Nyaya inoshamisa inowanikwa mune June 2014 nyaya ye American Journal of Public Health. (Zvakare inowanikwa semahara PDF pano.)
Vanyori, nyanzvi mune hutano hwehupfumi, zvakanyorwa nemazita avo ose edzidzo: William H. Wiist, DHSc, MPH, MS, Kathy Barker, PhD, Neil Arya, MD, Jon Rohde, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, Shelley White, PhD, MPH, Pauline Lubens, MPH, Geraldine Gorman, RN, PhD, uye Amy Hagopian, PhD.
Vamwe vanotsanangura uye vanotsanangura:
“Muna 2009 American Public Health Association (APHA) yakatendera chirevo chemutemo, 'Basa reVashandi vehutano hwehupfumi, Vadzidzi, uye Vatsigiri mukubatana neArmed Conflict neHondo. ' . . . Mukupindura mutemo weAPHA, muna 2011, boka rinoshanda pa Teaching the Primary Prevention of War, raisanganisira vanyori venyaya ino, rakakura. . . . ”
“Kubva pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, kwave nehondo mazana maviri negumi neshanu munzvimbo dzinosvika zana nemakumi matatu nepfumbamwe. United States yakaparura mashandiro emauto ekumhiri kwemakungwa makumi maviri nemaviri pakati pekuguma kweHondo Yenyika II na248, uye kubvira ipapo, vamwe, kusanganisira Afghanistan neIraq. Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 153, kufa kwamamirioni 201 kwaigona kuva kwakabatana uye nenzira isina kunanga nehondo - kupfuura mumazana amakore mana apfuura. ”
Aya maidi, akanyorwa mumuzasi muchinyorwa, anobatsira kupfuura nakare pamberi pechimiro chezvino chedzidzo muUnited States yekuzivisa kufa kwehondo. Nekuisa zvakare muhondo zhinji sezvimwe zvinhu, kudzikisa huwandu hwekufa, uye kuona kufa sehuwandu hwehuwandu hwepasirese kwete hwevanhu vemuno kana sehuwandu hwakazara, vanyori vakasiyana vakaedza kutaura kuti hondo iri kupera. Ehezve, hondo inogona uye inofanirwa kutsakatika, asi izvo zvinongogona kuitika kana tikawana dhiraivha uye zviwanikwa kuti zviitike.
"Chikamu chevanhu vanofa zvisiri zvevanhu uye nzira dzekumisikidza kufa sevanhu vasiri veruzhinji zvinopikisanwa, asi kufa kwevagari vemo vanoumba 85% kusvika 90% yevakauraiwa vanokonzerwa nehondo, nevanhuwo zvavo vangangosvika gumi vachifira murwi wese akaurawa muhondo. Huwandu hwevakafa (kunyanya vevanhu) hwakakonzerwa nehondo ichangopfuura muIraq inopikiswa, pamwe nekufungidzirwa kwe10 kusvika 124,000 kusvika vanopfuura miriyoni, uye pakupedzisira vachangogadzikana vangangoita hafu yemiriyoni. Vagari vakave vakanangidzirwa kufa uye zvechisimba pabonde mune kumwe kurwisana kwemazuva ano. Makumi manomwe kubva muzana kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana evakakuvadzwa nezvimbambaira zvine mamirioni 655,000 zvakasimwa kubva muna 90 munyika makumi manomwe vaive vanhuwo zvavo. ”
Izvo, zvakare, inokosha, seyokudzivirirwa kwehondo ndeyekuti inofanirwa kushandiswa kudzivirira chimwe chinhu chakaipa, chinonzi rutsvaga. Haisi kungoita kuti hurumende iite hutongerwo rudzi pane kuidzivisa, asi kusiyana kwehondo nehutongerwo rudzi kwakanaka chaizvo. Nyaya yacho inoenderera mberi ichitaura zvimwe zvehutano hwehutano hwehondo, iyo yandichareva mamwe maonero makuru:
“World Health Organisation (WHO) Commission on the Social Determinants of Health yakaratidza kuti hondo inokanganisa hutano hwevana, inotungamira mukuenda kune dzimwe nyika nekutama, uye inoderedza goho rekurima. Kufa kwevana pamwe nevemadzimai, zviyero zvekudzivirira, zvabuda, uye mhando yemvura uye hutsanana zvakanyanyisa munzvimbo dzenharo. Hondo yakakonzera kudzivirira kupedzwa kweporiyo, inogona kubatsira kupararira kweHIV / AIDS, uye yakadzikisa kuwanikwa kwevashandi vehutano. Pamusoro pezvo, zvimbambaira zvinokonzeresa mugariro wepfungwa nemagariro, uye zvinokanganisa kuchengetedza chikafu nekuita kuti ivhu rekurima rishaye basa. . . .
"Pfupi 17,300 zvombo zvenyukireya parizvino zviri kuendeswa munyika dzinosvika gumi nepfumbamwe (kusanganisira 9 US neRussia mashandiro ehondo, mazhinji acho anogona kuvhurwa nekusvika pazvinangwa zvavo mukati memaminitsi makumi mana nemashanu). Kunyangwe kumisidzana netsaona kuvhurwa kunogona kutungamira kune yakaipisisa yepasi rose hutano hutano mune yakanyorwa nhoroondo.
"Kunyangwe paine hutano hwakakonzerwa nehondo, hapana mari yemubatsiro kubva kuCentre for Disease Control and Prevention kana National Institutes of Health yakanangana nekudzivirira hondo, uye zvikoro zvizhinji zvehutano hwevanhu hazvisanganisiri kudzivirira kwehondo. zvidzidzo. ”
zvino, ipapo igaka rakakura munzanga yedu iro ini ndinotengesa kuti vaverengi vazhinji vanga vasina kucherechedza, kunyangwe paine kufunga kwakakwana uye kukosha kuri pachena! Nei vashandi vehutano veveruzhinji vachifanira kunge vachishanda kudzivirira hondo? Vanyori vanotsanangura kuti:
“Vashandi vehutano veveruzhinji vane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hwekubatanidzwa mukudzivirira kwehondo pahwaro hwehunyanzvi hwavo mukudzivirira chirwere; kuratidza njodzi uye zvinhu zvekudzivirira; kuronga, kuvandudza, kuongorora, uye kuongorora nzira dzekudzivirira; manejimendi ezvirongwa nemasevhisi; kuongorora kwematongerwo enyika nekusimudzira; kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadzirisa; uye kukurudzira hutano. Vamwe vashandi vehutano veveruzhinji vanoziva nezve mhedzisiro yehondo kubva pakuzvionera vega kumhirizhonga kana kubva mukushanda nevarwere nenharaunda munzvimbo dzehondo dzakapakata. Hutano hweveruzhinji hunopawo nzvimbo yakajairika kutenderedza maratidziro mazhinji anoda kuungana kuti aumbe mubatanidzwa wekudzivirira hondo. Izwi rehutano hweveruzhinji rinowanzo kunzwikwa senge simba reruzhinji. Kuburikidza nekuunganidza nguva dzose uye kuongorora kwehutano zviratidzo zveveruzhinji hutano zvinogona kupa yambiro yekutanga yenjodzi yemhirizhonga. Hutano hweveruzhinji hunogona zvakare kutsanangura hutano hwehondo, kuronga hurukuro nezvehondo uye yavo mari. . . uye kufumura zvehondo izvo zvinowanzo kutungamira mukurwa uye zvinokurudzira kushingairira vanhu kurwa. ”
Nezvemhirizhonga. Chii ichochi?
“Kuita zvechiuto ndiko kuwedzera nemaune kwezvinangwa zvemauto uye pfungwa mukuumba tsika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye hupfumi hwehupenyu hwevanhu kuitira kuti hondo nekugadzirira hondo zviitwe, uye kuvandudzwa nekuchengetedzwa kwemasimba akasimba anokosheswa. Zvechiuto kuvimba kwakanyanya pasimba rakasimba remauto uye kutyisidzira kwesimba senzira yepamutemo yekutevera zvibodzwa zvemitemo muhukama hwakaoma hwepasi rose. Iyo inokudza varwi, inopa kuvimbika kwakasimba kumauto semugadziri wekupedzisira werusununguko nekuchengeteka, uye inokudza hunhu hwemauto netsika sepamusoro pekushoropodzwa. Kuita zvehondo kunoita kuti veruzhinji vatore pfungwa dzechiuto, maitiro, ngano uye mutauro sewavo. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mhirizhonga inowirirana zvakanaka neconservatism, nyika, chitendero, kuda nyika, uye nehunhu hwehutongi, uye zvine hukama zvisina kufanira nekuremekedza rusununguko rwevanhu, shiviriro yevapanduki, misimboti yedemokrasi, kunzwira tsitsi nekugara zvakanaka kune vanotambura nevarombo, nerubatsiro rwekunze. kumarudzi anotambura. Kuita zvehondo kunokanganisa zvimwe zvinofarirwa nevanhu, kusanganisira hutano, kune zvido zvemauto. ”
Uye United States inotambura here?
“Zvechiuto zvinopindirana muzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu muUnited States uye, kubva pakumiswa kwemauto muchiuto, zvinopa zvikumbiro zvakanyanya kuruzhinji kunze kwemubhadharo wemubhadharo wemutero. Kutaura kwayo, hukuru, uye zvirevo zvave kusingaonekwe kune chikamu chikuru chevagari vemo, nekucherechedzwa kushoma kwemitengo yevanhu kana chimiro chisina kunaka chakachengetwa nedzimwe nyika. Kuita zvechisimba kwakadaidzwa kunzi 'chirwere chepfungwa,' kuchiita kuti chigone kupindirana nevanhu. . . .
“United States ndiyo inobata zvikamu makumi mana nezvipfumbamwe kubva muzana zvemashandisirwo ari kuitwa mari muchiuto. Inotevera yakakura pakushandisa iChina, kuverengera 41%; Russia, 8.2%; uye United Kingdom neFrance, ese ari 4.1%. . . . Kana ese emauto. . . mutengo unosanganisirwa, wepagore [US] mari inosvika madhora 3.6 trillion. . . . Sekureva kweiyo DOD gore remari 1 gwaro rehurongwa, 'Iyo DOD inochengetedza chivakwa chepasirese chezvinopfuura zvivakwa zve2012 munzvimbo dzinopfuura zviuru zvishanu, ichifukidza anopfuura 555,000 mamirioni maeka.' United States inochengetedza mazana manomwe kusvika kumazana ezviuru zvechiuto kana nzvimbo munzvimbo dzinopfuura zana. . . .
"Muna 2011 United States yakatora chinzvimbo chekutanga mukutengesa zvombo pasi rose, ichiita 78% ($ 66 bhiriyoni). Russia yaive yechipiri ne $ 4.8 bhiriyoni. . . .
"Muna 2011-2012, makambani epamusoro-manomwe eAmerica anogadzira uye anobatsira makambani akapa $ 7 miriyoni kumisangano yesarudzo yemubatanidzwa. Makumi mashanu epamusoro-soro [emauto] emakambani emakambani ari muchadenga (9.8 US, 10 UK neEurope) akashandisa madhora makumi mashanu nematatu kukwezva hurumende yeUS muna 3.. . .
"Chinonyanya kupa vechidiki kutora chikoro chehurumende cheUnited States, uko kuunganidza kunotarisa kune vechidiki vekumaruwa uye varombo, uye nokudaro inoumba chirongwa chinoshanda chehurombo chisingaonekwe nemhuri zhinji dzepakati neepamusoro. . . . Mukupesana nesiginecha yeUnited States paOptional Protocol paKubatanidzwa kweVana muchibvumirano cheArmed Conflict, mauto anotora vana muzvikoro zvepamusoro zveveruzhinji, uye haazivise vadzidzi kana vabereki nezvekodzero yavo yekurambidza ruzivo rwekuonana kumba. Iyo Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Bhatiri inopihwa muzvikoro zvepamusoro zveveruzhinji senge basa rekugona basa uye inomanikidzwa muzvikoro zvepamusoro zvakawanda, neruzivo rwevadzidzi rwekutumira kuuto, kunze kweMaryland uko paramende yenyika yakaraira kuti zvikoro hazvichazoendesa mberi mashoko. ”
Vatsigiri vezvehutano hwehutano vanochemawo mari inoshandiswa mumhando dzekutsvakurudza kweUnited States inoshandisa:
“Zviwanikwa zvinodyiwa nemauto. . . kutsvagisa, kugadzira, uye masevhisi anodzorera hunyanzvi hwevanhu kure nezvimwe zvinodiwa nevanhu. Iyo DOD ndiyo inonyanya kupa mari yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira muhurumende yemubatanidzwa. Sangano reNational Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, uye maCentre for Disease Control and Prevention zvinopa mari zhinji muzvirongwa zvakaita se'BioDefense. ' . . . Kushaikwa kwemamwe masosi emari kunoita kuti vamwe vaongorori vatevere mari yechiuto kana chengetedzo, uye vamwe vanozove nehukama nevemauto. Imwe inotungamira yunivhesiti muUnited Kingdom nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa, zvisinei, zvaizopedza yayo £ 1.2 mamirioni ekudyara mu. . . kambani inogadzira madhiraoni anouraya eUS nekuti yakati bhizinesi raisave 'rine hukama nevanhu.' ”
Kunyangwe muzuva raPurezidhendi Eisenhower, zvehondo zvaive zvakazara: "Simba rese - rezvehupfumi, rezvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe remweya - rinonzwika muguta rega rega, imba yega yega, hofisi yega yehurumende yemubatanidzwa." Chirwere chakapararira:
“Maitiro ehondo nemaitiro zvakawedzera kusvika mukuchengetedzwa kwemitemo nevasori. . . .
“Nekukurudzira mhinduro dzemasoja kumatambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika uye kuratidzira kuita kwechiuto sekusingadzivisike, mauto anowanzo shandura kuburitswa kwenhau, izvo zvinobva zvagadzira kugamuchirwa kwevanhu muhondo kana kushingairira hondo. . . . ”
Vanyori vanotsanangura mapurogiramu anotanga kushanda mukudzivirira hondo kubva kune hutano hwehutano hwevanhu, uye vanogumisa nemazano pamusoro pezvinofanira kuitwa. Tarisa.
