NaPaul Fitzgerald naElizabeth Gould, World BEYOND War, October 6, 2020
Conor Tobin's Ndira 9, 2020 Dhipatimendi Nhoroondo[1] chinyorwa chakanzi: Nhema ye 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan[2] kuedza "kubvisa pfungwa yekuti Mutungamiri Jimmy Carter, nekurudziro yeNational Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, akabatsira Afghan Mujahedin nechinangwa chekukwezva Soviet Union kupinda nechisimba Afghanistan muna 1979." Sekubvuma kwaTodd Greentree munaChikunguru 17, 2020 ongororo yechinyorwa chaTobin, matanda akakwirira nekuti "iyo pfungwa" haibvunze kwete nhaka yaPresident Carter chete, asi hunhu, mukurumbira uye "hunhu hwehunyanzvi hweUnited States panguva yeCold War nekupfuura."[3]
Pakati penhau yenyaya yezvinonzi naTobin se "Afghan Trap thesis," mutori wenhau wekuFrance Vincent Jauvert ane mukurumbira muna Ndira 1998 Nouvel Observateur indavhiyu naBrzezinski umo anozvirumbidza pamusoro pechirongwa chakavanzika chakatangwa naiye nemutungamiri Carter mwedzi mitanhatu Hondo yeSoviet isati yapinda "izvo zvakakonzera kukweva maRussia mumusungo weAfghan…" "Zvinoenderana neshanduro yepamutemo yenhoroondo, CIA inobatsira Mujahideen akatanga muna 1980, ndiko kuti, mushure mekunge mauto eSoviet apinda nechisimba muAfghanistan, 24 Zvita 1979. Asi chokwadi, chakachengetedzwa muchivande kusvika parizvino, zvakapesana zvachose. ” Brzezinski akanyorwa achiti. “Chokwadi, waive Chikunguru 3, 1979 apo Mutungamiri Carter vakasaina gwara rekutanga rerubatsiro rwepachivande kune vanopikisana nehutongi hweSoviet muKabul. Uye musi iwoyo chaiwo, ndakanyora tsamba kumutungamiriri wenyika ndikamutsanangurira kuti semaonero angu rubatsiro urwu rwaizoita kuti mauto eSoviet apindire. ”[4]
Kunyangwe hazvo chirongwa chepachivande chakange chatoburitswa neyaimbova mukuru weCIA wehutungamiriri hweOperations for the Near East neSouth Asia Dr. Charles Cogan uye aimbova Director weCIA Robert Gates uye zvaive zvisina kufuratirwa, kubvumidzwa kwaBrzezinski kunounza kutarisisa zvisizvo pamusoro pezvinangwa zveSoviet muAfghanistan zvekuti vanyori venhoroondo vazhinji vangangosiya zvisina kutsanangurwa. Kubva panguva yakabvunzwa naBrzezinski muna1998 pakave nekushingirira kune vese kuruboshwe uye kodzero yekuramba kushanda kwayo sekuzvitutumadza, kududzira zvisizvo kwezvaaireva, kana shanduko yakaipa kubva kuFrench kuenda kuChirungu. Kubvumirwa kwaBrzezinski kunonzwisisika pakati pevaive mukati meCIA, Charles Cogan akaona zvakakodzera kuti vabude kuCambridge Forum hurukuro yebhuku redu paAfghanistan (Invisible Nhoroondo: Afghanistan's Untold Nyaya)[5] muna 2009 kutaura kuti kunyangwe maonero edu ekuti maSoviet vaizeza kupinda nechisimba aive echokwadi, Brzezinski's Nouvel Observateur kubvunzurudzwa kwaifanira kunge kuri kukanganisa.
Tobin anowedzera pamusoro peichi chichemo nekuchema kuti kubvunzurudzwa kweFrance kwakashatisa nhoroondo kuti ive hwaro hwega hwekuratidza kuvapo kwechirongwa chekukwezva Moscow kupinda mu "Afghan Trap." Iye anoenderera mberi nekunyora kuti sezvo Brzezinski achisimbisa kuti bvunzurudzo yaive yehunyanzvi kwete hurukuro asi zvinyorwa kubva kubvunzurudzwa uye hakuna kumbobvumirwa nenzira yaakazviratidza uye kuti sezvo Brzezinski akazozviramba kanoverengeka kakawanda - "iro" musungo "dzidziso haina hwaro hushoma."[6] Tobin anoenderera mberi nekutsanangura zvinyorwa zvepamutemo kuratidza kuti "zvakaitwa naBrzezinski kuburikidza na1979 zvakaratidza kuyedza zvine musoro ku nyadzisa [kusimbisa kwakawedzerwa] Moscow kubva pakupindira… Pamwechete, kupindira kwemauto eSoviet hakuna kutsvakwa kana kushushwa neCarter manejimendi uye chirongwa chekuhwanda chakatangwa muzhizha ra1979 hachikwani kubhadharisa Carter naBrzezinski nekuyedza kuyedza kuteya Moscow mu ' Musungo weAfghan. '”
Saka izvi zvinoratidzei nezve zvakavanzika zvehurumende yeUS yakatorwa mwedzi mitanhatu Soviet isati yapinda munaZvita 1979 uye isingazvirumbidze naBrzezinski kusvika Ndira wa1998?
Kupfupisa kunyunyuta kwaTobin; Kuzvikudza kunonzi kwaBrzezinski kwekukwezva vaSoviet kupinda mu "musungo weAfghan" kune hwaro hushoma. Brzezinski akadaro chinhu asi chii- hazvina kujeka, asi chero zvaakataura, hapana nhoroondo yezvazviri uye zvakadaro zvaive zvisina kukwana kukwezva maSoviet kuenda kuAfghanistan nekuti iye naCarter vaisada kuti maSoviet apinde zvakadaro nekuti zvinogona kukanganisa détente uye kutaurirana kweSALT II. Saka chii chiri kukakavara pamusoro pazvo?
Kufungidzira kwaTobin kuti Mutungamiri weUnited States neCIA yake havaizombofunga kuwedzera Hondo Yemashoko pakati penzvimbo dzakadai, zvinogona kuburitsa pachena pamusoro pekusarudzika kwaConor Tobin pane kunzwisisa kwake zano rekupokana raBrzezinski. . Kuverenga chinyorwa chake ndeyekupfuura nepagirazi rinotarisa kune imwe nzvimbo yepasi apo (kududzira TE Lawrence) chokwadi chinotsiviwa nekurota masikati uye varoti vanoita-kunze nemaziso avo akavhurika. Kubva pane zvatakasangana nazvo neAfghanistan nevanhu vakaita kuti zviitike, basa rakakosha raTobin renhoroondo yechinyakare yedhipatimendi ((sezvakataurwa kubva mukuwongorora kwaTodd Greentree) haibatsire munhoroondo zvachose.
Tichitarisa kumashure pane izvo Brzezinski akabvumirwa nazvo muna 1998 hazvidi mvumo yepamusoro yekuvimbisa. Iyo Yakakura Game-senge zvinokuridzira kuseri kweAfghan musungo thesis zvainyatso kuzivikanwa panguva yekupinda kune chero munhu ane nzwisiso yenhoroondo yeakakosha wedunhu kukosha.
MS Agwani weJawaharlal Nehru Chikoro cheInternational Studies akataura zvakadarikidza mumagazini yaGumiguru-Zvita 1980 yeChikoro Quarterly Journal achidonongodza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinotsigisa musungo weAfghan: "Mhedziso yedu kubva pane zvataurwa pamusoro apa yakapetwa kaviri. Kutanga, Soviet Union mune zvese zvaigona kunge yakapinda mumusungo wakateyiwa nevadzivisi vayo. Nezve chiito chayo chemauto hachina kuipa chero mukana maererano nesecurity yeSoviet iyo yaisina kufarira pasi pehutongi hwekare. Mukupesana, inogona uye inokanganisa kubata kwayo neTatu Nyika zvakajairika uye nyika dzeMuslim kunyanya. Kechipiri, masimba akasimba eAmerica pakupindira kweSoviet haigone kutorwa seumboo hwekushingairira kweWashington nezve ramangwana reAfghanistan. Izvo chaizvo zvinokwanisika kupokana kuti zvido zvayo zvakakosha muGulf zvaizoshumirwa zvirinani nekuwedzeredzwa kweSoviet kufambidzana neAfghanistan sezvo vekupedzisira vanogona kutorwa mukana kudzinga maSoviet kubva mudunhu iro. Zvinoitika muAfghanistan zvinoita sekunge zvakabatsira kuti United States iwedzere mauto ayo mukati uye munzvimbo dzakapoteredza Gulf zvakanyanya pasina kumutsa kuratidzira kwakakomba kubva kumatunhu ematare. "[7]
Pese paibvunzwa pamusoro pemakumi maviri emakore chinyorwa cheNouvel Observateur chikaonekwa kusvika pakufa kwake muna2017, mhinduro dzaBrzezinski pakururamisa kweshanduro iyi dzaiwanzo siyana kubva pakubvuma kusvika pakurambwa kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo pakati izvo zvinomutsa mibvunzo nezve kuvimba zvakanyanya pamusoro pechokwadi chake kuratidzira. Asi Conor Tobin akasarudza kutaura chete 2010 kubvunzurudzwa naPaul Jay we Real News Network [8] umo Brzezinski akazviramba, kuti ataure nyaya yake. Mune ino hurukuro ya2006 pamwe nemuiti wemafirimu Samira Goetschel[9] akataura kuti iyi "ishanduro yemahara kwazvo," asi anobvuma zvakanyanya chirongwa chakavanzika "zvimwe zvakanyanyisa kugombedzera vaSoviet kuti vaite zvavaironga." Brzezinski anokanganisa kurudziro yake yakare yakachengetedzwa (akagoverwa neoconservatives) izvo kubvira maSoviet anga ari munzira yekukura kuenda kuAfghanistan zvakadaro sechikamu chehurongwa hukuru hwekuwana hutongi muSouthwest Asia uye neGulf-inogadzira mafuta nyika, [10] (chinzvimbo chakarambwa naMunyori weHurumende Cyrus Vance) iyo nyaya yekuti angave anga achikonzera kupamba yaive isina kukosha.
Akarega zvairehwa nemazwi chaiwo aBrzezinski, Tobin anobva apomera kukura nekugamuchirwa kwenyaya yekuAfghan yekuteya zvakanyanya kuvimba zvakanyanya ne "mukurumbira" waBrzezinski uyo waanoenderera mberi nekuramba nekutaura ma memos a "post-invis memos" aBrzezinski. ratidza kunetseka, kwete mukana, izvo zvinoratidza kuti chinangwa chake chaive chekuti aite kuti vapinde nechisimba. ”[11] Asi kubvisa kurudziro inozivikanwa kwaBrzezinski yekukanganisa hukama hweUS / Soviet panguva dzese ndiko kupotsa raison d'être yebasa raBrzezinski pamberi pokuwa kweSoviet Union. Kubvuma kuramba kwake pameso kukoshesa basa rake mukuunza post-Vietnam neoconservative ajenda (inozivikanwa seChikwata B) kupinda muWhite House tisingataure iwo mukana wekuchinjisa zvachose mutemo wekunze weAmerica mune yake yekurwisa-Russian maonero epasirese nekusvota maSoviet padanho rega.
Anne Hessing Cahn, parizvino Scholar muResidence pa American University uyo akashanda saMukuru weSocial Impact Vashandi ku Arms Kudzora uye Disarmament Agency kubva 1977--81 uye Special Mubatsiri kune Mutevedzeri Munyori Munyori weDziviriro 1980-81, akataura izvi pamusoro pezita raBrzezinski mubhuku rake ra1998, Kuuraya Détente: “Purezidhendi Carter paakadana Zbigniew Brzezinski semutevedzeri wake wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika, zvakafanosarudzwa kuti détente neSoviet Union yaive munguva yakaoma. Kutanga kwakauya Kurume 1977 anorwara-akakwenenzverwa kudzora ruoko chikumbiro, icho chakasiya chibvumirano cheVladivostok[12] uye yakaburitswa kunhepfenyuro isati yapihwa maSoviet. Pakazosvika Kubvumbi Carter aive achimanikidza vabatsiri veNATO kuti vadzokerezve, vachida kuzvipira kwakasimba kubva kunhengo dzese dzeNATO kuti vatange kuwedzera mabhajeti avo ekudzivirira ne3 muzana pagore. Muzhizha ra1977 Carter's Presidential Ongororo Memorandamu-10[13]inodaidzira 'kugona kukunda' kana paine hondo, mashoko akada kufanana nemaonero eTeam B. ” [14]
Mukati megore rekutora hofisi Carter akange ataridza maSoviet kakawanda kuti anga achidzora manejimendi kubva mukubatana kuenda kunetsana uye maSoviet akange achiteerera. Mune kero yakanyorwa naBrzezinski uye yakapihwa kuYake Forest University musi waKurume 17, 1978, "Carter akasimbisazve kutsigira kweAmerica kweSALT nekudzora maoko, [asi] matauriro acho aive akasiyana zvakanyanya negore rapfuura. Iye zvino akaisa vese vanokodzera vanodiwa naSenator Jackson neJCS… Nezve détente — izwi risingatombotaurwe pakero iyi - kubatana neSoviet Union kwaikwanisa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakafanana. 'Asi kana vakatadza kuratidza kuzvidzora muzvirongwa zvekupotsa zvombo uye mamwe masimba emasimba kana kuratidzira kwemauto eSoviet kana vamiriri kune dzimwe nyika nemakondinendi ipapo rutsigiro rwakakurumbira muUnited States rwekubatana kwakadaro nevaSoviet zvirokwazvo rwuchakora.' ”
VaSoviet vakawana meseji kubva kukero yaCarter uye vakabva vapindura mupepeti wenhau weTAAS News Agency kuti: "'Zvinangwa zveSoviet kunze kwenyika' zvakamonyaniswa senzira yekukwirisa nhangemutange yezvombo. '” [15]
Pamusangano weNobel pamusoro peCold War mukupera kwa1995, Harvard / MIT Senior Security Studies Advisor, Dr. Carol Saivetz vakataura nezve tsika yekuregeredza kukosha kwemaonero aBrzezinski muCold War yekuita sarudzo uye kuti nei zvakatungamira kune zvakadaro kusanzwisisika kwakakosha kwechinangwa chedivi rega. "Chandakadzidza pamazuva mashoma apfuura ndechekuti pfungwa iyi - chinhu icho isu vekuMadokero taive tichinyora nezveSoviet mutemo wezvekunze takafunga kuti chinonzwisisika… Kusvika pane imwe nhanho, maonero epfungwa - maonero epasi rose, ngatitangei Idaidze - yakaita basa rakakosha… Kunyangwe Zbig aibva kuPoland kana kubva kune imwe nzvimbo, aive nemaonero epasirese, uye aigaro dudzira zviitiko pazvaiitika muchiedza chazvo. Kune imwe nhanho, kutya kwake kwakava kuzvizadzisa kwechiporofita. Akanga achitsvaga mamwe marudzi emaitiro, uye aakaaona - nenzira kwayo kana zvisizvo. ”[16]
Kuti unzwisise kuti "kutya" kwaBrzezinski kwakava sei chiporofita chekuzvizadzisa ndechekuti unzwisise kuti mutsetse wake wakaoma kurwisa maSoviet muAfghanistan wakatsamwisa sei zvabuda zvaaida uye zvakagamuchirwa semitemo yekuAmerica yekune dzimwe nyika zvinoenderana nezvinangwa zveTeam B. "Kuparadza détente uye kudzora mutemo wezvekunze weUS kudzoka kune vezvematongerwo enyika viz-à-viz Soviet Union."[17]
Kunyangwe zvisingawanzo kutorwa senge neoconservative uye inopesana nekubatanidza zvinangwa zveIsrael muPalestine neAmerican zvinangwa, nzira yaBrzezinski yekuumba kuzvizadzisa zviporofita uye neoconservative musangano wezvematongerwo enyika zvinangwa zvekuendesa iyo US munzvimbo yakaoma kurwisa Soviet Union yakawana chinangwa chakajairika muAfghanistan . Maitiro avo akagovaniswa sevarwi veCold vakauya pamwechete kuzorwisa dente uye SALT II pese pazvinogoneka vachiparadza hwaro hwehukama hwekushanda pamwe nevaSoviet. Mubvunzurudzo ya1993 yatakaita nemutauri weSALT II Paul Warnke, akasimbisa kutenda kwake kuti maSoviet vangadai vasina kumbopinda muAfghanistan pakutanga dai Mutungamiri Carter vasina kukundwa naBrzezinski uye neTeam B maitiro ehutsinye pamusoro pekutenda uye kukanganisa kwavo kuvimba kweSoviet. SALT II yaizogamuchirwa.[18] Brzezinski akaona kurwisa kweSoviet sekureverera kukuru kwekutaura kwake kuti US yakurudzira hukasha hweSoviet kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekune dzimwe nyika hweutera izvo zvakaruramisa chinzvimbo chake chakaomarara mukati mehutongi hwaCarter. Asi angareva sei kurevererwa kwezviito zveSoviet apo iye aive atamba basa rakakosha mukukonzera mamiriro ezvinhu avakaita?[19]
Mutungamiri Dwight D. Eisenhower chipangamazano wezvesainzi George B. Kistiakowsky uye aimbova mutevedzeri wemukuru weCIA, Herbert Scoville akapindura mubvunzo iwoyo muBoston Globe Op-ed mwedzi miviri mushure mechiitiko ichi. "Chaizvoizvo, zvaive zviitwa neMutungamiriri zvakagadzirirwa kufadza vanopikisa zvematongerwo enyika kumba zvakaparadza kusagadzikana muhutongi hweSoviet… Nharo dzakadzikamisa mazwi evamiriri veKremlin dzakakura kubva pakufa kwechibvumirano cheSALT II uye nekukasira-kupokana neSoviet kutenderera kwemitemo yaCarter. Kuwedzera kwekuda kwake kubvuma maonero aNational Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski kwakatungamira mukutarisirwa kwekutonga muUnited States nemakoko kwemakore mazhinji anouya… ”[20]
Mune chinyorwa chaApril 1981 muchinyorwa cheBritish The Round Tafura, munyori Dev Murarka anoburitsa pachena kuti maSoviet airamba kupindira muchiuto panguva gumi nenhatu dzakasiyana mushure mekubvunzwa nehurumende yeAfghan yeNur Mohammed Taraki naHafizullah Amin - kuziva kuti kupindira kwemauto kwaizopa. vavengi vavo nezvakange chaizvo zvavange vachitsvaga. Pachikumbiro chegumi nemana chete ndipo vanhu veSoviet vakatevedzera "pakagamuchirwa ruzivo muMoscow kuti Amin akaita chibvumirano nerimwe remapoka akapokana." Murarka anoti "Kunyatsoongorora mamiriro ezvinhu echisarudzo cheSoviet kupindira kunoratidzira zvinhu zviviri. Imwe, kuti sarudzo haina kutorwa nekuchimbidza pasina kutariswa kwakakodzera. Chechipiri, kuti kupindira kwaive kusati kwakatemerwa mugumo usingadzivisike wekukura kwekubatanidzwa kweSoviet muAfghanistan. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana ingadai yakadzivirirwa. ”[21]
Asi pachinzvimbo chekudzivirirwa, mamiriro ekupinda kweSoviet akakurudzirwa nezviito zvakavanzika zvakatorwa naCarter, Brzezinski neCIA zvakanangana uye kuburikidza nema proxies muSaudi Arabia, Pakistan, uye Egypt vachiona kuti kupindira kweSoviet hakuna kudzivirirwa asi kwakakurudzirwa.
Pamusoro pezvo kusavapo pakuferefetwa kwaTobin inyaya yekuti chero munhu akaedza kushanda naBrzezinski kuCarter White House -sekupupurirwa nemutauriri weSALT II Paul Warnke naCarter CIA Director Stansfield Turner - vaimuziva semunhu wekuPoland anofarira nyika uye anoteedzera pfungwa.[22] Uye kunyangwe iyo Nouvel Observateur kubvunzurudzwa hakuna kuvapo kwaisazoshandura huremu hwouchapupu hwekuti pasina Brzezinski naCarter pekuhwanda uye nekutsamwisa kukuru, maSoviet vangadai vasina kumbonzwa kudiwa kwekuyambuka muganho vachipinda muAfghanistan.
Mune yaJanuary 8, 1972 chinyorwa muNew Yorker Magazine, yakanzi Kufungisisa: MuTrall Kutya,[23] Sénata J. William Fulbright vakatsanangura neoconservative system yekugadzira hondo isingaperi iyo yaichengetedza iyo US kuti ibatwe muVietnam. "Chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa pamusoro peiyi Cold War psychology kushandura zvisina musoro zvachose mutoro wehumbowo kubva kune avo vanobhadharisa kune avo vanovabvunza ... Cold Warriors, pachinzvimbo chekutaura kuti vakaziva sei kuti Vietnam yaive chikamu chehurongwa. yeKomunisheni yepasi rose, yakashandisirwa mazwi ehurukuro yeruzhinji kuti ikwanise kuda kuti vanokakavara varatidze kuti zvaive zvisiri. "Kana vatsoropodzi vasingakwanise saka hondo inofanirwa kuenderera mberi - kuchipera kwaizoisa njodzi kuchengetedzeka kwenyika."
Fulbright akaziva kuti Washington's neoconservative Cold Warriors yakanga yashandura pfungwa yekuita hondo mukati nekupedzisa, "Tinosvika kune yekupedzisira irlogic: Hondo inzira yehungwaru nekudzikama kusvikira nyaya yerunyararo yabvumidzwa pasi pemitemo isingagone yehumboo- kana kusvika muvengi anozvipira. Varume vane pfungwa havagoni kubata mumwe nemumwe pahwaro uhwu. ”
Asi ava "varume" nehurongwa hwavo hwaive hwepfungwa; kwete zvine musoro uye kuda kwavo kusimudzira simba ravo rekukunda Soviet Communism kwakangowedzerwa nekurasikirwa zviri pamutemo kweHondo yeVietnam muna1975. Nekuda kweBrzezinski, hurongwa hweUS hwakatenderedza hutongi hwaCarter kuAfghanistan, SALT, détente neSoviet Union vaigara kunze kwe nzvimbo yezvakange zvapfuura zvetsika zvemamiririre ekugadzira mutemo muNixon neFord manejimendi vachikundwa nehuturu neoconservative simba reTeam B iro raive richitonga panguva iyoyo.
Tobin anofuratira uku kupenya kwenhoroondo kubatana kwezvavanofunga ideologists. Anosimbirira kuvimba nezvakanyorwa zvepamutemo kuti asvike pamhedziso yake asi oshaya hanya nekugadziriswa kwakaitwa rekodhi naBrzezinski uye nekufurirwa nechitendero cheWashington cheva neoconservatives kuti vape humbowo hwavo hwekuzvizadzisa. Iye anobva atora chokwadi chinotsigira ake anopesana neAfghan musungo wetisisi achiregeredza hupfumi hwehumboo kubva kune avo vaipokana nekuedza kwaBrzezinski kudzora rondedzero uye nekusiya anopokana nemaonero.
Zvinoenderana nezvakawanda ongororo Brzezinski akashandura chinzvimbo chemupi wezano wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika kupfuura zvaaida kuita. Mumusangano wekuronga neMutungamiriri Carter kuSt. Simon Island asati atombopinda muWhite House akatora masimba ekugadzirisa mitemo nekudzikisira kupinda kwemutungamiri wenyika kusvika kumakomiti maviri (Policy Review Committee PRC, uye Special Coordinating Committee SCC). Akazove neCarter yekuchinjisa simba pamusoro peCIA kuCSC iyo yaakange ari sachigaro. Pamusangano wekutanga wedare remakurukota mushure mekutora chigaro Carter akazivisa kuti aisimudzira chipangamazano wezvekudzivirirwa kwenyika padanho remakurukota uye kukiya kwaBrzezinski pachivande kwakange kwapera. Maererano nenyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika uye munyori David J. Rothkopf, "Yakanga iri yekuratidzira yekutanga kurovera kwekutanga kuraira. Sisitimu iyi yaipa Brzezinski mutoro wezvinhu zvakakosha uye zvine mutsindo. ” [24]
Zvinoenderana nechimwe chidzidzo chedzidzo,[25] pamusoro pemakore mana Brzezinski aiwanzo kutora matanho asina ruzivo kana mvumo yemutungamiri wenyika; akabata kutaurirana kwakatumirwa kuWhite House kubva pasirese pasirese uye nekunyatsosarudza iwo chete kutaurirana kwemutungamiriri wenyika kuti aone izvo zvinoenderana nepfungwa yake. Yake Special Coordinating Committee, iyo SCC yaive stovepipe oparesheni yaingoshanda mukufarira kwake uye ichiramba ruzivo uye mukana kune avo vanogona kumupikisa, kusanganisira Secretary of State Cyrus Vance uye CIA Director Stansfield Turner. Semunhu wedare remakurukota aigara muhofisi yeWhite House diagonally mhiri kwenzvimbo yekutandarira kubva kuOval Office uye akasangana kazhinji neMutungamiriri, varidzi vemba-vachengeti vakarega kuteedzera misangano.[26] Nechibvumirano neMutungamiriri Carter, iye aibva anyora matatu memos emapeji eiyi uye chero misangano uye ovaendesa kumutungamiriri wenyika iye.[27] Akashandisa chiremera ichi chakasarudzika kuzvisarudzira semutauriri wekutanga wevatariri uye chipingamupinyi pakati peWhite House nevamwe vamiriri vemutungamiri uye akasvika pakugadzira munyori wenhau kuti ataure zvisarudzo zvemitemo yake akananga kuMainstream Media.
Aivewo pachinyorwa semunhu mumwechete achisimbisa kubatana neChina muna Chivabvu 1978 mugore rinopesana neSoviet iro rakapesana nemitemo yeUS panguva iyoyo richizivikanwa nekutsausa mutungamiri wenyika pazvinhu zvakakomba kupembedza chinzvimbo chake.[28]
Saka izvi zvakashanda sei muAfghanistan?
Tobin anoramba zano rekuti Brzezinski angambopa zano Carter kuti atsigire nemazvo mutemo ungangoisa SALT nedentente panjodzi, zvinokanganisa mushandirapamwe wake wesarudzo uye kutyisidzira Iran, Pakistan nePersian Gulf kupinda mune ramangwana kweSoviet - nekuti kuna Tobin "hazvigoneke. ”[29]
Sechiratidzo chekutsigira kwake kutenda kwaBrzezinski muzvishuvo zveSoviet zvekupinda Middle East kuburikidza neAfghanistan, Tobin akataura nezvekuti Brzezinski “akayeuchidza Carter nezve 'tsika yeRussia yekumaodzanyemba, uye akamutsanangurira zvakanangana nezano raMolotov kuna Hitler mukupera kwa1940. kuti vaNazi vanoziva zvirevo zveSoviet zvehukuru mudunhu rekumaodzanyemba kweBatum neBaku. '”Asi Tobin anokundikana kutaura kuti zvakapihwa Brzezinski nemutungamiri wenyika seuchapupu hwezvinangwa zveSoviet muAfghanistan. yaive dudziro inozivikanwa inozivikanwa[30] yeizvo Hitler uye Gurukota rezvekunze Joachim von Ribbentropp anga aronga kuna Molotov-uye zvakarambwa naMoloto. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvakapesana chaizvo nezvakataurwa naBrzezinski kuna Carter - asi Tobin anofuratira chokwadi ichi.
Kubva panguva iyo Afghanistan yakazivisa rusununguko kubva kuBritain muna 1919 kusvika "Marxist coup" ya1978 chinangwa chikuru cheSoviet mutemo wezvekunze kwaive kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka asi hwakangwarira neAfghanistan, uku uchichengetedza zvido zveSoviet.[31] Kubatanidzwa kweUS kwaigara kuri kushoma neUS inomiririrwa nevadyidzani Pakistan neIran mudunhu iri. Pakazosvika ma1970 maUS akafunga kuti nyika yatove mukati meSoviet nharaunda yekukanganisa ine defacto yakasainwa kuhurongwa ihwohwo pakutanga kweCold War. [32] Sokutsanangura kwakaita nyanzvi mbiri dzekuAmerica kuAfghanistan zviri nyore muna 1981, "Simba reSoviet rakanga rakanyanya asi risingatyisidzi kusvika muna 1978."[33] Kupesana nezvakataurwa naBrzezinski zvekugadzirwa kukuru kweSoviet, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance haana kuona humbowo hweruoko rweMoscow mukubvisa hurumende yapfuura 78 asi humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti kubvuta hurumende kwakavabata.[34] Muchokwadi zvinoratidzika semutungamiriri wekupidigura Hafizullah Amin aitya kuti maSoviet angadai akamumisa iye dai vakawana zano. Selig Harrison anonyora, "Chirevo chose chakasiiwa nehumboo huripo ndeimwe yenzira dzakagadziriswa dzeSoviet kumamiriro asingatarisirwi ... Gare gare, KGB 'yakaziva kuti rairo dzaAmin nezvekumukira kwaisanganisira kurambidzwa kukuru kwekuzivisa maRussia nezve zviito zvakarongwa. '”[35]
Moscow yakafunga Hafizullah Amin kuti aenderane neCIA ndokumuti "'munhuwo zvake anowanzoita bourgeois uye anonyanya kuda nyika yePasttu… ane zvido zvematongerwo enyika nekushuva simba,' izvo 'zvaaizonamira pachinhu chero chipi zvacho opara mhosva." ”[36] Pakutanga kwaMay 1978 maSoviet vaive mainjiniya chirongwa chekumubvisa nekumutsiva uye muzhizha ra1979 vachisangana nevaimbove vasiri makomunisiti veMambo nehurumende yaMahammad Daoud kuvaka "isiri-chikomunisiti, kana mubatanidzwa, hurumende kuti ibudirire Taraki-Amin hutongi, ”nguva yese iyi ichichengeta mamishinari eU.S. anomiririra d'affaires Bruce Amstutz achiziva zvizere.[37]
Kune vamwe vaive neruzivo pazviitiko zvakakomberedza kupinda kweSoviet, hapana mubvunzo kuti Brzezinski aida kukwidza matanda evaSoviet muAfghanistan uye anga achingozviita kubva muna Kubvumbi wa1978 achibatsirwa nemaChinese. Panguva yekutumwa kwaBrzezinski kuChina mavhiki mashoma mushure mekutora kwaMarxist kuAfghanistan, akasimudza nyaya yekutsigirwa kweChinese yekupokana neMarxist coup. [38]
Mukutsigira dzidziso yake yekuti Brzezinski anga asiri kumutsa kurwisa kweSoviet, Tobin anodudza memo kubva kumutungamiriri weNSC weSouth Asia Affairs, Thomas Thornton musi waMay 3, 1978 achitaura kuti "CIA yakanga isingadi kufunga nezvekuvanda"[39] panguva iyoyo uye yambiro muna Chikunguru 14, kuti "hapana kurudziro yepamutemo" inofanira kupihwa kune "vanorangana kupandukira."[40] Chiitiko chaicho chakataurwa naThornton chine chekuita nekubatana nemukuru wemauto weAfghan wechipiri uyo akaongorora mumiriri weUnited States chargé d'Affaires Bruce Amstutz pamusoro pekuti US ingatsigire kupidigura "Marxist hutongi" hwaNur Mohammed Taraki naHafizullah Amin.
Tobin anobva ataura yambiro yaThornton kuna Brzezinski kuti mhedzisiro yeku "batsira ... ingangove yekukoka kubatanidzwa kukuru kweSoviet," uye anowedzera kuti Brzezinski akanyora "hongu" kumahombekombe.
Tobin anotora yambiro kubva kuna Thornton ndihwo humwe humbowo hwekuti Brzezinski aikurudzira chiito chinomutsa nekusaina "hongu" kunyevero yake. Asi zvairehwa naBrzezinski nekunyora kumahombekombe ndeyekufungidzira kweumwe munhu, kunyanya achipa gakava rake rinorwadza pamusoro penyaya yekudzikamisa hutongi nemumiriri weUS anouya Adolph Dubs akasvika muna Chikunguru zvakare.
"Ini ndinogona kungokuudza chete kuti Brzezinski akarwira chaizvo mutemo weAmerica kuenda kuAfghanistan muna 1978 uye makumi manomwe nepfumbamwe pakati paBrzezinski naDubs" mutori wenhau uye mudzidzi Selig Harrison akatiudza mubvunzurudzo yatakaita muna 1993. "Dubs aive nyanzvi yeSoviet… aine fungidziro yezvakanaka zvaaizoita mune zvematongerwo enyika; iyo yaive yekuedza kuita Amin kuva Tito - kana chinhu chepedyo kuna Tito - kumubvisa. Uye Brzezinski zvirokwazvo akafunga kuti zvese zvainge zvisina maturo ... Dubs aimiririra mutemo wekusada kuti US ibatanidzwe nekubatsira mapato anopikisa nekuti aiyedza kubata nehutungamiriri hweAfghan Communist nekuzvipa-kugadzirisa uye rubatsiro rwehupfumi nezvimwe zvinhu izvo zvaizoigonesa kuti isanyanye kutsamira paSoviet Union… Zvino Brzezinski akamiririra imwe nzira, ndiko kuti zvese zvaive chikamu chechiporofita chakazvizadza. Zvese zvaibatsira kwazvo kuvanhu avo, saBrzezinski vaive nepfungwa yehukama hwese neSoviet Union. ”[41]
Mubhuku rake naDiego Cordovez Kunze kweAfghanistan, Harrison anoyeuka kushanya kwaakaita naDubs muna Nyamavhuvhu 1978 uye kuti pamwedzi mitanhatu yakatevera kunetsana kwake naBrzezinski kwakaita kuti hupenyu huve hwakaoma zvikuru uye hune njodzi kwaari kuti aite mutemo weDhipatimendi reHurumende. "Brzezinski naDubs vaishanda vachisangana munguva yekupera 1978 uye kutanga kwa1979." Harrison anonyora. "Kudzora mabasa epachivande kwakaita kuti Brzezinski atore matanho ekurwisa Soviet Union pasina bazi reDhipatimendi reHurumende nezvazvo."[42]
Sekureva kweDhipatimendi reHurumende ra1978 "Post Profile" yebasa remumiriri, Afghanistan yakaonekwa seyakaomesesa basa "kune zvisingafungidzirwe - pamwe zvine mhirizhonga - zviitiko zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinokanganisa kugadzikana kwedunhu ... SeMutungamiriri wemishini, nemasangano masere akasiyana, angangoita zana nemakumi mashanu. vakuru veAmerica, munzvimbo iri kure uye isina hutano, ”basa remumiriri raive nengozi zvakakwana. Asi naAmbassador Dubs vakapokana zvakananga nemutemo wakavanzika waBrzezinski wekudzikamisa zvaive zvava kufa. Dubs ainyatsoziva kubva pakutanga kuti chirongwa chiri kuenderera chekudzikamisa chinogona kukonzera maSoviet kupinda nechisimba uye akatsanangura zano rake kuna Selig Harrison. "Matsotsi eUnited States, akatsanangura [Dubs] ndeyekuchengetedza kuwedzera kwekubatsira nerubatsiro pasina kumanikidza Soviet kudzvinyirira Amin uye pamwe kupindira kwemauto."[43]
Sekureva kweaimbove muongorori weCIA Henry Bradsher, Dubs akaedza kuyambira State department kuti kugadzikana kwaizoguma nekupinda kweSoviet. Asati aenda kuKabul akakurudzira kuti Carter manejimendi ironge kuronga kwemauto eSoviet uye mukati memwedzi mishoma yekusvika ikadzokorora kurudziro. Asi Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakanga rakanyanyisa kubva muchiuno chaBrzezinski, chikumbiro chaDubs hachina kumbotorwa zvakanyanya.[44]
Pakutanga kwa1979 kutya uye kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pekuti Hafizullah Amin aishandira muchivande CIA, akange akonzeresa mumiriri weUS, Ambassador Dubs vakasangana nemukuru wechiteshi chavo ndokukumbira mhinduro, vakangoudzwa kuti Amin anga asati amboshandira CIA.[45] Asi runyerekupe rwekuti Amin ane hukama nePakistan Intelligence Directorate iyo ISI neAfghan Islamists inotsigirwa navo, kunyanya Gulbuddin Hekmatyar anogona kunge ari echokwadi.[46] Zvisinei nezvipingamupinyi Dubs akaramba achifambira mberi zvirongwa zvake naHafizullah Amin vachipesana nedzvinyiriro iri pachena yaibva kuna Brzezinski neNSC yake. Harrison anonyora. "Ukuwo Dubs aipokana zvine simba kuti sarudzo dzeAmerica dzivhurike, achikumbira kuti kudzikisira hutongi kunogona kumutsa kupindira kweSoviet."[47]
Harrison anoenderera achiti; "Brzezinski akasimbisa mubvunzurudzo mushure mekunge abva kuWhite House kuti anga aramba ari mukati memitemo yeMutungamiri panguva iyoyo kuti asape rubatsiro rwakanangana nekumukira kweAfghan [izvo zvakaziviswa kuti hazvisi zvechokwadi]. Sezvo pakanga pasina taboo pane zvisina kunangana rutsigiro, zvakadaro, iyo CIA yakanga yakurudzira iyo ichangadzika midzi Zia Ul-Haq kuti itange yavo yega chirongwa chekutsigira kwemauto kune vapanduki. CIA pamwe nePakistani Interservices Intelligence Directorate (ISI) vakati, vakashanda pamwe chete pakuronga zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa vapanduki uye nekubatanidza rubatsiro rweChina, Saudi Arabia, Egypt neKuwaiti rwakatanga kupinda. Pakutanga kwaKukadzi 1979, izvi Kubatana kwakava chakavanzika apo Washington Post yakaburitsa [Kukadzi 2] mushumo wevakaona kuti vanhu vanosvika zviuru zviviri veAfghan vaidzidziswa munzvimbo dzaimbove dzeMauto ePakistani dzakachengetedzwa nemapurisa ePakistani. ”[48]
David Newsom, Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs avo vakasangana nehurumende nyowani yeAfghan muzhizha ra1978 vakaudza Harrison, "Kubva pakutanga, Zbig aive nemamiriro ekurwisana nemamiriro ezvinhu kupfuura Vance uye vazhinji vedu kuHurumende. Akafunga kuti tinofanirwa kunge tichiita chimwe chinhu muchivande kuti tivhiringidze vavariro dzeSoviet munzvimbo iyoyo yepasi. Pane dzimwe nhambo ndakanga ndisiri ndoga mukubvunza mibvunzo pamusoro pouchenjeri nokukwanisika kweizvo iye aida kuita. ” 'CIA Director Stansfield Turner, semuenzaniso,' "anga akangwarira kupfuura Zbig, achigara achipokana kuti chimwe chinhu hachishande. Zbig anga asinganetseke nekukanganisa maRussia, sevamwe vedu tanga tiri… ”[49]
Kunyangwe vachicherekedza kuuraya kwaMumiriri Dubs musi waFebruary 14 mumaoko emapurisa eAfghan senzira huru yekuchinja Brzezinski kuchinjisa gwara reAfghan kupesana nevaSoviet, Tobin anodzivirira zvachose mutambo wakakonzera kuurawa kwaDubs, kupokana kwake Brzezinski uye nekunyanyisa kuratidza kutya kuti kutsamwisa maSoviet kuburikidza nekudzikisira kwaizoguma nechisimba.[50]
Pakutanga kwechirimo cha1979 iyo "Russia yeVietnam" meme yakanga ichitenderera zvakanyanya mupepanhau repasi rese seumboo hwekutsigira kweChinese kwekupandukira kweAfghan kwakatanga kubuda. Chinyorwa chaApril muCanada MacLean's Magazine chakazivisa kuvapo kwevakuru vechiuto veChinese nevarairidzi muPakistan vachidzidzisa nekudzidzisa "mapapiro ekurudyi eAfghan Moslem guerilla" hondo yavo tsvene "vachirwisa hutongi hweKabul hushure hweKabul hwaNoor Mohammed Taraki."[51] Chinyorwa chaMay 5 muWashington Post chakanzi "Afghanistan: Vietnam yeVietnam?" akaenda akananga kuchinongedzo achiti, "sarudzo yeSoviet yekuburitsa zvachose haichawanikwe. Dzakamira. ”[52]
Asi zvisinei nekuzviti kwake ane basa mu Nouvelle Observateur chinyorwa, sarudzo yekuchengeta maRussia akanamira muAfghanistan inogona kunge yatove faiti accompli iyo Brzezinski akangotora mukana. Mune rake 1996 Kubva kuShadows, aimbova director weCIA Robert Gates uye rubatsiro rweBrzezinski kuNSC runosimbisa kuti CIA yaive pamhosva nguva refu maSoviet asati anzwa chero chikonzero chekupinda nechisimba. "Mutungamiri weCarter akatanga kutarisa mukana wekubatsira pakavanda vapanduki vehurumende yeSoviet, Marxist yaMutungamiri Taraki kutanga kwa1979. Musi waKurume 9, 1979, CIA yakatumira dzimwe nzira dzekuhwanda dzine chekuita neAfghanistan kuSCC. … DO yakazivisa DDCI Carlucci mukupera kwaKurume kuti hurumende yePakistan inogona kunge ichikurumidza kubatsira vapanduki kupfuura zvavaimbofungira, vachidaro nzira yakaitwa nemukuru wePakistani kune mukuru weAgency. ”[53]
Kunze kwezvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvine chekuita nepfungwa dzaBrzezinski, chirevo chaGates chinoburitsa chimwe chinangwa seri kweAfghan musungo wenyaya: Zvinangwa zvenguva refu zvemakemikari emishonga mukutengeserana kweopiyamu uye zvishuwo zvePakistani General anozivikanwa nekuita musungo weAfghan chokwadi.
Muna 1989, Lieutenant General Fazle Haq wePakistan akazvizivisa semukuru wePakistani uyo akakonzera Brzezinski kutsigira vatengi veII uye kuti basa ribhadhare vapanduki. "Ndakaudza Brzezinski kuti wakakwenenzvera muVietnam neKorea; zvirinani uzviwane izvozvi ”akaudza mutori wenhau weBritish Christina Lamb mubvunzurudzo yebhuku rake, Kumirira Allah.[54]
Panzvimbo pekuregedza Brzezinski nezve chero basa rekukwezva maSoviet kupinda mumusungo weAfghan, Haq's 1989 kubvumidzwa pamwe neGates 1996 zvakazarurwa kunosimbisa kuda kwekugadzirira kushandisa kudzikisira kumutsidzira vaSoviet kupinda muchiuto uye wozoshandisa mhinduro iyoyo kukonzeresa mauto makuru kukwidziridzwa kwakarehwa muSoviet kuita kukero yaCarter yaWake Forest munaKurume wa1978. Inobatanidzawo zvinangwa zvaFazle Haq kunaMutungamiri Carter naBrzezinski uye mukuita izvi, zvinoita kuti zvinhu zviviri zvive nehunyanzvi mukuparadzira zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo zvichitorerwa Carter's yavo "Hurongwa hweHurumende hwekudzivirira kushandisa zvinodhaka nekutengesa zvinodhaka."
Mukupera kwa1977 Dr. David Musto, chiremba wepfungwa weYale akagamuchira kugadzwa kwaCarter kuWhite House Strategy Council pamusoro pekushandisa zvinodhaka. “Mumakore maviri akatevera, Musto akaona kuti CIA nemamwe masangano evasori vakaramba kanzuru - nhengo dzayo dzaisanganisira munyori wezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nemuchuchisi mukuru - kuwana ruzivo rwese rwezvinodhaka, kunyangwe pazvaive zvakakosha kuita mutemo mutsva. ”
Musto paakaudza White House nezve kunyepa kweCIA nezvekupinda kwavo haana mhinduro. Asi Carter paakatanga kupa pachena mari mujahideen magandanga zvichitevera kurwisa kweSoviet Musto akaudza kanzuru. "'[T] hat takanga tichienda kuAfghanistan kunotsigira varimi veopium mukupandukira kwavo Soviet. Hatifanire kuedza kuyedza zvatakange taita muLaos? Hatifanire here kuedza kubhadhara varimi kana vakabvisa kugadzirwa kwavo kweopium? Pakamboita runyararo. ' Sezvo heroin inobva kuAfghanistan nePakistan yakadira muAmerica mugore ra1979, Musto akacherekedza kuti nhamba yevakafa zvine chekuita nemishonga muNew York City yakakwira ne77 muzana. ”[55]
Goridhe Triangle heroin yakanga yapa sosi yakavanzika yemari kumabasa eCIA anopesana nemacommunist panguva yeHondo yeVietnam. "Pakazosvika 1971, 34 muzana yemasoja ese eUS muSouth Vietnam vaive vakapindwa muropa ne heroin - vese vaipihwa kubva mumarabhoritari anoshandiswa nenhumbi dzeCIA."[56] Kutenda kuna Dr. David Musto, mashandisiro aHaq eTribal heroin kutengeserana muchivande mauto eGandbuddin Hekmatyar aive atoburitswa pachena, asi nekuda kwaFazle Haq, Zbigniew Brzezinski uye murume anonzi Agha Hassan Abedi Bank of Commerce uye Kiredhiti International, iyo mitemo yemutambo yaizoshandurwa mukati kunze. [57]
Pakazosvika 1981, Haq anga aita muganhu weAfghan / Pakistan mutengesi wepamusoro we heroin ne60 muzana ye heroin yeUS inouya kuburikidza nechirongwa chake.[58]uye muna 1982 Interpol yakanga ichinyora mubatsiri waBrzezinski Fazle Haq semunhu anotengesa zvinodhaka munyika dzakawanda.[59]
Mumashure meVietnam, Haq akaiswa mukana wekutora mukana wekuchinja kwenhoroondo mukutengesa zvinodhaka kubva kuSoutheast Asia neGolden Triangle kuenda kuSouth Central Asia uye neGolden Crescent, uko kwakazochengetedzwa nehungwaru hwePakistan neCIA uye kwairi kufararira nhasi.[60]
Haq naAbedi pamwe chete kwakachinja kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka pasi pechifukidziro cheMutungamiri Carter's anti-Soviet Afghan war inoita kuti ive yakachengeteka kune ese epasirose masangano ekuchengetera izvo zvaive panguva iyoyo zvaive zvakavanzika zvirongwa zvehurumende. Uye ndiAbedi uyo akabva auya nemudyandigere Mutungamiri Carter semurume wake wepamberi kugonesa kumeso kwemabasa ebhangi rake zvisiri pamutemo sezvo zvairamba zvichipa mari yekupararira kwehugandanga hweIslam pasirese.
Kune vazhinji vanofarira kutenda kuti kubatana kwaMutungamiri Carter naAgha Hassan Abedi kwaive kukonzeresa kwekusaziva kana naiveté uye kuti mumoyo make Mutungamiri Carter vaingoedza kuve munhu kwaye. Asi kunyangwe kuongororwa kwekutuka kweCCCI kunoratidzira kwakadzika kubatana neCarter's Democratic Party denderedzwa iyo isingatsanangurike kure nekusaziva.[61] Izvo zvinogona zvakadaro kutsanangurwa nemaitiro akaverengerwa ekunyengera uye kumutungamiriri wenyika izvo nanhasi anoramba kupindura chero mibvunzo nezvazvo.
Kune dzimwe nhengo dzeCarter White House dzakabatana naBrzezinski mukati memakore mana pagumbo kubva 1977 kusvika 1981 chinangwa chake chekutsamwisa maRussia kuti vaite chimwe chinhu muAfghanistan chaigara chakajeka. Sekureva kwaJohn Helmer mushandi weWhite House uyo akapiwa basa rekuongorora mazano maviri eBrzezinski kuna Carter, Brzezinski aizoisa panjodzi chero chinhu mukukanganisa maSoviet nekuita kwake muAfghanistan zvaizivikanwa.
“Brzezinski aive akavenga Russia-kuvenga kusvika pekupedzisira. Izvi zvakatungamira mukukundikana kukuru kwetemu yaCarter muhofisi; ruvengo rwakaburitswa naBrzezinski rwakakanganisa nyika yose. ” Helmer akanyora muna 2017, "Kuna Brzezinski kunoenda mbiri yekutanga kwakawanda kwezvirwere - sangano, mari, uye zvombo zvemujahideen veIslamististist avo vakagadzirisa - nemari yeAmerica nemaoko vachiri - mumauto echiIslam emagandanga anoshanda kure neAfghanistan. uye Pakistan, kwakatangira Brzezinski. ”[62]
Helmer anoomerera kuti Brzezinski akashandisa simba rinofungidzira pamusoro paCarter iro rakamusundira kuchinangwa cheBrzezinski nekumupofomadza kumhedzisiro kubva pakutanga kwehutungamiriri hwake. “Kubva pakutanga… mumwedzi mitanhatu yekutanga ya1977, Carter akayambirwawo zvakajeka nevashandi vake, mukati meWhite House… kuti arege kutendera Brzezinski kutonga mutemo wake mukusiya mamwe mazano ese, nekudzima ufakazi hwakanga hwakavakirwa pazano racho. ” Zvakadaro yambiro yakawira panzeve dzaCarter apo mutoro wezviito zveBrzezinski unowira pamapfudzi ake. Sekureva kwaCarter's CIA Director Stansfield Turner; “Basa rekupedzisira ndere Jimmy Carter chose. Anofanira kunge ari Mutungamiri uyo anopepeta aya akasiana-siyana ezano. ” [63] Asi nanhasi Carter anoramba kugadzirisa basa rake mukugadzira njodzi iyo Afghanistan yave.
Muna 2015 takatanga kushanda pagwaro rekupedzisira kuti tibvise mweya pane mimwe mibvunzo isina kugadziriswa yakatenderedza basa reAmerica muAfghanistan uye takabatana zvakare naDr Charles Cogan kune imwe hurukuro. Nguva pfupi kamera yapera, Cogan akadimburirwa kuti atiudze anga ataura naBrzezinski muchirimo cha2009 nezve 1998 Nouvel Observateur kubvunzurudzwa uye kukanganiswa kuziva kuti "Afghan trap thesis" sezvakataurwa naBrzezinski yaive yechokwadi.[64]
“Ndakaita hurukuro naye. Ichi chaive chiitiko chaSamuel Huntington. Brzezinski aivapo. Handina kumbobvira ndasangana naye kare ndikaenda kwaari ndikazvizivisa ndikati ndinobvumirana nezvose zvauri kuita uye kutaura kunze kwechinhu chimwe chete. Iwe wakapa kubvunzurudzwa neNouvel Observateur makore akati wandei kumashure tichiti takayamwa maSoviet kuenda kuAfghanistan. Ndakati ini handina kumbonzwa kana kubvuma zano iri uye akati kwandiri, 'Iwe unogona kunge wakave nemaonero ako kubva kuArhente asi isu taive nemaonero edu akasiyana kubva kuWhite House,' uye akasimbirira kuti izvi zvaive zvechokwadi. Uye ini ndichiri… yaive pachena nzira yaainzwa nezvayo. Asi ini handina kuwana chero mweya weizvozvo pandakanga ndiri Chief Near East South Asia panguva yehondo yeAfghan kurwisa maSoviet.
Mukupedzisira zvinoita sekunge Brzezinski akange akwezva maSoviet kuVietnam kwavo vaine chinangwa uye aida waanoshanda naye - semumwe wevakuru veCIA kutora chikamu mumabasa makuru ehuchenjeri eAmerica kubvira paWWII - kuti azvizive. Brzezinski akange ashandisa sisitimu iyi kuti ashandise zvinangwa zvake zvehungwaru uye akakwanisa kuzvichengeta zvakavanzika uye kubva pachinyorwa chepamutemo. Akange akwezva maSoviet mumusungo weAfghan uye ivo vaive vawira pasi pechirauro.
Kuna Brzezinski, kutora maSoviet kupinda nechisimba muAfghanistan yaive mukana wekuchinjisa chibvumirano cheWashington kumutsetse wakaomarara unopesana neSoviet Union. Pasina cherechedzo yekushandisa kwake kwechivande chiito sachigaro weSCC, anga agadzira mamiriro ezvinhu anodenha mhinduro yeSoviet yekuzvidzivirira iyo yaakange ashandisa seuchapupu hwekuwedzera kweSoviet nekushandisa midhiya, yaakadzora, ku inosimbisa iyo, nokudaro ichigadzira iyo yekuzvizadzisa chiporofita. Nekudaro, kana yake Russophobic system yekuwedzeredza uye kunyepa nezve rake rekuvanzika basa rikagamuchirwa, vakawana imba mumasangano eAmerica uye vachiramba vachitambudza iwo masangano kusvika nhasi. Mutemo weUS kubva panguva iyoyo wakashanda muhunhu hweRussophobic hwekukunda izvo zvese zvinokonzeresa zviitiko zvepasirese uyezve zvinowedzera pamhirizhonga. Uye kuna Brzezinski akavhunduka paakaona kuti aisakwanisa kudzima maitiro acho.
Muna 2016, gore risati rasvika kufa kwake Brzezinski akaburitsa zvakazarurwa zvakadzama mune chinyorwa chakanzi “Kuenda Kumunyika Yose” kunyevera kuti "United States ichiri nyika ine simba mune zvematongerwo enyika, zveupfumi uye zvehondo, asi ichipihwa shanduko dzakaomarara mumatunhu, haisisiri simba repasi rose reumambo. ” Asi mushure memakore ekupupura zvisirizvo zveAmerica zvine chekuita nekushandisa kwayo simba reumambo, akaona kurota kwake kwekushandurwa kunotungamirwa neAmerica kuita hurongwa hwenyika hwutsva. Kunyangwe asina kupokana pakushandisa humambo hubris kukwezva maSoviet kuenda kuAfghanistan, haana kutarisira kuti wake anodikanwa weAmerican Humambo kuwira mumusungo iwoyo uye pakupedzisira akararama kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti anzwisise kuti akunda chete kukunda kwePyrrhic.
Nei Conor Tobin achizobvisa humbowo hwakakosha nezve iro basa reUS mu1979 Soviet yekupinda kweAfghanistan IZVOZVI?
Tichifunga nezvezvakaitwa munhoroondo kubudikidza nekuedza kwaConor Tobin kuita "dzidziso yeAfghan Trap" uye kujekesa mukurumbira waZbigniew Brzezinski nemutungamiri wenyika Carter chokwadi chenyaya iyi chinoramba chiri pachena. Kuzvidza Brzezinski's Nouvel Observateur kubvunzana hakuna kukwana kune rake basa tichitarisa kubvunzurudzwa kwedu kwa2015 neaimbova mukuru weCIA Charles Cogan neboka rakakura reuchapupu hunopesana zvachose neanopokana ne "Afghan Trap" thesis.
Ko Tobin aive "mudzidzi ari ega" aive nechido chekuchenesa mukurumbira waBrzezinski wekuzvarwa pachirongwa chechikoro kuedza kwake kwaizove chinhu chimwe. Asi kuisa pfungwa yake yakamanikana mumagazini ine chiremera yezvidzidzo zvepasirese sekufungisisa kufunga kwekuuya kweSoviet kweAfghanistan kunopemha fungidziro. Asi zvadaro, mamiriro akapoterera kupinda kweSoviet, zvakaitwa naPresident Carter zvakafanorongwa, mhinduro yake yekunyepedzera kwairi uye kutora chinzvimbo kwake kwemutungamiriri wenyika neCIA anoverengera mubatsiri weAgha Hassan Abedi, kusiya zvishoma kufunga.
Pane humbowo hwese hunopesana neTobin inopesana neAfghan Trap thesis, inonyanya kuwanikwa uye inonetsa kune mamaneja e'rondedzero yepamutemo 'maererano nebasa reUS mukupinda kweSoviet kweAfghanistan anoramba ari mutori venhau Vincent Jauvert wa1998 Nouvel Observateur bvunzurudzo. Kunyangwe kuyedza uku kwekudzima rekodhi kwakachena ndicho chinangwa chiri shure kwetsananguro yaConor Tobin inoramba ichitsanangurwa. Zvichida kuti nhambwe pakati pari zvino nekufa kwaBrzezinski yakaratidza kuti nguva yakanga yakwana yekutsanangudza zvakare zvirevo zveveruzhinji zvechinyorwa chepamutemo.
Takaita rombo rakanaka kuti isu takakwanisa kuwana kuyedza kwaConor Tobin uye kuigadzirisa nepese pataigona napo. Asi Afghanistan chingori chiitiko chimwe chete chekwakatsauswa maAmerican. Isu tese tinofanirwa kuve nekuziva zvakanyanya nezvekuti rondedzero-yekugadzira maitiro akaomeswa sei nemasimba-ayo-ave kubva pakutanga. Izvo zvakakosha kuti isu tidzidze maitiro ekuzvidzorera kumashure.
Bertolt Brecht, Iyo Inodzivirirwa Kukwira kwaArturo Ui
"Dai tikakwanisa kudzidza kutarisa panzvimbo pekushama,
Taizoona kutyisa mumoyo wefarce,
Dai isu chete taigona kuita pane kutaura,
Hatisi kuzopedzisira tagara pambongoro yedu.
Ichi ndicho chinhu chakapotsa chave nesu kugona;
Usave uchifara mukukunda kwake, imi varume!
Kunyangwe hazvo nyika yakasimuka ikamisa bastard,
Mbichana yakamutakura yave kupisa zvakare. ”
Paul Fitzgerald naElzabeth Gould ndivo vanyori ve Invisible Nhoroondo: Afghanistan's Untold Nyaya, Kuyambuka Zero Iyo AfPak Hondo panguva Yekutendeuka Nzvimbo yeAmerican Humambo uye Izwi. Shanyira mawebhusaiti avo pa zvisingaonekwi nhoroondo uye chivero.
[1] Dhipatimendi Nhoroondo ndiyo yepamutemo magazini yeSosaiti yeVanyori veAmerican Kunze Kwehukama (SHAFR). Magazini ino inokwezva vaverengi vanobva kwakasiyana siyana kwedzidziso, kusanganisira zvidzidzo zveAmerica, hupfumi hwenyika, nhoroondo yeAmerica, zvidzidzo zvekuchengetedza nyika, uye Latin-American, Asia, Africa, European, uye Middle East zvidzidzo.
[2] Dhipatimendi Nhoroondo, Vhoriyamu 44, Chinyorwa 2, Kubvumbi 2020, Mapeji 237-264, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
Yakabudiswa: 09 January 2020
[3] H-Diplo Chinyorwa Ongororo 966 paTobin.: Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan, 1978-1979. ” Ongororo naT Todd Greentree, Oxford University Kuchinja Hunhu hweWar Center
[4] Vincent Jauvert, Kubvunzurudza naZbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur (France), Ndira 15-21, 1998, peji 76 * (Kune angangoita maviri edhisheni yemagazini ino; pamwe pamwe chete iyo chete iyo Library yeCongress, iyo vhezheni yakatumirwa kuUnited States ipfupi pane iyo French vhezheni, uye hurukuro yeBrzezinski haina kuiswa mune ipfupi vhezheni).
[5] Paul Fitzgerald naElzabeth Gould, Invisible Nhoroondo: Afghanistan's Untold Nyaya, (San Francisco: Guta Mwenje Mabhuku, 2009).
[6] Conor Tobin, Ngano ye'African Trap ': Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan, 1978--1979 Dhipatimendi Nhoroondo, Vhoriyamu 44, Chinyorwa 2, Kubvumbi 2020. p. 239
https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz065
[7] MS Agwani, Ongororo Edhisheni, "Iyo Saur Shanduko uye Mushure," CHITATU CHEMAZUVA ECHIKORO CHENYAYA DZEMUNYIKA DZOKUDZIDZA JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY (New Delhi, India) Vhoriyamu 19, Nhamba 4 (Gumiguru-Zvita 1980) p. 571
[8] Paul Jay hurukuro naZbigniew Brzezinski, Hondo yaBrzezinski yeAfghan uye iyo Grand Chessboard (2/3) 2010 - https://therealnews.com/stories/zbrzezinski1218gpt2
[9] Samira Goetschel hurukuro naZbigniew Brzezinski, Yedu Pachedu bin bin Laden 2006 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVgZyMoycc0&feature=youtu.be&t=728
[10] Diego Cordovez, Selig S.Harrison, Kunze kweAfghanistan: Iyo Yemukati Nyaya yeSoviet Kuregera (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), peji 34.
[11] Tobin “Ngano ye'African Trap ': Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan,” p. 240
[12] Chibvumirano cheVladivostok, Mbudzi 23-24, 1974, General Secretary weCentral Committee yeCPSU LI Brezhnev uye Mutungamiriri weUSA Gerald R. Ford vakakurukura zvakadzama mubvunzo wekuwedzera kumisikidza kwemauto anokanganisa masimba. https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/treaties/vladivostok.html
| [13] PRM 10 | Yakakwana Net Kuongorora uye Mauto Emauto Kuongorora Ongororo |
February 18, 1977
[14] Anne Hessing Cahn, Kuuraya Détente: Kodzero Inorwisa iyo CIA (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), peji 187.
[15] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente uye Kukonana (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), p. 657
[16] Dr. Carol Saivetz, Harvard University, "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente" musangano, Lysebu, Norway, Gunyana 17-20, 1995 p. 252-253.
[17] Cahn, Kuuraya Détente: Kodzero Inorwisa iyo CIA, p. 15.
[18] Kubvunzana, Washington DC, Kukadzi 17, 1993.
[19] Ona KUSANGANA POLITBURO YEKUITITI YENYIKA YEKOMITI YENYANYA YESUVIET UNION Kurume 17, 1979 https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113260
[20] GB Kistiakowsky, Herbert Scoville, "Izwi rakarasika reKremlin," The Boston Globe , Kukadzi 28, 1980, p. 13.
[21] Dev Murarka, "AFGHANISTAN: RUSSIAN KUPINDA: KUSVIRA KWAMOSCOW," TAFUNGWA ROKUTENGA (London, England), nhamba 282 (APRIL 1981), peji. 127.
[22] Kubvunzana naPaul Warnke, Washington, DC, Kukadzi 17, 1993. Admiral Stansfield Turner, Aimbova Director weCentral Intelligence, musangano we "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, Norway Gunyana 17-20 p. 216.
[23] J. William Fulbright, "Kufungisisa Mukutya Kunotyisa," The New Yorker, Ndira 1, 1972 (New York, USA), Ndira 8, 1972 Chinyorwa p. 44-45
[24] David J. RothKopf - Charles Gati Mupepeti, ZBIG: Sangano uye Statecraft yeZbigniew Brzezinski (Johns Hopkins University Press 2013), peji. 68.
[25] Erika McLean, Kunze kweKabineti: Kuwedzera kwaZbigniew Brzezinski weNational Security Advisor Position, Tsananguro Yakagadzirirwa iyo Dhigirii raTenzi weRuzivo, Yunivhesiti yeNorth Texas, Nyamavhuvhu 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84249/
[26] Ibid p. 73
[27] Betty Anofara, Anobuda kunze muWhite House: Jimmy Carter, Vake Advisors, uye Kuitwa kweAmerican Kunze kwenyika (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 2009), p. 84.
[28] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente uye Kukonana (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994 Revised Edition), peji 770.
[29] Tobin “Ngano ye'African Trap ': Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan,” p. 253
[30] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente uye Kukonana, (Revised Edition), peji. Cherekedza 1050. Garthoff akazotsanangura chiitiko ichi seBrzezinski "chidzidzo chenhoroondo chisina kutaurwa pahurukuro dzaMoloto-Hitler muna 202." (Ndeupi Carter akaita mhosho yekugamuchira nemutengo) p. 1940.
[31] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy: VaRussia muAfghanistan 1979-89, (Oxford University Press, New York 2011), peji. 29-36.
[32] Dr. Gary Sick, Aimbove mushandi weNSC, nyanzvi yeIran neMiddle East, musangano we "The Intervention in Afghanistan and the Fall of Détente", Lysebu, p. 38.
[33] Nancy Peabody Newell naRichard S. Newell, Kurwira kweAfghanistan, (Cornell University Press 1981), peji. 110-111
[34] Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy, p. 41
[35] Diego Cordovez, Selig S.Harrison, Kunze kweAfghanistan, p. 27 Achitaura Alexander Morozov, "Munhu Wedu muKabul," New Times (Moscow), Gunyana 24, 1991, peji. 38.
[36] John K. Cooley, Hondo Dzisiri Tsvene: Afghanistan, America neUgandanga Hwenyika Dzese, (Pluto Press, London 1999) p. 12 ichidudza Kremlin mukuru mumiriri Vasily Safronchuk, Afghanistan muTaraki Period, International Affairs, Moscow Ndira 1991, mapeji 86-87.
[37] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente uye Kukonana, (1994 Revised Edition), peji 1003.
[38] Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente uye Kukonana, p. 773.
[39] Tobin “Ngano ye'African Trap ': Zbigniew Brzezinski neAfghanistan,” p. 240.
[40] Ibid p. 241.
[41] Kubvunzana naSelig Harrison, Washington, DC, Kukadzi 18, 1993.
[42] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Kunze kweAfghanistan: Iyo Yemukati Nyaya yeSoviet Kuregera (New York, Oxford: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1995), peji. 33.
[43] Ibid.
[44] Henry S. Bradsher, Afghanistan neSoviet Union, Nyowani uye Yakawedzerwa Edition, (Durham: Duke University Press, 1985), peji. 85-86.
[45] Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: Iyo Chakavanzika Nhoroondo yeCIA, Afghanistan, uye bin Laden, kubva kuSoviet Invasion kusvika Gunyana 10, 2001 (Penguin Mabhuku, 2005) p. 47-48.
[46] Kukurukurirana kwevanyori neMalawi Abdulaziz Sadiq, (shamwari yepedyo uye mubatsiri waHafizullah Amin) Chikumi 25, 2006.
[47] Diego Cordovez - Selig Harrison, Kunze kweAfghanistan: Iyo Yemukati Nyaya yeSoviet Kuregera, p. 34.
[48] Cordovez - Harrison, Kunze kweAfghanistan p. 34 Achitaura Peter Nieswand, "Guerillas Chitima muPakistan kubvisa Hurumende yeAfghan," Washington Post, Kukadzi 2, 1979, p. A 23.
[49] Ibid. p. 33.
[50] Ibid.
[51] Peter Nieswand, "Hondo yakanaka kwazvo yaPeking ihondo tsvene," MacLean's, (Toronto, Canada) Kubvumbi 30, 1979 p. 24
[52] Jonathan C. Randal, Washington Post, Chivabvu 5, 1979 p. A - 33.
[53] Robert M. Gates, Kubva kuShadows: Iyo Yekupedzisira Insider Nyaya yaMapurezidhendi mashanu Uye Maitiro Avakaita Hondo Yemashoko (New York, TOUCHSTONE, 1996), peji 144
[54] Christina Gwayana, Kumirira Allah: Kurwira kwePakistan kweDemocracy (Viking, 1991), peji. 222
[55] Alfred W. McCoy, Iyo Yezvematongerwo enyika yeHeroin, CIA Kukanganiswa muPasi rose Zvinodhaka Kutengesa, (Harper & Row, New York - Revised and Expanded Edition, 1991), mapeji 436-437 New York Times, May 22, 1980.
[56] Alfred W. McCoy, "Vakakuvara muhondo yeCIA yekurwisa chikominisiti," Boston GlobeYaNovember 14, 1996, peji. A-27
[57] Alfred W. McCoy, Iyo Yezvematongerwo enyika yeHeroin, CIA Kukanganiswa muPasi rose Zvinodhaka Kutengesa, (Yakawedzerwa Edition), mapeji 452-454
[58] Alfred W. McCoy, "Vakakuvara muhondo yeCIA yekurwisa chikominisiti," Boston GlobeYaNovember 14, 1996, peji. A-27 https://www.academia.edu/31097157/_Casualties_of_the_CIAs_war_against_communism_Op_ed_in_The_Boston_Globe_Nov_14_1996_p_A_27
[59] Alfred W. McCoy naAlan A.Block (ed.) Hondo pane Zvinodhaka: Zvidzidzo mukutadza kweUS Narcotic Policy, (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1992), peji. 342
[60] Catherine Lamour naMichel R. Lamberti, Iyo Yenyika Yese Kubatana: Opiamu kubva kune Varimi kuenda kuPusher, (Penguin Mabhuku, 1974, Shanduro yeChirungu) mapeji 177-198.
[61] William Safire, "Chikamu chaClifford Mubhangi Inonyadzisa Ingori Zano Rechando," Chicago Tribune, July 12, 1991 https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-07-12-9103180856-story.html
[62] John Helmer, "Zbigniew Brzezinski, Svengali wehutungamiriri hwaJimmy Carter Akafa, asi Akaipa Anoramba aripo." http://johnhelmer.net/zbigniew-brzezinski-the-svengali-of-jimmy-carters-presidency-is-dead-but-the-evil-lives-on/
[63] Samira Goetschel - Yedu pachedu bin bin Laden, 2006. Na8: 59
[64] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNJsxSkWiI0
