NaGar Smith, Iyo Berkeley Zuva Nezuva Planet, June 16, 2021
Nyika umo vakadzi vanogona kunyorerwa? Izvo hazvinyore.
Dhizaini-isina kwayakarerekera kunyorwa (mune dzimwe nzvimbo) sekukunda kwekodzero dzevakadzi, musuwo wakavhurika unovimbisa chikuva chitsva chemukana wakaenzana nevarume. Mune ino kesi, mukana wakaenzana wekupfura, bhomba, kupisa nekuuraya vamwe vanhu.
Vakadzi vanogona kukurumidza kutarisana nechinodiwa chitsva chepamutemo chekuti vanofanirwa kunyoresa nePentagon pavanosvitsa makore 18. Sevarume.
Asi vakadzi veAmerica vatove vane kodzero dzakaenzana sevarume kuti vanyore uye vateedzere basa muVarwi Vemauto. Saka zvinoita sei pabonde kana kusarongeka kuti vakadzi vechidiki vasamanikidzwa kunyoresa kuPentagon's (pamudyandigere asi ichiri kumutsiridzwa) muchiuto? Chii chiri kufunga pano? "Kuenzana kusaruramisira pasi pemutemo"?
In February 2019, mutongi wedare reUnited States akatonga kuti gwaro rechirume-roga raive risingaenderane nebumbiro remitemo, vachibvuma nharo dzemumhan'ari kuti gwaro racho rakakonzera "rusarura pabonde" mukutyora chirevo che14th Amendment "chengetedzo yakaenzana".
Ichi ndicho chirevo che "chengetedzo chakaenzana" chakashandiswa kuwedzera nekusimbisa kodzero dzekubereka, kodzero dzesarudzo, kuenzana kwemarudzi, kusaruramisira kwesarudzo, uye mukana wezvedzidzo.
Kududza iyo 14th Kugadziriswa kwekururamisa kumanikidzwa kunotora kunge kunopesana nepfungwa ye "dziviriro." Icho chidiki nyaya ye "mukana wakaenzana" uyezve nyaya ye "njodzi yakaenzana."
Iyo yechirume-chete dhizaini yakadaidzwa "Ndeimwe yekupedzisira bonde-yakakamurwa kuita bumbiro mumutemo wezvematongerwo enyika." Izvo zvinyorwa zvakare zvakanzi "kannon-fodder kadhi kadhi." Chero chaunoshuvira kuchidaidza, Dare Repamusorosoro reUS rasarudza kusatonga pamusoro pekusvikwa kwechinyorwa, ichisarudza kumirira kuita kubva kuCongress
Magweta eAmerican Civil Liberties Union vatungamira mukudaidzira kuti vanhukadzi nevarume vabatwe zvakaenzana kana zvasvika pakunyorwa kwekunyoreswa.
Ini ndinobvumirana nenharo ye ACLU yekuti kunyorwa kunofanirwa kushanda zvakaenzana kune vese vanhukadzi - asi chibvumirano ichi chinouya nehunhu hwakakosha: ndinotenda izvozvo kana varume nor vakadzi vanofanirwa kumanikidzwa kunyoresa basa remauto.
Iyo Selective Service System (SSS) inopesana nebumbiro kwete nekuti inotadza kuda kuti vakadzi vadzidziswe kurwa uye kuuraya: hazvipesane nebumbiro remitemo nekuti zvinoda chero mugari kunyoresa kudzidziswa kurwa uye kuuraya.
Kunyangwe hunyengeri, iyo SSS haisi "sevhisi" asi "basa" uye zvinongo "sarudza" kune vanotora, kwete "kusarudza" kune vangangoburitsa.
Urongwa Dziviriro Bumbiro
Iyo dhizaini chimiro chekumanikidzwa kuita nhapwa. Sezvo zvakadaro, haifanire kunge iine chikamu munyika inoti inovakirwa pachivimbiso che "hupenyu, rusununguko uye kutsvaga mufaro." Bumbiro rakajeka. Vane gumi nevatatuth Chikamu chekuchinja 1 chinozivisa kuti: “Hachisi uranda kana kusungwa zvisiri pamutemo. . . zvichave mukati meUnited States, kana chero nzvimbo iri pasi pesimba ravo. ” Kumanikidza majaya kuti ave varwi vachipesana nezvavada (kana kuvapa mutongo wekugara mujeri kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwekuramba kuburitswa) zviri pachena chiratidzo che "kusazvibata kwehusungwa."
Asi mira! Bumbiro iri chaizvo kwete zvakajeka.
Kicker ari mu ellipsis, izvo zvinosanganisira kusunungurwa kunotaura kuti vagari vanogona kutorwa sevaranda "sechirango chemhosva iyo bato richange ratongerwa zviri pamutemo."
Sekureva kweChikamu 1, zvinoita sekunge vagari vemuUS chete vanogona kumanikidzwa zviri pamutemo kudzivirira "imba yevakashinga" kuburikidza nekumanikidzwa kuenda muchiuto vasungwa vanoshanda nguva mumajeri eUS.
Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, "nyika yevakasununguka" ndiyo musha wevaranda vakawanda pasi rose, nevasungwa vanosvika mamirioni 2.2 - chikamu chimwe muzvina chevasungwa vepasi rose vakasungwa. Kunyangwe hazvo Constitution-pro-varanda-chirevo uye Pentagon inogara ichidikanwa nemasoja, vasungwa veUS havasi kupihwa kukurumidza kusunungurwa mukutsinhana nekujoinha Mauto Echisimba.
Pachivanhu, vakasungwa vekuAmerican vakangonyorerwa kuvaka matunhu emigwagwa uye kurwisa moto wemusango - kwete kuvaka mauto nekurwa hondo. (Yakatamba zvakasiyana panguva yeHondo Yenyika II apo vasungwa veGerman vakaendeswa kunorwa Strafbattalions kana "mauto ekuranga.")
Iyo US Economy uye Corporate Kunyoreswa
MuTirongo-Industrial-Complex yanhasi, pachinzvimbo chekutumirwa ku "kumberi," vasungwa vanonyorerwa kunoshanda "kumashure," vachipa vashandi vemahara Corporate America. Iyo Prison-Industrial Complex ndiyo iyo wechitatu-mukuru mushandirwi munyika uye wechipiri pakukura mushandirwi MuUnited States.
Kusabhadharwa (kana "pennies-pa-awa") kushanda mujeri kunogona kusanganisira basa rekuchera nekurima mukugadzira zvombo zvemauto, kushanda sevashandi vekufona, uye kusona nguo dzemukati dzeVictoria's Secret. Makambani epamusoro eUS anoshandisa basa rejeri anosanganisira Wal-Mart, Wendy's, Verizon, Sprint, Starbucks, uye McDonald's. Kana vasungwa vakanyoreswa vakaramba mabasa aya, vanogona kurangwa nekuvharirwa kwavo vega, kurasikirwa nechikwereti ne "nguva yakapihwa," kana kumiswa kwekushanya kwemhuri.
Muna 1916, Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mutongo (Butler v. Perry) kuti vagari vakasununguka vanokwanisa kunyoreswa kubasa risingabhadharwe rinobatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwemigwagwa yeruzhinji. Muchokwadi, mutauro wevane gumi nevatatuth Amendment yakateedzerwa kubva muna 1787 Northwest Territories mutemo wakarambidza hutapwa asi waida kuti "murume wese anogara pamakore gumi nematanhatu zvichikwira" aratidze nzira yemigwagwa isingabhadharwe "achinyeverwa kuti vashande mumigwagwa mikuru nasupervisor mutaundishipi mugari akadaro anogona kuva wake. ” (Uye, hongu, vazhinji vevasungwa vaishandira "macheni emaketani" kumusoro kuburikidza nemakumi mavirith Century, vaiita vasina kubhadhara mugwagwa-basa.)
Kudzokororwa kwakaitwa muna 1792 mutemo wekugadzirisa migwagwa kwakaderedza huwandu hwevanhu kusvika pakati pevarume vane makore ari pakati pegumi nemana- makumi maviri nemakumi mashanu, uye kwakadzora nguva yehusungwa “kuita basa remazuva maviri mumigwagwa yeruzhinji.”
Kunyoresa Pasi Pose
Mutemo wa1917 uyo wakasimbisa Selective Service System waive wakasimba. Kukundikana "kunyoresa" kunyorwa kwairangwa kusvika kumakore mashanu mutirongo uye mari inosvika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emadhora.
IUS haisi yega mukumanikidza "vagari vemahara" kuti vashande semauto. Panguva ino, Nyika dze83 - vashoma pane chetatu chenyika dzepasi rese - vane chinyorwa. Vazhinji vanodzinga vakadzi. Nyika sere dzinonyora vakadzi ndedze: Bolivia, Chad, Eritrea, Israel, Mozambique, North Korea, Norway, neSweden.
Mazhinji marudzi ane mauto (kusanganisira akawanda NATO uye European Union inoti) usavimba nekunyorwa kuti umanikidze kunyoreswa. Panzvimbo iyoyo, ivo vanopa vimbiso yemabasa anobhadhara-zvakanaka emauto kukwezva vanotora.
Sweden, "inofarira vakadzi" nyika yakabvisa chirongwa muna 2010, nguva pfupi yadarika yakamutsidzira basa rekumanikidzwa muchiuto nekuunza chirongwa icho, kekutanga, chinoshanda kune vese varume nevakadzi. Hurumende inoti "kunyoreswa kwemazuva ano hakuenderani nevakadzi uye kuchasanganisira vakadzi nevarume" asi, sekutaura kwegurukota rezvekudzivirira reSweden, chikonzero chaicho chekuchinja kwainge kusiri kuenzana kwevanhukadzi asi kusanyoresa nekuda kwe "nzvimbo iri kudzikira yekuchengeteka muEurope nenzvimbo dzakapoteredza Sweden. ”
Kuteerana Conundrums
Iyo ACLU's equity nharo inouya nematambudziko. Kana vakadzi nevarume vachifanirwa kunyoreswa kunyoresa muchiuto (kana kutongerwa kuiswa mutirongo nekuda kwekuramba kushandira), izvi zvingakanganisa sei vagari venyika yedu vanoita zvepabonde?
Musi waMarch 31, Pentagon inodzosera kurambidzwa kwenguva yaTrump iyo yairambidza transsexual vagari kubva mukushandira muchiuto. Mitemo mitsva yekusatsigira vanhukadzi ingamanikidzawo vanhu vemuAmerica vanoita transsexual kuti vanyorese kunyorwa kuti vadzivise jeri kana faindi?
Maererano National Center yeTransgender Kuenzana, Selective Service kunyoresa izvozvi hakubatanidzi "Vanhu vakapihwa vakadzi pakuzvarwa (kusanganisira transmen). ” Kune rimwe divi, iyo Selective Service inoda kunyoresa kwe "Vanhu vakapiwa murume pakuzvarwa."
Dai "kunyorwa-kuenzana" kwaizove muyero mutsva wekuenzana kwevakadzi, Dare Repamusorosoro rimwe zuva rinogona kushevedzwa kuti rione kana richida National Soccer League kubvumidza vakadzi kunyoresa kuNFL. Usati wasangana nehunhu hwetsika, zvingave zvakakodzera kubvunza kana kwete chero vakadzi chaivo aida kukwikwidza ne240-pound linesmen. Sezvo zvine musoro kubvunza chero mukadzi - kana murume - kuti iye / iye anoda kupfura mabara, magirinedhi, uye zvombo kumakomba kune vausingazive vari kunetseka kurarama mune imwe nyika iri kure, yakasakadzwa nehondo.
Mukuda kwekuenzana kwevakadzi, ngatipedze kunyora kunyoresa kwe zvose zviri zviviri vakadzi uye varume. Congress inofanirwa kunge iine mukana wekutaura mumasarudzo ehondo nerunyararo. Mune democracy, vanhu vanofanirwa kugara vakasununguka kuona kana vachida kutsigira hondo. Kana zvakakwana ramba: hapana hondo.
Bvisa Chinyorwa
Pane mushandirapamwe uri kukura wekubvisa kunyorwa kwemauto muUS - uye yaisazove kekutanga. Mutungamiri Gerald R. Ford vakapedza kunyora kunyoresa muna 1975, asi Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter vakamutsidzira zvaidiwa muna 1980.
Zvino, vatatu veOregon Congressmen - Ron Wyden, Peter DeFazio naEarl Blumenauer - vari kubatsirana Iyo Inosarudza Sevhisi Revhisi Mutemo we2021 (HR 2509 uye S. 1139), iyo yaizopedza sisitimu inonzi naDeFazio "hofisi yechinyakare, inoparadza" inodhura vateresi vekuAmerica madhora makumi maviri nemashanu emadhora pagore. Chiito chekudzora chine vanoverengeka vevatsigiri veRepublican, vanosanganisira Senator Rand Paul nevamiriri Thomas Massie weKentucky naRodney Davis vekuIllinois.
Kubvisa kunyorwa nekudzoka kumauto ese-anozvipira kwaizogumisa basa rekumanikidza - kune vese varume nevakadzi. Nhanho inotevera? Bvisa hondo.
