/0141778920948081
Kutaura Points
- Chirevo cherunyararo chinowanzo kuumbwa nehondo uye mauto, inosimbiswa nenyaya dzinotsanangura rugare sekufambira mberi kwekushanduka-shanduka kana nyaya dzinotarisa parunyararo rwemauto.
- The UN Charter uye mitemo yepasi rose yehondo inodzika pfungwa yavo yerunyararo muhurongwa hwemauto, pane kushanda mukubvisa hondo.
- Maonero echikadzi uye echitsotsi pamusoro perunyararo anopikisa nzira dzemabhinari dzekufunga nezverunyararo, zvichibatsira mukufungidzira kuti rugare rwunorevei.
- Nhau dzinobva kumidzi, masangano erunyararo asina kuenderana kubva pasirese anobatsira kufungidzira rugare kunze kwehondo kuburikidza nekuramba chimiro chemauto.
Kiyi Insight yeKuziva Maitiro
- Chero bedzi runyararo rwakarongedzwa nehondo uye mauto, runyararo uye vanopikisa hondo vanoramba vari munzvimbo yekudzivirira, inogadzirisa mukukakavadzana pamusoro pekuita mhirizhonga yakawanda.
pfupiso
Rugare runorevei munyika ine hondo dzisingaperi nechisimba? Dianne Otto anofunga nezve "mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo emagariro uye enhoroondo ayo anopesvedzera zvakanyanya mafungire atinoita nezve [rugare nehondo]." Anodhonza kubva munhukadzi uye maonero akasiyana kufungidzira kuti rugare rungarevei rwakasununguka kubva kuhurongwa hwehondo uye mauto. Kunyanya, ari kunetsekana nemabatirwo akaitwa mutemo wepasi rose kuchengetedza mamiriro echiuto uye kana paine mukana wekufunga zvakare zvinoreva rugare. Anotarisa pamazano ekudzivisa kudzika kwechiuto kuburikidza nemaitiro emazuva ese erunyararo, achitora pamienzaniso yemafambisirwo erunyararo.
Maonero erunyararo echikadzi: “'[P]runyararo' kwete chete kusavapo kwe 'hondo' asiwo sekuona kwekururamisira mumagariro evanhu uye kuenzana kwevanhu vose… [F] mishumo [yerunyararo] yakaramba isati yachinja: kubvisa zvombo pasi rose, kubviswa kwemauto, kugovera patsva. zvoupfumi uye—zvinokosha kuti zvizadziswe zvinangwa zvose izvi—kubviswa kwemarudzi ose oudzvinyiriri, kwete zvishoma zvemapoka ose edzinza, zvepabonde uye murume kana mukadzi.”
Queer rugare maonero: “[T] anofanirwa kubvunza maothodoksi emarudzi ese…uye kuramba nzira dzekufunga dzakakanganisa hukama hwedu nemumwe uye nenyika dzisiri dzevanhu, uye kupemberera pachinzvimbo nzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana dzekuve munhu munyika. nyika. Kufunga kwechienzi kunovhura mukana we "zvinovhiringidza" zviratidzo zvevakadzi zvinokwanisa kupikisa hunyambiri hwechirume/chikadzi hunotsigira mauto nemhando dzevakadzi nekubatanidza runyararo nehukadzi… uye kupesana nehunhu uye 'kusimba'.
Kuronga nhaurirano, Otto anotaura nyaya nhatu dzinopa pfungwa dzakasiyana dzerunyararo maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu emagariro nenhoroondo. Nyaya yekutanga inotarisa pane dzakatevedzana dzegirazi-mahwindo mahwindo ari paRunyararo Palace muThe Hague (ona pazasi). Ichi chidimbu cheunyanzvi chinoratidza runyararo kuburikidza ne "rondedzero yekushanduka-shanduka kweChiedza" kuburikidza nematanho ebudiriro yevanhu uye inoisa varume vachena sevatambi mumatanho ese ebudiriro. Otto anobvunza zvinorehwa nekubata runyararo senzira yekushanduka-shanduka, achipokana kuti rondedzero iyi inoruramisa hondo kana dzikarwiwa ne "vasina hunyanzvi" kana kuti vanotendwa kuti vane "budiriro."
Nyaya yechipiri yakanangana nenzvimbo dzisina mauto, dzinoti DMZ pakati peNorth neSouth Korea. Inomiririrwa se "runyararo rwakasimbiswa kana rwechiuto ... pane rugare rwekushanduka," Korean DMZ (zvinoshamisa) inoshanda sehutiziro hwemhuka dzesango kunyangwe ichiramba ichitenderedzwa nemauto maviri. Otto anobvunza kana runyararo rwemauto rwuine rugare zvechokwadi kana nzvimbo dzisina mauto dzichiitwa dzakachengeteka kune zvakasikwa asi "dziine njodzi kuvanhu?"
Nyaya yekupedzisira yakanangana nenharaunda yerunyararo yeSan Jośe de Apartadó muColombia, nharaunda isina mauto yakazivisa kusarerekera uye yakaramba kutora chikamu muhondo. Zvisinei nekurwiswa nemauto nemauto enyika, nharaunda inoramba yakasimba uye ichitsigirwa nedzimwe nyika nepasirese pamutemo. Iyi nyaya inomiririra fungidziro nyowani yerunyararo, yakasungwa nevechikadzi uye queer "kurambwa kwehunyambiri hwechikadzi hwehondo nerunyararo [uye] kuzvipira kupedzisa kubvisa zvombo." Nhau yacho inodenhawo revo yorugare inoratidzwa munyaya mbiri dzokutanga no“kuedza kuumba migariro yorugare mukati mehondo.” Otto anoshamisika kuti nzira dzerunyararo dzepasirese kana dzenyika dzichashanda riini "kutsigira nharaunda dzerunyararo."
Kutendeukira kumubvunzo wekuti runyararo rwunogadzirwe sei mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda, munyori anotarisa kuUnited Nations (UN) uye chinangwa chayo chekutanga chekudzivirira hondo nekuvaka runyararo. Anowana humbowo hwenhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwerunyararo uye nerunyararo rwemauto muUN Charter. Kana rugare rwakabatanidzwa nechengeteko, runoratidzira rugare rwechiuto. Izvi zvinoonekwa musimba reSecurity Council rekushandisa mauto, rakaiswa mumaonero echirume/echokwadi. Mutemo wenyika yose wehondo, sezvaunopesvedzerwa neChata yeUN, “unobatsira kuvanza chisimba chomutemo pachawo.” Kazhinji, mutemo wepasi rose kubvira 1945 wave uchinetsekana nehondo ye "humanizing" pane kushanda kuti ibvise. Semuenzaniso, kunze kwekurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwesimba kwakaderedzwa nekufamba kwenguva, kwaimbove kwakagamuchirwa muzviitiko zvekuzvidzivirira kusvika zvino kugamuchirwa "mu. kutarisira yekurwisa nezvombo.”
Manongedzero kurunyararo muUN Charter asina kubatanidzwa nechengeteko anogona kupa nzira yekufungidzirazve rugare asi achivimba nerondedzero yemhindumupindu. Rugare rwakabatana nekufambira mberi mune zveupfumi nenzanga uko, chaizvoizvo, “kunoshanda sechirongwa chokutonga pane kusunungurwa.” Rondedzero iyi inokarakadza kuti rugare runoitwa “mumufananidzo wokuMadokero,” urwo “wakanyura mubasa rorugare remasangano ose enyika dzakawanda navapi.” Rondedzero dzebudiriro dzakakundikana kuvaka rugare nemhaka yokuti dzinotsamira pakudzorerazve “ukama hwoumambo hwokutonga.”
Otto anopedzisa nekubvunza, "fungidziro dzerunyararo dzinotanga kutaridzika sei kana tikaramba kufunga nezverunyararo kuburikidza nehondo?" Achishandisa mimwe mienzaniso yakaita senharaunda yerunyararo yeColombia, anowana kurudziro mumasangano erunyararo, asina kurongeka anopokana nemamiriro echiuto-seGreenham Common Women's Peace Camp uye kurwisa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kwemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe kana Jinwar Yemahara. Musha weMadzimai wakapa kuchengetedzwa kwevakadzi nevana muNorthern Syria. Pasinei nemabasa adzo ane chinangwa ane runyararo, nharaunda dzepasi idzi dzinoshanda(d) dziri munjodzi huru, idzo dzinoratidza masangano aya se“kutyisidzira, kupara mhosva, kupandukira, gandanga—kana kuti kutyisa, ‘vanopambadza’, uye vane hasha.” Zvakadaro, vamiriri verunyararo vane zvakawanda zvekudzidza kubva kune aya masangano erunyararo epasi, kunyanya mukuita kwavo nemaune kwerunyararo rwezuva nezuva kuramba tsika yechiuto.
Kuzivisa Kudzidzira
Runyararo nevanorwisa hondo vanowanzovharirwa munzvimbo dzekudzivirira mumakakava erunyararo nekuchengetedzeka. Semuenzaniso, Nan Levinson akanyora mukati Tiye Nyika kuti vanopikisa hondo vakatarisana nedambudziko rehunhu vachipindura kupinda kweRussia kuUkraine, ichitsanangura kuti "zvinzvimbo zvakabva pakupomera United States neNATO mhosva yekukurudzira kurwisa kweRussia kubhadharisa Washington nekusataurirana nekutenda kwakanaka, kunetsekana nekutsamwisa Mutungamiriri weRussia Putin zvakare [ku]shevedzera kuzvidzivirira. maindasitiri nevatsigiri vawo [ku]rumbidza maUkraine nekuda kwekuramba kwavo uye vachisimbisa kuti vanhu vane kodzero yekuzvidzivirira. Mhinduro yacho inogona kuita seyakapararira, isingawirirane, uye, tichifunga nezve mhosva dzehondo dzakataurwa muUkraine, dzisinganzwi kana kuti naïve kune vateereri veAmerica vagara. akatanga kutsigira chiito chehondo. Iri dambudziko rerunyararo nevanorwisa hondo rinoratidza gakava raDianne Otto rekuti runyararo rwunoumbwa nehondo uye chimiro chemauto. Chero bedzi runyararo ruchiumbwa nehondo uye mauto, vatsigiri vachagara vari munzvimbo yekudzivirira, inogadzirisa mumakakava ekuti vangapindura sei kumhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika.
Chimwe chikonzero nei kumiririra runyararo kune vateereri vekuAmerica kwakaoma kushaikwa kweruzivo kana kuziva nezverunyararo kana kuvaka runyararo. Chirevo chazvino chakaitwa neFrameworks pa Reframing Runyararo uye Kuvaka Runyararo inozivisa pfungwa dzakafanana pakati pevanhu vekuAmerica pamusoro pezvinoreva kuvaka runyararo uye inopa kurudziro panzira yekutaurirana zvinobudirira kuvaka runyararo. Kurudziro idzi dzakagadziriswa mucherechedzo wechimiro chemauto chakanyanya pakati peruzhinji rweAmerica. Mafungiro akajairwa pakuvaka runyararo anosanganisira kufunga nezverunyararo "sekusavapo kwekupokana kana kugadzikana kwemukati," tichifunga kuti "kuti mauto epakati pekuchengetedza," achitenda kuti kurwisana kwechisimba hakudzivisiki, kutenda muAmerican kusarudzika, uye kuziva zvishoma nezve izvo. kuvaka rugare kunosanganisira.
Uku kushaikwa kweruzivo kunogadzira mikana yevanorwira runyararo uye vamiriri kuti vaise mune yenguva refu, systemic basa rekugadzirisa uye kushambadza kuvaka runyararo kune vateereri vakawanda. Frameworks inokurudzira kuti kusimbisa kukosha kwekubatana uye kudyidzana ndiyo rondedzero inoshanda zvakanyanya kuvaka rutsigiro rwekuvaka runyararo. Izvi zvinobatsira kuita kuti voruzhinji vane mauto vanzwisise kuti vane mugove wavo pachavo mugumisiro une rugare. Mamwe mafuremu erondedzero anokurudzirwa anosanganisira “kusimbisa[kusimbisa] hunhu hunoshanda uye hunoenderera mberi hwekuvaka runyararo,” vachishandisa dimikira rekuvaka mabhiriji kutsanangura kuti kuvaka runyararo kunoshanda sei, kutaura mienzaniso, uye kuronga kuvaka runyararo sekusina mari.
Kuvaka tsigiro yekufungidzira kwakakosha kwerunyararo kunobvumira runyararo nevanorwisa hondo kuti vagadzirise mazwi egakava pamusoro pemibvunzo nezverunyararo nechengetedzo, pane kudzokera kunzvimbo dzekudzivirira uye dzakasimba kumhinduro yemauto kumhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika. Kuita hukama pakati pebasa renguva refu, rehurongwa uye zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zvekugara munharaunda ine mauto zvakanyanya idambudziko rakaoma zvikuru. Dianne Otto angapa zano rekutarisa pane zvemazuva ese maitiro erunyararo kuramba kana kuramba mauto. Muchokwadi, nzira mbiri-yenguva refu, yehurongwa hwekufungidzira uye zviito zvezuva nezuva zvekuramba murunyararo-zvakakosha zvakanyanya pakugadzirisa mauto nekuvakazve nzanga ine runyararo uye yakarurama. [KC]
Mibvunzo Yakasimudzwa
- Varwiri verunyararo uye vamiriri vanogona sei kutaurirana chiono cheshanduko cherunyararo chinoramba chimiro chemauto (uye chakajairwa zvakanyanya) kana mauto achiwana rutsigiro rweruzhinji?
Kupfuurira Kurava, Kuteerera, uye Kutarira
Pineau, MG, & Volmet, A. (2022, Kubvumbi 1). Kuvaka zambuko rerunyararo: Kugadzirisa runyararo nekuvaka runyararo. Zvirongwa. Dzoreredzwa June 1, 2022, kubva https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWI-31-peacebuilding-project-brief-v2b.pdf
Hozić, A., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2022, Chivabvu 10). Kufungazve zvakazoitika hondo, zvino. LSE blog. Dzoreredzwa June 1, 2022, kubva https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/05/10/reimagining-the-aftermath-of-war-now/
Levinson, N. (2022, Chivabvu 19). Vanopikisa hondo vakatarisana nedambudziko retsika. Rudzi. Dzoreredzwa June 1, 2022, kubva https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-peace-activism/
Müller, Ede. (2010, Chikunguru 17). Iyo yepasi rose kambasi uye Runyararo Nharaunda San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Associação para um Mundo Humanitário. Dzoreredzwa June 1, 2022, kubva
https://vimeo.com/13418712BBC Radio 4. (2021, Gunyana 4). The Greenham effect. Yakadzorerwa June 1, 2022, kubva https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zcl0
Vakadzi Dzivirirai Rojava. (2019, Zvita 25). Jinwar – Chirongwa chemumusha chevakadzi. Yakadzorerwa June 1, 2022, kubva
Misangano
CodePink: https://www.codepink.org
Women Cross DMZ: https://www.womencrossdmz.org
Keywords: kuchengetedzwa kwekubvisa mauto, mauto, runyararo, kuvaka runyararo
Mufananidzo wechikwereti: Banksy
