From Peace Sciences Digest, June 28, 2020
Photo chikwereti: United Nations Photo
Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza kutsvagurudza kunotevera: Belgioioso, M., Di Salvatore, J., & Pinckney, J. (2020). Yakapunzika mubhuruu: Mhedzisiro yekuchengetedza runyararo kweUN pakuratidzira kusiri kwechisimba mumashure mehondo yenyika. International Zvidzidzo Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa015
Kutaura Points
Mumagariro ehondo yapashure memagariro:
- Nyika dziine mabasa eUN kuchengetedza runyararo ane kuratidzira kwakawanda kusiri kwerunyararo kupfuura nyika dzisina vachengeti verunyararo veUN, kunyanya kana idzo runyararo dzekuchengetedza rugare dzinosanganisira mapurisa eUN (UNPOL).
- Kana vanochengetedza runyararo veUNPOL vanobva munyika dzine huwandu hweruzhinji vevanhu, fungidziro yekuti ingangoitika yekuratidzira kusagadzikana munyika dzehondo dzekumashure memakumi matanhatu nenhatu muzana.
- Kana vanochengetedza runyararo veUNPOL vanobva munyika dzine huwandu hweruzhinji dzakaderera, fungidziro yekuti ingangoitika yekuratidzira kusagadzikana munyika dzehondo dzekumashure memakumi matatu muzana.
- Nekuti vanochengetedza runyararo UNPOL vanodyidzana zvakazara nenharaunda dzechivanhu, uye vodzidzisa nekudyidzana nemapurisa emunyika, kune "kusiyaniswa kwehunhu uye maitiro anochengetedza kusabatana kwezvematongerwo enyika" - kurudzira kuti runyararo rwavanogarisana nevamwe kuve nerunyararo kusvika pakukosha kwekuratidzira kusingafadzi. inokanganisa mhedzisiro iyi.
pfupiso
Zvakawanda zvekutsvaga zviripo parunyararo rweUN zvinotarisa pamusoro-pasi zverunyararo senge zvibvumirano zvezvematongerwo enyika kana kuchinja kwemasangano. Maitiro aya ndega haagone kuyera kuremerwa kwehutongi hwegutsaruzhinji kana shanduko yetsika inoita kuti kudzokera kuhondo kusafungirwe. Kuyera "kudzora-kumusoro" rugare rugare rwekuchengetedzeka kweUN, vanyori vanotarisisa chinhu chakakosha chekudyidzana kwevanhukadzi - kusawirirana mune zvematongerwo enyika - vobvunza kuti, "basa rekuchengetedza runyararo rinogonesa kukakavara kwezvematongerwo enyika kusiri kwepasi nehondo yenyika?"
Kuti vapindure mubvunzo uyu, vakagadzira dhatabhesi inosanganisira nyika makumi manomwe dzinobuda muhondo yemagariro pakati pa70 na1990 uye bvunzo dzehuwandu hwezviratidziro zvisiri zveutsinye nyika idzo dzakaitika. Seyero yekuchengetedza, iyo dhatabhesi haibatanidzi zviitiko apo kuratidzira kwakatungamira bongozozo uye chisimba chega chega. Dhipatimendi iri rinosanganisirawo nezvakasiyana-siyana kana nyika yakabata basa rekuchengetedza runyararo reUN, huwandu hwevaichengetedza rugare, uye chirevo chevagari venyika kubva kubvakacha rugare. Iyi reruzhinji rwemagariro inotsvairwa kubva kuDhivhizheni yeDemocracy index pamunharaunda yekutora chikamu munharaunda. Rondedzero iyi inotarisa kuti masangano eruzhinji akasangana sei (senge mapoka anofarira, masangano evashandi, kana mapoka evaridzi, nezvimwewo) ari muhupenyu hweveruzhinji. Izvo zvinosanganisira mibvunzo nezve, semuenzaniso, kana ivo vachibvunzwa nevanogadzira mvumo kana kuti vangani vanhu vanobatanidzwa munharaunda yeruzhinji.
Zviwanikwa zvinoratidza kuti nyika dzepashure pehondo yenyika nevekuchengetedza runyararo veUN vane kuratidzira kusiri kwechienzi kupfuura nyika dzisina vanochengetedza rugare. Ukuru hwehurongwa hwunoita senge hauna basa. Veruzhinji vanofunga nyika-yekubva-kune-rugare vanochengeta nyaya chete kune mapurisa eUN (UNPOL) asi kwete mamwe marudzi evanochengetedza rugare. Kuisa iyo nhamba,
- Kuvapo kwevanochengetedza rugare veUN, zvisinei nerudzi rwevanochengetedza rugare, kunowedzera mukana wekufungidzirwa wekuratidzira kusaita zvakanaka kusvika makumi mana muzana, zvichienzaniswa ne 40% apo pasina kuwanikwa kwekuchengetedza rugare kweUN.
- Kuvapo kwevakuru veUNPOL kubva kumatunhu ane hushoma nzanga yenharaunda kunoguma makumi matatu muzana kufungidzira kungangoitika kwekusavimbika.
- Kuvapo kwevashandi veUNPOL vanobva munyika dzine hunyanzvi hwepamusoro soroji kunoguma makumi matanhatu muzana afungidzira zvingangoita zvekupokana.
Kuti vatsanangure zvinorehwa nemhedzisiro iyi murunyararo rwekuchengetedza runyararo rweUN uye "pasi-kumusoro" rugare, vanyori vanokudziridza maitiro ezvitendero anoona kusaratidza kusavimbika sechinhu chakakosha pakuvandudza maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika. Kuti kuratidzira uku kuramba kusiri kwechiitiko kwakakoshawo, kunyanya munyika dzehondo dzekumashure mehondo uko kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga sekutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika uye senzira yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika kunoitika. Pamusoro pezvo, masangano matsva ezvematongerwo enyika munyika idzi anowanzotadza, saka kugona kwenyika kugadzirisa matambudziko. Vanyori vacho vanofunga kuti vanochengetedza runyararo veUN, kunyanya mapurisa eUN (UNPOL), vanopa kuchengetedzeka uye kuti kuvapo kwavo kunosimudzira "maitiro ekusapinda mune zvematongerwo enyika zvisina hunhu." Kupfuurirazve, kana nyika dzehondo dzegakava rapashure dzakakwanisa kutsigira kuratidzira kusiri kwechiveve, ipapo vagari vayo nehurumende vane maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akasununguka.
Nekutarisisa nezve huvepo hwemapurisa eUN (UNPOL), vanyori vanoona nzira huru mairi nzira dzekuzvitonga kuzere dzakasanganiswa kubva mukuchengetedza runyararo kuenda kumatunhu anovashanyira. Mapurisa eUNPOL anodzidzisa uye kubatana nemapurisa epasi rose, achivapa kudyidzana kwakanyanya nenharaunda uye kugona kubata mapurisa enyika kuremekedza kusavimbika. Mukuwedzera, nzanga yakasimba yeruzhinji[1] iri pakati pekurongedza kuratidzira kusiri kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kunyangwe nyika dzinobuda muhondo yevagari dzingave dzakanetesa nzanga, kugona kwevanhu munhabvu kutora chikamu zvizere mugwara rezvematongerwo enyika mushure mehondo kunomiririra nzira yekudzikira kurunyararo. Nekudaro, maUNPOL mapurisa 'hukama pachavo kune veruzhinji (vangaita maofficial aya vachiuya kubva kune nyika vane hukama hwakasimba hwevanhu kana kuti kwete) zvinokanganisa kugona kwavo kutsigira kuratidzira kusingafarire munyika dzavanogariswa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana vashandi veUNPOL vanobva munyika dzine nzanga dzakasimba, vanogona kunge vachichengetedza kodzero yekuratidzira zvisingaite uye "voregedze kudzora hutsinye kubva kuhurumende dziri kunetsekana nekutongerwa nyika."
Vanyori vanopedzisa nekudzokorora kwenguva pfupi nyaya uko mamisangano eUN munyika dzepashure pehondo yenyika dzakakonzera kudzikisira kuvaka runyararo pamwe nekukanganisa maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika. MuNamibia, United Nations Shanduko Yerubatsiro Boka raizotenderedza nekuchengetedza vagari panguva yemisangano yeruzhinji uye kuratidza kusasarura mukutonga kwevazhinji panguva yekuratidzira. Izvi zvakaitikawo kuLiberia uko United Nations Mission muLiberia yaizotarisa kuratidzira murunyararo uye kupindira kupwanya mhirizhonga, kusanganisira pakati pemapurisa epasi rose pamwe nevaratidziri, panguva yesarudzo dza2009. Ichi chiitiko, chengetedza kodzero yekuratidzira uye kuve nechokwadi kuti chinoitika zvisirizvo, chinokanganisa maitiro ekusave nehanya kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakosha kuti kuve nerunyararo munyika dzepashure pehondo yenyika. Vanyori vanopera nerunyararo rwekushomeka kwemutoro unochengetedza wekuchengetedza runyararo uchibva kune nyika dzakapfuma vane nzanga dzakasimba munharaunda dzinotambura kuenda kune nyika dzine urombo. Vanodaidzira vanogadzira mabumbiro vanogadzira mishando dzekuchengetedza runyararo yeUN kuti vachenjere kutora vanhu vazhinji vanobva munyika dzine nzanga dzakasimba.
Kuzivisa Kudzidzira
Rino chinyorwa chechinyorwa chino chinotarisa nezve basa remapurisa mukuvaka runyararo inopa nzira nyowani yekufunga nezvekuchengetedza rugare kweUN, kunyanya senzira yekumusoro-soro kuburikidza nesangano iyo inotarisa nzira yepamusoro-pasi kana nzira dzenyika. Chikamu chekuvaka runyararo, kunyanya nyika dzepashure pehondo yenyika, kuvaka zvakare chibvumirano chemagariro pakati pehurumende nevanhu vayo chakaparurwa munguva yehondo yevagari. Chibvumirano cherunyararo chinogona kupedzisa ruvengo, asi basa rakawanda rinodiwa kuti vanhu vatende zvechokwadi kuti vanogona kutora chikamu muhupenyu hweveruzhinji uye shanduko yemhedzisiro. Kudzivirirwa chishandiso chakakosha mukutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika-zvinoshanda kuunza kuzivisa dambudziko, kuunganidza mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika, uye kukunda rutsigiro rworuzhinji. Kuti hurumende ipindure nechisimba ndeyokupinda muchibvumirano chemagariro chinobatanidza nzanga pamwechete.
Hatigone kunyepedzera kuti ongororo iyi, iyo inotarisa pazvinhu zvekuratidzira uye mapurisa munyika dzekunze, inobviswa pane yedu yekuda kugadzirisa nenzira iripo nguva muUS Ko mapurisa anotarisa sei munharaunda yakazvipira ku munhu wose chengetedzo? Iyo ingxoxo yakakodzera kune Digest's timu yekugadzirisa uye nevamwe vachifunga nezvekuuraya kwaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylor, nevamwe vasingaverengeki veAmerica vatema. Kana kukosha kwakakosha kwemapurisa kupa chengetedzo, saka zvinofanirwa kubvunzwa: Ndeupi kuchengetedzwa kuri kupihwa nemapurisa? Mapurisa anoenda sei pakupa chengetedzo iyoyo? Kwenguva refu kwazvo muUnited States, mapurisa ave achishandiswa sedhiramuti yekudzvinyirira vanhu vatema, Vemuno, uye vamwe vanhu verudzi (BIPOC). Iyi nhoroondo yemapurisa yakavezwa nehukadzika hwakadzika tsika yevakachena chena, zvinoonekwa mumusaruro inowanikwa mumutemo wese wekusimbisa uye hurongwa hwekutongwa kwemhosva. Isu tiri kupupurawo kusvika kune hutsinye hwemhirizhonga yemapurisa kune vasingaratidzi kuratidzira- izvo, zvakaenzana uye zvinotyisa, zvinopa humwe humbowo hwechinangwa chekuchinja izvo zvinoreva mapurisa muUnited States.
Yakawanda hurukuro pamapurisa muUnited States yakanangana nehondo yemapurisa, kubva pakutorwa kwe "murwi" murangariro (sekupokana ne "muchengeti" mafungiro epurisa - ona Kuenderera Kuverenga) kuchinjiso chemidziyo yemauto. kumapazi emapurisa kuburikidza nechirongwa chegumi nemakumi matatu chechirongwa cheDziviriro. Senzanga, tava kutanga kuona kuti ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzeuto remauto remauto dzingaite senge. Pane humbowo hunoshamisa hwekuita kwemaitiro asina-mauto uye asina pfuti nzira dzekuchengetedza akaratidzira mu Peace Sciences Digest. Semuenzaniso, mukati Kuongorora nzira dzakapakata zvombo uye dzisingakuvadzi pakuchengetedza runyararo, kutsvagurudza kunoburitsa kuti "vanhu vasina runyararo vanochengetedza runyararo (UCP) vakabudirira kuita zviitiko zvinoenderana nekuchengetedza rugare, vachiratidzira kuti kuchengetedza runyararo hakudi kuti vashandi vemauto kana kuvapo kwezvombo vaite basa rayo rekudzivirira chisimba uye kuchengetedza kwevanhu." Kunyangwe ivo vaine zvombo zvakanyanya, mapurisa eUN, kunyanya nekumbundira kwavo nharaunda-inotungamirwa nemapurisa, ichimiririra nzira isinganetsi yekuchengetedzeka pakuenzanisa nemamwe mauto eUN ekuchengetedza runyararo, kunyanya ayo ane masimba akanyanya kuita basa rekurwisa. Asi, sezviri kuwedzera kuve pachena muUS (kunyangwe neyakajeka nzanga uye tsika dzegutsaruzhinji), mapurisa ane zvombo anogona kuramba achityisidzira chikamu chakakura chevagari. Ndirini papi patinobvuma kuti mapurisa ane zvombo, pane kutsigira chibvumirano chemagariro, kazhinji ndivo vamiririri vekuparadzwa kwavo? Kubvuma uku kunofanira kupedzisira kwatiburitsa munzira yekuzvidzikisira kunogamuchira nzira dzisina kudzivirirwa kune kuchengetedzeka - nzira dzisina kunyatsochengetedzeka kwemumwe munhu zvichishayisa izvo zveumwe. [KC]
Kuenderera Kuverenga
Sullivan, H. (2020, June 17). Nei kuratidzira kuchinja nechisimba? Kupomerwa nyika-nzanga hukama (uye kwete provocateurs). Mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika Pakunongedza. Dzoreredzwa June 22, 2020, kubva https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2020/06/17/why-do-protests-turn-violent-blame-state-society-relations-and-not-provocateurs/
Hunt, CT (2020, Kukadzi 13). Dziviriro kuburikidza nemapurisa: Basa rekudzivirira kwemapurisa eUN mukuita rugare. International Runyararo Institute. Dzoreredzwa June 11, 2020, kubva https://www.ipinst.org/2020/02/protection-through-policing-un-peace-ops-paper
De Coning, C., & Gelot, L. (2020, Chivabvu 29). Kuisa vanhu pakati peUN mabasa erunyararo. International Runyararo Institute. Dzoreredzwa June 26, 2020, kubva https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/05/placing-people-center-un-peace-operations/
NPR. (2020, Chikumi 4). Mapurisa ekuAmerica. Throughline. Dzoreredzwa June 26, 2020, kubva https://www.npr.org/transcripts/869046127
Serhan, Y. (2020, June 10). Izvo nyika inogona kudzidzisa America nezve mapurisa, The Atlantic. Dzoreredzwa June 11, 2020, kubva https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/america-police-violence-germany-georgia-britain/612820/
Sayenzi Zuva Nezuva. (2019, Kukadzi 26). Nhamba-inofambiswa nehungwaru pakurwiwa dhidi yemapurisa. Dzoreredzwa June 12, 2020, kubva https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226155011.htm
Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2018, Mbudzi 12). Kuongorora nzira dzakashonga uye dzisina pfuti pakuchengetedza rugare. Dzoreredzwa June 15, 2020, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping
Masangano / Initiatives
United Nations Mapurisa: https://police.un.org/en
Keywords: post-war, kuchengetedza rugare, kuvaka rugare, mapurisa, United Nations, hondo yevagari
[1] Vanyori vanotsanangudza nzanga se "chikamu [icho] chinosanganisira vagari vakarongedzwa uye vasina kurongeka, kubva kuvadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu kusvika kuvaratidziri vasina utsinye."
