NeTerry Crawford-Browne, February 19, 2018
Zvisarudzo zvinopesana nehutongerwe enyika South Africa, mumaonero omunyori, chete chiitiko apo zvigadziriswa zvakazadzisa chinangwa chavo. Vakatungamirirwawo nemasangano ehurumende kwete nehurumende.
Kusiyana neizvi, zvikwereti zveUnited States kubva ku1950s pamusoro peCuba, Iraq, Iran, Venezuela, Zimbabwe, North Korea nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda zvakaratidza kusakundikana kwakanyanya. Kunyanya kuipa, vakapa kushungurudzwa kusingafungi pamusoro pevanhu chaivo vaifungidzirwa kuti vaida kubatsira.
Vaimbova munyori wehurumende yeUnited States Madeleine Albright achiri kushamwaridzana nemashoko ake akakurumbira pamusoro peterevhizheni kuti kufa kwevana vechiuru mazana mashanu veIraqi kwaive mutengo wakakodzera kubhadhara mukutsvaga kurambidzwa kweUnited States kurwisana nehurumende yeIraq uye Saddam Hussein. Mari yekugadziriswa kwekuparadzwa kwakaitwa muIraq kubva 2003 inofungidzirwa ku US $ 100 biliyoni.
Pamubvunzo ndezvekuti zvirango zvehurumende yeUS zvakanyatsoitirwa kuzadzisa chero chinangwa, kana kungori "kunzwa-kwakanaka" zviito zvakaitirwa kugutsa vateereri vezvematongerwo enyika? Izvo zvinonzi "smart sanctions" - kutonhora midziyo uye kumisikidza mafambiro ekurambidza kune vekunze vakuru vakuru - zvaratidzawo zvachose kushanda.
Nhoroondo yeSouth Africa: Mitambo yekuramwa uye yemichero kurwisa rusaruraganda South Africa pamusoro pemakore makumi maviri neshanu kubva muna 1960 kusvika 1985 yakasimudza ruzivo nezve kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muSouth Africa, asi zvirokwazvo haina kudzikisira hurumende yerusaruro. Zvekutengesa zvivharo zvakadzivirirwa zvinozadzikiswa kuburikidza nemakomba. Kune varidzi vezvemabhizimusi vanogara varipo, nekuda kwekudzikiswa kana kubhadharwa, vakagadzirira kutora njodzi dzekuregeredza mabhizimusi ekutengesa, kusanganisira zvinomanikidzwa zvombo.
Migumisiro zvakadaro, nokuti vanhuwo zvavo vari munyika yakagadzirirwa ndeyekuti mibairo yevashandi inotemwa (kana mabasa yakarasika) kuratidza kuderedzwa kwezvinhu zvakatengesa kunze, kana kuti, iyo iyo mitengo yezvinhu zvakatengeswa inokonzerwa nehomwe yepamusoro inobhadharwa kune imwe nyika kunze kuti aputse kupwanya.
Mu "kufarira nyika," mabhangi uye / kana makamuri ezvekutengeserana anogara akagadzirira kuburitsa matsotsi matsamba echikwereti kana zvitupa zvekubva kukanganisa zvinangwa zvezvirango zvevatengesi. Semuenzaniso, Nedbank panguva yeRhodesian UDI mazuva kubva muna 1965 kusvika muna1990 yakapa maakaundi ezvidhoma nemakambani epamberi kune rimwe rayo reRhodesia, Rhobank.
Saizvozvowo, magwaro ekushandisa ekupedzisira maererano nekutengesa zvombo haana kukosha-iyo-bepa- ivo-vakanyorwa-pamusoro nekuti vezvematongerwo enyika vane huwori vanopihwa ruoko rwakanaka nekuda kwekuramba zvombo zvehondo. Semumwe muenzaniso, mudzvanyiriri weTogo, Gnassingbe Eyadema (1967-2005) akabatsira zvakanyanya kubva ku "madhaimondi eropa" ekutengesa zvombo, uye mwanakomana wake Faure akaenderera mberi nesimba kubva pakafa baba vake muna 2005.
Sangano reUnited Nations Security Council muna Mbudzi 1977 rakaratidza kuti kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu muSouth Africa kwaikanganisa runyararo pamwe nekuchengetedzeka, uye ikamisa chisungo chinomanikidzwa. Panguva iyoyo, danho rakarumbidzwa sekufambira mberi kukuru mu20th diplomacy yezana remakore.
Asi se nyaya inowanikwa muDaily Maverick pamusoro pekubvisa rusarura (kusanganisira iyo yakabatanidzwa 19 zvikamu zvekare zvekare) yakabudiswa musi waDecember 15, 2017 huru, maU.S., British, Chinese, Israeli, French uye dzimwe hurumende, pamwe nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, vaida kutyora mutemo wenyika dzakawanda kutsigira hurumende yehutongerwe enyika uye / kana kuti kubatsirwe kushandiswa kwepamutemo.
Mari yakawandisa pazvombo, kusanganisira zvombo zvenyukireya - pamwe nemubhadharo unodarika US $ 25 bhiriyoni wakashandiswa kudarika zvirango zvemafuta - na1985 zvakatungamira kunetsa kwemari, uye South Africa yakadzikira chikwereti chayo chekunze cheUS $ 25 bhiriyoni munaGunyana. . South Africa yaive yakazviriritira kunze kwemafuta, uye yaifungidzira kuti, semugadziri mukuru wegoridhe repasirose, yaisakwanisika. Nyika iyi yaive zvakadaro, zvakare iri munzira yekumhanyisa kuhondo yevagari vemo uye neropa rinotarisirwa reropa.
Terevhizheni inopararira munyika yose yekusagadzikana kwehurumende yakashungurudzika nyika yepasi rose nehurongwa hwehutongerwe enyika, uye pakati pevanhu veAmerica vakaratidzirwa nekodzero dzevanhu. Zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvekwereti yeSouth Africa yaiva nguva pfupi uye inobhadharwa mukati memakore rimwechete, saka chikwereti chekunze chekunze chaive chinetso chekuita mari panzvimbo pekushaya mari.
Zvose zvombo zvehondo, kusanganisira izvo zvombo zvenyukireya, zvakaratidza kuti hazvina maturo mukudzivirira hutongerwe enyika
Mukupindura kudzvinyirirwa neruzhinji, Chase Manhattan Bank muna Chikunguru yakawedzera "kumira kwechikwereti" nekuzivisa kuti yaisazomutsiridza US $ 500 miriyoni muzvikwereti izvo zvaive zvakanangana neSouth Africa. Mamwe mabhanga eUS akatevera, asi zvikwereti zvavo zvakabatanidzwa zvinosvika kungodarika US $ 2 bhiriyoni zvaingova zvega zvakapfuurwa neyaBarclays Bank, chikwereti chikuru. Dare rekugadzirisa, rinotungamirwa naDr Fritz Leutwiler weSwitzerland, rakagadzwa kuti rigadzirisezve zvikwereti.
Kuparadzana ndeyekupindura kwemuAmerica kwakapiwa basa remari yepensheni paNew York Stock Exchange, uye kugoverana kushingaira. Somuenzaniso, Mobil Oil, General Motors uye IBM vakabva kuSouth Africa vachidzvinyirira kubva kuAmerican shareholders, asi vakatengesa michina yavo yeSouth Africa "yekutengesa moto" mutengo kuAnglo-American Corporation uye mamwe makambani aive avo vanobatsirwa zvikuru nehutongerwe enyika.
"Kumira kwechikwereti" kwakapa South African Council of Churches nevamwe vanoita zvematongerwo enyika mukana wekuparura zvirango zvebhengi kuUnited Nations muna Gumiguru 1985. Chakanga chiri chikumbiro kumabhangi epasi rose na [panguva iyoyo] Bishop Desmond Tutu na Dr Beyers Naude kukumbira iwo mabhanga anotora chikamu mukugadzirisa hurongwa kuti: -
"Kuongororazve chikwereti cheSouth Africa kunofanira kunge kwakagadziriswa pamusana pekuregererwa kwehurumende yemazuva ano, uye kubviswa kwayo nehurumende inopindira kune zvinodiwa nevanhu vose veSouth Africa."
Sechirongwa chekupedzisira chisiri chechisimba chekudzivirira hondo yevagari vemo, kukwidza, kwakatenderedzwa kuburikidza neUS Congress, uye ikaverengerwa mumitemo yeComprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act. Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan vakakwikwidza bhiri, asi veto yavo yakazopidigurwa neSeneti yeUS muna Gumiguru 1986.
Kugadziriswa kweSouth Africa chikwereti kwakava mugwagwa wekupinda muNew York mubhadharo yemabhengi, chinhu chinonyanya kukosha nekuda kwebasa reDhora reU.S. semari yekugadzirisa mune zvekunze kwekutengeserana. Pasina kuwana mabhizimisi manomwe makuru eNew York, South Africa ingadai isina kukwanisa kuribhadharira kutengeswa kana kugamuchira kubhadhara kwekutengeswa.
Yakapihwa simba raArchbishop Tutu, machechi eUS akamanikidza mabhanga eNew York kuti asarudze pakati pebhizimusi rekubhengi rehutongi hweSouth Africa kana bhizimusi rehomwe yemapension emasangano avo. David Dinkins pavakava Meya weGuta reNew York, mataundi akawedzera sarudzo pakati peSouth Africa kana maakaundi ekubhadhara eGuta.
Chinangwa chekurambidzwa kwebhengi kwepasi rose kwakaparidzirwa zvakare:
- Kuguma kwenyika yekutambudzika
- Kusunungura vasungwa vezvematongerwe enyika
- Kusabatana kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika
- Kuparadzaniswa kwemutemo wehutongerwe enyika, uye
- Kukurukurirana kweMitemo-soro kune imwe nyika isiri yerudzi, ine democracy uye yakabatana.
Ikoko kwaive nemutambo unoyerwa wekupedzisira, uye nzira yekubuda. Nguva yacho yaive yechokwadi. Hondo Yemashoko yakanga yava kusvika kumagumo, uye hurumende yerusaruro yainge isisakwanise kutora "tyisidziro yemakomunisheni" mukukumbira kwayo kuhurumende yeUS. Mutungamiri George Bush mukuru akatsiva Reagan muna 1989 uye akasangana nevatungamiriri vechechi muna Chivabvu gore iro, panguva iyo akataura kuti akashamiswa nezvakanga zvichiitika muSouth Africa akamupa rutsigiro.
Vatungamiri veChishanu vakanga vava kutotora mutemo panguva ye1990 yekuvhara zvivako muC-AAA uye kurambidza kushandiswa kwemari kwekuSouth Africa muUnited States. Nemhaka yebasa remadhora eUnited States, izvi zvingadai zvakakonzerawo kutengeserana kwemazuva matatu nenyika dzakadai seGermany kana Japan. Mukuwedzera, United Nations yakagadza June 1990 sechirevo chekupedzisira chekubvisa urongwa hwehutongerwe enyika.
Hurumende yeBritain iri pasi paAmai Margaret Thatcher vakaedza - vasingabudirire - kukanganisa zvirongwa izvi nekuzivisa muna Gumiguru 1989 kuti ivo vakabatana neSouth African Reserve Bank vakawedzera chikwereti chekuSouth Africa chekunze kusvika 1993.
Kutevera Kapa Town March YeRunyararo munaSeptember 1989 inotungamirirwa naArchbishop Tutu, US Under-Secretary of State for Africa Affairs, Henk Cohen yakabudisa chirevo chekutsvaga kutenderwa nehurumende yeSouth Africa yemitatu yekutanga yematambudziko ekubhadhara mabhangi munaFebruary 1990.
Pasinei nehutungamiri hwehurumende huri kupikisa, ndiyo yaiva mamiriro ekuzivisa kweMutungamiri FW deKlerk musi wa 2 February 1990, kusunungurwa kwaNelson Mandela mazuva mapfumbamwe gare gare, uye kutanga kwebumbiro remitemo kunopedza hutongerwe enyika. Mandela pachake akabvuma kuti kupesana kwakanyanya kwehutongerwe enyika kwakauya kubva kuvhengi veAmerica, vachiti:
"Vaimbove vabatsira kubhadhara mari yehurumende yeSouth Africa, asi iye zvino vakabva vatora chikwereti uye mari."
Mandela haana kufarira mutsauko uripo pakati pezvikwereti neNew York bhangi, asi gurukota rezvemari muSouth Africa rakabvuma kuti "South Africa haina kukwanisa kugadzira madhora." Pasina mukana weiyo New York yepakati-kubhengi kubhadhara system, hupfumi hwaizodonha.
Kutevera zviziviso zvehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro pe 2 February 1990, zvakanga zvisingakoshi kuti US Congress iite zvakasarudzwa zvakakwana zveSouth African kuwana mari yeAmerica. Izvozvo zvakasara zvakasununguka zvakadaro, inofanira kukurukurirana pakati pehurumende yeupanduki uye African National Congress inokundikana.
“Zvakanyorwa zvacho zvaiva pamadziro.” Panzvimbo pekuparadza njodzi hupfumi nezvivakwa zvaro uye kuteura ropa kwerudzi, hurumende yerusaruro yakasarudza kutaurirana nezvekugadziriswa uye kuenda kudemokrasi yebumbiro. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mumatanho ekutanga ebumbiro rinozivisa kuti:
Isu, vanhu veSouth Africa.
Ziva kusaruramisira kwekare,
Kudza avo vakatambura nekuda kwekutonga uye rusununguko munyika yedu,
Remekedza avo vakashanda kuvaka nekuvandudza nyika yedu, uye
Ita kuti South Africa ndeyevamwe vanogara mairi, vakabatana mune zvakasiyana-siyana. "
Nezvirango zvebhengi zvaive "zvakaenzana zviyero" pakati pemapato maviri, kutaurirana kwebumbiro kwakaenderera pakati pehurumende yerusaruro, ANC nevamwe vamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika. Paive nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, uye pakanga pari pakupera kwa1993 apo Mandela akafunga kuti shanduko kune democracy yaive isingachadzoreke, uye kuti zvirango zvemari zvinogona kubviswa.
Zvichipa budiriro yezvirango mukugumisa rusaruraganda, pakanga paine kufarira kwakati wandei kwamakore mune masanctions senzira yekugadzirisa dzimwe mhirizhonga dzakamira kwenguva refu. Pakave nekushandiswa zvisirizvo, uye kuzvidza kunotevera, kwezvirango zvakaitwa neUS sechiridzwa chekusimbisa mauto eAmerica nehupfumi munyika.
Izvi zvinoratidzirwa nechisungo cheUnited States pamusoro peIraq, Venezuela, Libya neIran, iyo yakatsvaga kubhadhara mari yekutengeswa kwemafuta mune dzimwe mari uye / kana yegoridhe panzvimbo ye US $, uye yakatevera ne "hurumende kuchinja."
Banking teknolojia yakave yakashamisika zvikuru mumashure makumi matatu emakore kubvira muSouth African campaigning sanctions campaign. Nzvimbo yevashandi haisisiri kuNew York, asi muBrussels uko Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) inotarisana.
SWIFT ingangoita hofori komputa iyo inosimbisa iyo yekuraira yekubhadharisa anopfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emabhangi munyika dzinopfuura mazana maviri. Bhengi rega rega rine kodhi yeSWIFT, tsamba yechishanu neyechitanhatu dzinoratidza nyika yekugara.
Paresitina: Kuratidzira, Kupatsanurwa uye Masanctions (BDS) Movement yakavambwa muna 2005, uye inoenzanisirwa nezvakaitika kuSouth Africa. Ipo zvichitora anopfuura makore makumi maviri nemashanu kuti masanctions akanangana nehutongi hweSouth Africa kuti iite zvakakosha, hurumende yeIsrael iri kuramba ichityira nezveBDS iyo, pakati pezvimwe, yakasarudzwa ku25 Nobel Peace Prize.
Zvinocherechedzwa kuti mubairo we1984 Peace Peace Prize kuna Desmond Tutu wakapa simba rakakura mukubatana kwepasi rose nesangano rinorwisa rusaruraganda. Iyo Norwegian Pension Fund, iyo inoshandisa mari inopfuura US $ 1 trillion, yakapa mazita mukambani hombe yezvombo yeIsrael, Elbit Systems.
Mamwe maScandinavia nemaDutch masangano akateedzerawo. Chechi mari yemudyandigere muUS iri kuvhengana. Vechidiki uye vanofambira mberi vechiJudha vekuAmerican vachiwedzera kuzviparadzanisa kubva kuhurumende yemapapiro eIsrael, uye vachitonzwira tsitsi nevaPalestine. Hurumende dzeEuropean mugore ra2014 dzakayambira vagari vadzo nezvenjodzi yekuremekedzwa uye yezvemari yekutengeserana pamwe nenzvimbo dzekuIsrael muWest Bank.
Sangano reUnited Human Rights Council munaJanuary 2018 rakanyora runyora rwemazana emakambani anonzi 200 Israeli neAmerica ari kushingaira pakuita nekugadziridza Basa rePalestina Territories mukushorwa neGeneva Magungano uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemutemo wenyika dzakawanda.
Mukupindura, hurumende yeIsrael yakapa mari yakawanda pamwe nezvimwe zviwanikwa muzvirongwa zvemitemo - zvese mukati meIsrael nepasi rese - kupomhodza kuwedzera kweBDS, uye kupomora kufamba senge kunopesana neSemite. Izvi zviri zvakadaro, zvave kuratidza kusagadzikana, sekuratidzwa nemakakatanwa nematare edzimhosva muUS.
IAmerican Civil Liberties Union yakabudirira kupokana kuyedza kwakadai, semuenzaniso muKansas, ichitsanangura kutyorwa kweFirst Amendment inobata nekutaura kwekusununguka, sekusanganiswa netsika refu muUS - kusanganisira kunyangwe iyo Boston Tea Party uye mushandirapamwe wekodzero dzevanhu - vekuratidzira ku kufambira mberi kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Mavara IL mune iyo SWIFT kodhi anozivisa mabhanga eIsrael. Zvirongwa, ichave iri nyaya yakapusa kumisa kutapurirana kuenda uye kubva kuakaundi dzeIL. Izvi zvaizovharira kubhadhara kwevanotenga zvinhu kunze kwenyika uye kutambira mari yezvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika yeIsrael Iko kunetsekana kuda kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye pesvedzero yenzvimbo yekutandarira yeIsrael.
Iyo yekutanga uye kushanda kweSWIFT masanctions zvakadaro, yatove yakatosimbiswa mune nyaya yeIran. Pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kuUS neIsrael, European Union yakaraira SWIFT kumisa kutengeserana nemabhangi eIran kuitira kumanikidza hurumende yeIran kuti itaurirane chibvumirano chezvombo zvenyukireya che2015.
Izvozvi zvave kubvumwa kuti iyo inonzi "maitiro erunyararo" akarevererwa nehurumende yeUS yaingova chifukidziro chekuwedzera iyo Occupation uye nekuwedzera misha yeIsrael "kupfuura iyo green green." Tarisiro ikozvino yekutaurirana kutsva pasi pesangano reUnited Nations pakati pePalestine neIsrael inopokana nharaunda dzepasi rese kubatsira mukuona kuti nhaurirano dzakadai dzakabudirira.
Kune chinangwa chekubatsira kukurukurirana kwakadaro nokuenzanisa zviyero, zvinoratidzwa kuti SWIFT zvikwereti zvinorwisana ne mabhanga eIsrael zvichange zvichitora muIsrael mari yezvematongerwe enyika uye yezvematongerwe enyika, avo vane chikwata chekuti hurumende yeIsrael iite maererano nemitemo mina yakatarwa, ichiti:
- Kusunungurira pakarepo vasungwa vePalestine vezvematongerwe enyika,
- Kugumisa basa raro reWest Bank (kusanganisira East East) neGaza, uye kuti richaputsa "rusvingo rwechisarura,"
- Kuziva kodzero dzinokosha dzeArabic-Palestinians kuti zvive zvakaenzana muIsraeri-Palestine, uye
- Kubvuma kodzero yekudzoka kwevaPalestina.
