Iyo Dhipatimendi reUrumende reUnited States Rakaita Kuti Kuurayiwa Kuremekedzwe, Rinouraya Asina Mhosva uye Rinotsigira Vadziviriri Vavo
Mutauro wezvematongerwe enyika unogona kushandiswa, George Orwell akati mu 1946, "kubudisa nhema inotaura chokwadi uye kuuraya kunoremekedzwa, uye kupa maonero ehutano kumhepo yakachena." Kuti aruramise purogiramu yake yekuponda pasi, Obama hurumende yaifanira kutambanudza mashoko anopfuura kwemaitiro avo ekuputsa. Somuenzaniso, chero murume chero upi zvake wemakore 14 kana kuti akare akawana akafa mumutambo we drone ari "murwisana" kunze kwekuti kune humwe huchenjeri huri pachena huchimuratidza kuti haana mhosva. Isuwo takaziviswa kuti ruzivo rwebumbiro remitemo ye "chirongwa chakakodzera" harina kureva kuti hurumende inotanga kutangira kuurayiwa nemuedzo. Ndinofunga kuti izwi rimwe rakanyanyisa uye rakanyangarika mazuva ano, kune zvakanakisisa kuguma, ndiro izwi "riri pedyo."
Chaizvoizvo chinoreva "kuitika" kune ngozi? Hurumende yedu yakatora nguva yakawanda kushingaira kwevanhu veAmerica kuda kwavo kutsigira mari inoshandiswa pamasimba uye kugamuchira varwi vevanhu vanoita zvehondo muchikwata kune dzimwe nyika uye kuparadzwa kwemapurogiramu epamba pamba, pavanoudzwa izvi ndezvikonzero zvakakosha kuti vasakanganise zvakanyanya kutyisidzira kwakadaro. Hurumende yakawedzera zvakadzama izwi rokuti "iri pedyo." Iyi tsanangudzo itsva inokosha kune chirongwa che drone yeUnited States, chakagadzirirwa kuronga simba rinouraya pasi rese. Inopa chirevo chepamutemo uye chetsika nokuda kwekuparadzwa kwevanhu vari kure avo vasingatyi ngozi chaiyo kwatiri zvachose.
Kushandiswa kwezvigadziriswa zvigadziriswa zvidhori zvakasarudzwa sezvinodiwa neUnited States mu "hondo" pamusoro pekutya "zviri kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore achangopfuura, zvichikwidza mibvunzo yakavhiringidza. Kuzvidzivirira 500 pound mabhomu nemisasa yeHerodhe, Predator uye Reaper drones haisi iyo yakagadziriswa uye inoshandiswa zvehondo zvakanyanyisa kurumbidzwa naMutungamiri Obama nekuda kwe "kunyanya kuronga zvatinoita kune avo vanoda kuuraya isu uye kwete vanhu vavanovanza pakati." inonyanyobvumirwa kuti vazhinji veavo vakaurayiwa mukurwiswa kwe drone havakwanisi, vanobatwa nevanotambudzwa. Rufu rwemadrones 'rwakanangwa zvinangwa uye kuti vanosarudzwa sei hazvifaniri kunge zvakashungurudza.
Izvo zvinorarirwa nemaune nedrones zvinowanzotarisana nemakakatanwa, kazhinji zviri munyika umo US haasi kurwisana uye dzimwe nguva vave vagari vemuUnited States. Hazviwanzo "kutorwa" mukupisa kwehondo kana kuti kubatanidzwa muzviito zvechisimba uye zvinowanzourayiwa (pamwe nemunhu ari pedyo navo) pamuchato, pamariro, kubasa, hoeing mubindu, kutyaira pasi mugwagwa mukuru kana kufara kudya pamwe nemhuri neshamwari. Izvi zvinourawa zvinonzi sechimwe chinhu kunze kwekuponda chete nekuda kwechido chekunyengetedza nevanamatare vehurumende kuti mumwe wevashandi ava vanomiririra dambudziko "riri pedyo" muupenyu hwedu nekuchengeteka pano pamba muAmerica
MunaFebruary 2013, Bhuku reUnited States Ruramisiro reUnited States, "Kutonga kweKushandiswa Kwokutumira Kunopesana Nevagari vemuUnited States Vakuru veMutungamiri weAl-Qaida kana an Associated Force," yakakonzerwa neNBC News. Iyi pepa inopa chiedza pamusoro pekutongerwa kwepamutemo kwekutengesa drone nekutsanangurira mutsva uye zvinoshandiswa zvinonzwisisika zvinoreva izwi "riri pedo." "Kutanga," inodaro, "mamiriro ekuti mutungamiri anoshanda ari 'kuve' kwekutya kwechisimba kurwisana neUnited States hakudi kuti United States ive nechiratidzo chakajeka chokuti kurwisana kwakananga vanhu veUnited States uye zvavanoda zvichaitika munguva yemberi iri mberi. "
Pamberi peDare reJustice rezvemhosva vaitora, zvinoreva izwi rokuti "pedo" rakanyatsojeka. Duramazwi dzakasiyana-siyana dzeChirungu vose vanobvumirana kuti shoko rokuti "riri pedyo" rinoreva zvakajeka chimwe chinhu chaicho uye chakakurumidza, "chinogona kuitika chero nguva," "inoswedera," "yakagadzirira kuitika," "iri kuuya," "ichimirira," " , "" Kutyisidzira, "" kumativi ose pakona. "Uyewo kusanangurwa kwemutemo kwezwi kwakasiya nzvimbo yekusanzwisisika. Mushure meHondo Yenyika II, Dare reNuremberg rakaratidza zvakare kuumbwa kwezana remakore rechigumi nezana remakore rechigumi rakanyorwa naDaniel Webster, iro rakati kukosha kwekushandisa kushandiswa kwesimba mukuzvidzivirira kunofanirwa kuva "nguva pfupi, inotyisa, uye isingazogoni kusarudza nzira , uye hapana nguva yekutaura. "Izvozvo zvakanga zviripo kare. Iye zvino, chero ipi zvayo inogona kuitika mune ramangwana - uye munhu chero upi zvake pasi pano angangodaro aite chimwechete - kunyange chiri kure, anogona kugutsa tsanangudzo itsva. Sezvo kusvika kuDhipatimendi reRuramisiro, kune "ngozi" iripo iye zvino uyo "ane hurumende yepamusoro-soro yehurumende yeUnited States" anogadza kuva akadaro, zvichienderana nouchapupu hunozivikanwa kune iyo hurumende chete, hahufaniri kuitwa pachena kana kuongororwa chero dare.
Uhu hweshoko rehurumende hwe "pedo" hunoponda muhukuru hwavo. Izvo zvinotonyanya kushamisa kuti Dare rimwe reRubatsiro richagara richirondedzera shoko rakanyatsosvika pakupa mhosva uye kuisa mutemo mutemo unogara uye vagari vanoita basa vanozvidzivirira vasina mhosva kubva kukuvadza kwechokwadi kwezviito zvehurumende yeUnited States. Pamuenzaniso unonyanya kukosha panyaya yekuurayiwa ne drone ndiyo nyaya ye "Creech 14."
14 vashandi vanopinda muCreech Air Force Base, April, 2009
Mushure mokunge chiito chokutanga chekusagadzirisa kusagadzikana kushandiswa kwakaipisisa kwemadrones asingatauri uye akadzingwa muUnited States kwakaitika paCreech Air Force Base muNevada zvakare munaApril, 2009, zvakatora nguva inopfuura gore vasati vatungamirirwa ne14 kukanganisa kwaiva nezuva redu mumatare. Sezvo iyi yaiva mukana wokutanga wevashandi veku "kuisa drones mukutongwa" panguva apo vashomanana vekuAmerica vaiziva kuti kunyange vakambovapo, tainyanya kushingaira mukugadzirira nyaya yedu, kurwisana zvakajeka uye nekuchenjera, kwete kuti tive jeri asi nokuda kweavo vakafa uye avo vanogara vachitya drones. Nekudzidziswa nevamwe vatongi vekutengesa zvakanaka, chinangwa chedu ndechokuti tifananidze isu uye tifungire mutemo wevanhu vemarudzi ose, kupa zvidziviriro zvakasimba zvekudikanwa, kunyange zvazvo taiziva kuti pakanga pasina nguva shoma yokuti dare rinzwe zvatinotaura.
Kuzvidzivirira kwezvinotarisirwa, kuti mumwe haana kuita mhosva kana chiito chisina mvumo chepamutemo chakaitwa kuchengetedza kukuvadzwa kukuru kana utsotsi kubva pakuitwa, inozivikanwa neDare Repamusorosoro sechikamu chemutemo wakazara. Icho hachisi chinhu chisina kusimba kana kuti kunyanya kusinganzwisisiki kuzvidzivirira. "Chikonzero chinokonzerwa nechikonzero chekudzivirirwa ndechokuti dzimwe nguva, mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kukanganisa kwepamutemo kwepamutemo kunonyanya kubatsira kune hukama pane zvinokonzerwa nekuteerera zvakasimba mutemo," inodaro West's Encyclopedia of American Law "Kudzivirirwa kunowanzoshandiswa kubudirira mumamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira Trespass pfuma yekuchengetedza hupenyu hwomunhu kana pfuma. "Zvingaita sekuti, kuzvidzivirira uku kwechisikigo kune zviduku zviduku zvakadai sekudarika kwedu, kwakagadzirirwa kumira kushandisa drones muhondo zvechisimba, mhosva yerunyararo iyo Dare reNuremburg rakanzi "hukuru hwepamusoro pemarudzi ose."
Muzvokwadi, kunyange zvakadaro, matare muUnited States haatomboregi kubvumidzwa kwekuzvidzivirira kukwidzwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana needu. Vakawanda vedu takanga tine ruzivo rwakakwana zvokuti hatifaniri kushamiswa patakazopedzisira tauya kuJustice Court muLas Vegas munaSeptember, 2010, uye Mutongi Jensen akatonga muchivande pamwe nevashandi vake vepamutemo. Akasimbisa pakutanga kwenyaya yedu kuti akanga asina chimwe chazvo. "Endai mberi," akadaro, achititendera kushevedza nyanzvi dzezvapupu asi asidzivisa zvachose kubva kuvabvunza chero mibvunzo inokosha. "Kunzwisisa, zvinongova zvishoma nezvishoma kudarika, zivo ipi yaanova nayo, kana iripo, kana iwe uri kana usina kunge uri kunze. Hatisi kupinda mumitemo yenyika dzakawanda; iyo haisi iyo nyaya. Icho hachisi nyaya. Izvo hurumende iri kuita zvisakarurama, handiyo nyaya. Nyaya yacho haina mhosva. "
Murevereri wedu Steve Kelly akatevera mirairo yemutongi uye akabvunza chapupu chedu chekutanga, wekare US Attorney General Ramsey Clark, pamusoro pezivo yake yega yega mitemo yepamutemo kubva kushanda paDhipatimendi reRuramisiro munguva yeKennedy neJohnson. Steve akanyatsotungamira chapupu kuti ataure nezve "mhosva dzekudarika ... kwemazuva emakambani emabasa apo mitemo yaiti iwe haufaniri kugara pane imwe nzvimbo yezvokudya zvemasikati" mukurwisana kwekodzero dzevanhu. Ramsey Clark akabvuma kuti avo vakasungwa pamhosva yekutadza mitemo iyi vakanga vasina kuita mhosva. Steve akafurira rutsoka rake nemutongi ndokupa mufananidzo wekare wekudiwa kwekudzivirirwa: "Mamiriro ezvinhu apo pane 'kusava nemhosva' uye kune utsi huchibuda kunze kwemukova kana hwindo uye munhu ari kumusoro vanoda rubatsiro. Kuti upinde chivakwa ichocho, mune chairo chaiyo chepfungwa yehuchenjeri, ingadai iri mhosva. Pane huripo here, munguva yakareba, hazvingatongobatsiri kumubatsira munhu wepamusoro? "Ramsey akapindura," Tingafunga saizvozvo, handizvo here? Kuva nevana vachipisa kurufu kana chimwe chinhu, nekuda kwechiratidzo chekuti 'hapana mhosva' yaizove isina hurumende hurumende yekuisa nayo zvinyoro. Mhosva. "
Mutongi Jensen panguva ino zvakajeka. Kutonga kwake kupedza uchapupu hwekutadza kwakabatwa, asi sezvo kufarira kwake kuri kukura, saka kushandurwa kwake kwehurongwa hwake kwakaramba kuchiwedzera. Pamusoro pemashoko anoramba achidzokidzwa ehurumende yekutonga, mutongi akabvumira uchapupu hushoma asi hune simba kubva kuna Ramsey nevamwe vedu zvapupu, retired US Army Colonel uye aimbova purofesa Ann Wright na Loyola Law School Purofesa Bill Quigley akaisa mhosva yedu kudarika mukati maro sechiito kumira mhosva yakaipa.
Ndakanga ndine ropafadzo yekuita chirevo chekuvhara kune uyo akapomerwa, iyo yandakapedza nayo, "Isu 14 ndivo ndivo vari kuona utsi hweimba inopisa uye hatisi kuzomiswa nechiratidzo chekuti 'hapana mhosva' kubva pakuenda kune vana vanopisa. "
Kukoshesa kwatinoita mutongi kunoshamisa kwezvakangoitika munyaya yacho, takanga tisatarisira chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutenda kwekurumidza uye kutongwa. Mutongi Jensen akatishamisa achiti: "Ndinozviona zvakanyanya kupfuura kungova nemhosva. Zvinhu zvizhinji zvakakomba zvinopinda pano. Saka ndiri kuenda kunotora pasi pasi nekupa zano uye ini ndichapa sarudzo yakanyorwa. Uye zvinogona kutora mwedzi miviri kusvika mitatu kuti ndiite izvozvo, nokuti ndinoda kuve nechokwadi kuti ndiri pane zvose zvandinotonga. "
Apo takadzokera kuLas Vegas munaJanuary, 2011, Mutongi Jensen akaverenga chisarudzo chake kuti chaingova chirevo chemhosva, shure kwezvose uye taive nemhosva. Pakati pezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutipa mhosva, mutongi wakaramba izvo zvaakadana kuti "VaMudziviriri" kudai zvakakosha "nokuti" kutanga, Vadziviriri vakakundikana kuratidza kuti kupikisa kwavo kwakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza 'kuswedera pedyo' kunokuvadza. "Akakanganisa mhosva yedu nekusava nekutaura dare rine "uchapupu hwokuti chero basa rehondo rinosanganisira drones raive richiitwa kana kuti raizoitwa pazuva reVasununguri vakasungwa," vachikanganwa kuti akanga atirayira kuti tisaisa chero uchapupu hwakadaro, kunyange dai tive nawo.
Mutongo weJensen wakatsigirwa zvakasimba nezvakaitika zvaakatsanangura, kusanganisira mutongo wekhomhosva yeA1991, US v Schoon, iyo inobata mhirizhonga yakagadzirira "kuchengetedza US mari yemari kuEl Salvador" pane imwe ofisi yeRS kuTucson. Mukupikisa uku, Nhamba yeNhamba Yekutonga yakatonga, "chibharo chakanga chiripo chakanga chisisipo." Mune mamwe mazwi, nokuti kuipa kwakaratidzwa kwakange kuri kuEl Salvador, kudarika muTucson hakukwanisi kururamiswa. Saka, Mutongi Jensen akafunga kuti, kupisa vana muimba muA Afghanistan kunogona kuregerera kudarika muNevada.
Iko NBC yakakosha yeDhipatimendi reRuramisiro Yepamusoro haikwanise kuitika kwemamwe makore maviri (inodana kubviswa kweuchapupu?) Uye kusvika kune Mutongi Jensen aiziva, dudziro yemashoko echirevo ye "iri pedyo" yakanga ichiri kushanda. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, dai takabvumidzwa kupupurira kunze kwemakumbo akapfupi akaiswa mukutongwa, tingadai takaratidza kuti nehutachiona hwetaneti, hutsotsi hunouraya hwatinotaurira huripo huri pedyo nekusanangurwa kupi zvayo kweshoko. Kunyange zvazvo avo vakaurayiwa nekodhesi pamusi wekusungwa kwedu chaive kure kure muAngland neIraq, izvo zvimhosva zvakange zvichitorwa nevarwi vagere pasi pamakombiyuta, vachiita mhirizhonga chaiyo muzvikwata pasi, kwete kusvika ikozvino zvose kubva kwatakabatwa nemapurisa emu Air Air.
Hurumende haitendi kuti inofanirwa kuva ne "uchapupu hwakajeka hwokuti kurwisana kwakananga kwevanhu veUnited States uye zvido zvichaitika munguva inotevera" kusimbisa kuswedera kwekutyisidzira kwekudaro uye kuita zvisizvo zvisina kukodzera zvevanhu pane chero kupi zvako panyika. Vagari vanoedza kurega kuurawa neDrones, kune rumwe rutivi, vanofanirwa kuva ne "humwe uchapupu hwokuti chero basa rehondo rinosanganisira madrones riri kuitwa kana kuti rinenge richizoitwa," kuitira kuratidza kusavimbika kupinda muhurumende yehupfumi. Nzvimbo yehurumende pamusoro peizvi haina kukwirirana, zvakanakisisa. Kunyangwe mushure mekubudiswa kwe White Paper, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro rinoramba richivhara vatsigiri vanopomerwa mhosva kudarika kunyange kutaura kuti vakasungwa pavanopindura nekutyisidzira kwehupenyu husina mhosva, uye matare anoramba achibvuma kupesana uku.
Kuzvidzivirira kwezvinodiwa hazvirevi kungoita zviito izvo zvinopesana nemutemo. "Inokosha," inodaro West's Encyclopedia yeAmerican Law, "inodzivirira inopomerwa nomupomeri kana kuti mumiririri wehurumende kuti haana chaanosarudza kunze kwekuti aputse mutemo." Sezvo Ramsey Clark akapupurira mumatare eLas Vegas makore mashanu adarika, " kuva necheche inopisa kufa nekuda kwekuti hapana 'chiratidzo chechivi' chaizova chakaipa sangano rehurumende kuti riise zvinyoronyoro. "Munguva yekupisa vana," pasina mhosva "zviratidzo zvakabatanidzwa kumadziro anochengetedza mhosva dzinourawa ne drones uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekutya hazvina simba uye hazvirayirire kuteerera kwedu. Dare dzisinganzwisisi chokwadi ichi dzinozvibvumira kushandiswa senhumbi dzehurumende.
Kathy Kelly naGeorgia Walker paWhiteeman Air Force Base Pakave nemimwe miedzo yakawanda kubva kuCreech 14 uye panguva iyo, vazhinji vana vakawanda vakapiswa nemisungo yakadzingwa kubva kune drones. Musi waDecember 10, International Human Rights Day, Georgia Walker naKathy Kelly vachaenda kuchitongwa muDare reMudunhu reUnited States muJefferson City, Missouri, mushure mokunge vauya nerunyararo runyunyuta uye chingwa paWhiteeman Air Force Base, mumwewo muwandu hukura of stateside remote control killer drone nzvimbo.
Makore maviri apfuura mudare rimwe chete mune imwe nyaya yakadaro, Mutongi Whitworth akaramba kudiwa kwekudzivirirwa kwakapiwa naRef Faust neni, ndokuzotonga Ron kumakore mashanu ekuongororwa uye achinditumira kujeri kwemwedzi mitanhatu. Zvinotarisirwa kuti Mutongi Whitworth achashandisa mukana uyu wechipiri kuti Kathy neGeorgia vanopa noushingi uye vanozviisa pachena uye basa rake.
