Plutocrats for Runyararo: Nobel-Carnegie Model

NaDavid Swanson, Dec 10, 2014

“Wadiwa Fredrik, Chishanu chapfuura ndakaenda kumutambo wakarongwa neCarnegie Corporation pazuva rekucherechedza kupera kweWWI. Ndakabayiwa moyo nemafungiro akafanana naAndrew Carnegie, pamwe nerupo rwake, zvaive kuna Alfred Nobel. Unoziva here kuti vakambosangana here? Zvese zvakanak, Peter [Weiss].

“Iyi mibvunzo yaPeter: Sei kufanana? Carnegie naNobel vakambosangana here? Uye ichi ndechangu: Nei kubatana kuchinakidza - uye zvichikosha? -Fredrik S. Heffermehl. "

Izvo pamusoro apa yaiva chiziviso chemakwikwi pa NobelWill.org kuti ini ndakakunda neainotevera:

Hatizive nezvazvo, asi zvakare hatigoni kusiyira musangano musangano chiso nechiso, kana kuchinjana tsamba, pakati paAlfred Nobel naAndrew Carnegie izvo zvinogona kutsanangura kuti "pfungwa dzaAndrew Carnegie, pamwe nerupo rwake, zvakapesana sei neyaAlfred Nobel's . ” Asi kufanana kwakatsanangurwa zvishoma netsika yezuva racho. Vakanga vasiri ivo chete ma tycoons ekubhadhara mari kubvisa, ivo chete vakapfuma. Zvinogona kutsanangurwazve nenyaya yekuti simba rekutanga pane vese murunyararo runyararo aive munhu mumwe chete, mukadzi akasangana navo vari vaviri uye aive shamwari dzepedyo naNobel - Bertha von Suttner. Kupfuurirazve, hunyanzvi hwaNobel hwakauya hwekutanga uye hwaive hune simba paCarnegie. Ose ari maviri anopa mienzaniso yakanaka kune vapfumi vanhasi - vakapfuma kwazvo, chokwadika, kunyangwe iye Carnegie, asi hapana kana mumwe wavo akaisa mari mukubvisa kwehondo. * Ivo zvakare vanopa mienzaniso yakanakisa yekumisikidzwa zviri pamutemo kwemasangano avo izvo zvakatsauka kusvika kure kure negwara.

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) naAndrew Carnegie (1835-1919) vakararama munguva ine vanhu vakapfuma zvakanyanya kudarika nhasi; uye kunyange hupfumi hwaCarnegie hwakanga husingaenzane nehwehupfumi hwanhasi. Asi vakapa chikamu chakakwira chehupfumi hwavo kupfuura zvakaitwa nevapfumi vanhasi. Carnegie akapa yakakwira huwandu, yakagadzirisirwa inflation, kupfuura vese asi vatatu vapenyu vekuAmerican (Gates, Buffett, naSoros) parizvino vapa.

Hapana munhu ari Forbes runyora rwepamusoro 50 ikozvino philanthropists rakabhadhara mari yekuedza kubvisa hondo. Nobel naCarnegie vaibhadhara mari iyo purogiramu panguva yavakanga vachirarama, uye vakazvipira kusimbisa kunze kwezvipo zvavo zvemari. Vasati vafa, vakaronga kuvasiya shure nhaka yavo yaizopfuurira kubatsira mari yekuderedza uye kubvisa hondo kubva munyika. Nhoroondo idzi dzakagadzirisa zvakawanda uye dzine mikana yekuita zvakawanda zvikuru, uye kubudirira. Asi vose vari vapenyu kusvika munguva iyo isingatendi mukukwanisa kworugare, uye ose masangano akatsauka kure nebasa ravo raanoda, achichinja mararamiro avo kuti aenzane nenguva, panzvimbo pekudzivisa mhirizhonga yemaitiro kuburikidza nemitemo yavo yepamutemo nemitemo .

Chii chinonakidza uye chakakosha pamusoro pekufananidza pakati peNobel naCarnegie ndiyo yakakosha iyo hupenyu hwavo hune rugare hwakagadzirwa nenguva yavo. Vose vakazobatanidzwa murugare activism, asi vose vaifarira kubviswa kwehondo vasati vanyatsobatanidzwa. Mhedziso iyoyo yaive yakajairika muzera ravo kupfuura ikozvino. Upenyu hwehutano hwekugarisa hwaive hunoonekwawo, kunyange kazhinji husingave nehumwechete uye zvakagadzirirwa izvo Nobel naCarnegie vakakwanisa.

Izvo zvinonyanya kufadza ndezvekuti mhedzisiro yezvakaitwa naNobel naCarnegie zvakasara kuti zvionekwe, nezviito zvinoitwa nevanhu vapenyu kuzadzisa vimbiso yeNobel Peace Prize neCarnegie Endowment yeInternational Peace, pamwe nezviito zvatinoita kuteedzera runyararo runyararo kunze kwemasangano aya, uye pamwe nevemazuva ano vanopa hushamwari vanogona kutsvaga nzira dzekutevedzera iyi yapfuura mienzaniso. Muna 2010, Warren Buffett naBill naMelinda Gates vakakurudzira mabhirionia kuti vape hafu yehupfumi hwavo (kwete kusvika pamwero weNobel-Carnegie, asi zvichiri kukosha). Buffett akatsanangura masiginecha ekutanga mamirionea makumi masere pamhiko yavo se "Evhangeri makumi masere nemasere ehupfumi," mukuremekedza "Evhangeri yePfuma," chinyorwa nebhuku raCarnegie.

Zvingave zvakaoma kuratidza kuti Carnegie naNobel havana kumbonyorerana. Tiri kubata pano nevanyori vaviri vakakura venguva muzera rekunyora-kunyora, uye varume vaviri vane tsamba dzatinoziva dzanyangarika kubva munhoroondo muhuwandu hukuru. Asi ini ndakaverenga akati wandei ehupenyu mabasa evavo vaviri neeshamwari dzavaive dzakafanana. Mamwe emabhuku aya anonongedzera kuvarume vaviri nenzira yekuti dai munyori aivaziva kuti vakambosangana kana kuenderana zvaizodai zvataurwa. Asi uyu mubvunzo unogona kunge uri mutsvuku. Kana Nobel naCarnegie vakasangana, zvaive pachena kuti hazvina kuwanda uye zvirokwazvo handizvo zvakavaita vakafanana pamaonero erunyararo nerupo. Nobel aive muenzaniso kuna Carnegie, sezvo runyararo runyararo rwake rwakatangira zvaCarnegie munguva. Varume vaviri ava vakakurudzirwa nevamwe vevatsigiri verunyararo, zvinonyanya kukosha Bertha von Suttner. Varume vaviri ava vaisarudzika, asi vese vairarama panguva iyo mari yekufambira mberi kusvika pakupedzwa kwehondo yaive chinhu chakaitwa, kusiyana nanhasi kana chiri chinhu chisingaitwe - kunyangwe neNobel Committee kana neCarnegie Endowment ye Runyararo Rwenyika Dzese.

Mumwe aigona kunyora zana zvakafanana uye zvisina kufanana pakati paNobel naCarnegie. Kumwe kwekufananidzwa kunogona kuve nekutakura zvishoma pano kunosanganisira izvi. Varume vaviri ava vaive vatama muhudiki hwavo, Nobel kubva kuSweden kuenda kuRussia pazera remakore gumi nepfumbamwe, Carnegie kubva kuScotland kuenda kuUnited States aine makore gumi nemaviri. Vese vari vaviri vairwara. Ivo vaviri vaive vasina kudzidza zvepamutemo. Ivo vaviri vaive venguva refu bachelors, Nobel kwehupenyu, uye Carnegie ave muma9s ake. Ivo vaviri vaive vafambi kweupenyu hwese, cosmopolitans, uye (kunyanya Nobel) vakasurukirwa. Carnegie akanyora mabhuku ekufambisa. Ivo vaviri vaive vanyori veakawanda marudzi ane akasiyana siyana ezvekuda uye ruzivo. Nobel akanyora nhetembo. Carnegie akaita utapi venhau, uye akatombo taura nezve simba rekuburitswa kwenhau kuti "Dynamite kutamba kwevana zvichienzaniswa nevezvenhau." Dynamite yaive yeimwe yezvigadzirwa zvaNobel, uye zvakare chigadzirwa munhu akamboshandisa kuyedza kupaza imba yaCarnegie (chimwe chinhu munyori wenhoroondo wandakabvunza akanongedzera sehukama hwepedyo pakati pevarume vaviri). Ivo vaviri vaive muchikamu asi kwete kunyanya vehondo vanobatsira. Ose ari maviri aive akaomarara, anopesana, uye zvirokwazvo kune imwe nhanho mhosva yakatakurwa. Nobel akaedza kururamisa kugadzirwa kwake kwezvombo aine fungidziro yekuti zvombo zvakanyanyisa zvinonyengerera vanhu kuti vasiye hondo (zano rakajairika kumusoro kuzera kwenyika dzenyukireya dzichirwisa uye dzichirasikirwa nehondo dzakawanda). Carnegie akashandisa mauto kudzvanyirira kodzero dzevashandi, akange aine nguva yake yekuzadza materegirafu kuhurumende yeUS panguva yeUS Civil War, uye akabatsirwa kubva muHondo Yenyika I.

Nharo yekuti avo vanowana hupfumi vachaziva zvakanyanya zvekuita nehupfumi hwavo hwakaunganidzwa inotsigirwa nemienzaniso yaNobel naCarnegie, kunyangwe ivo vari mune izvi - hongu - akasarudzika makesi kwete mutemo. Zvakaoma kwazvo kupokana nehukuru hwezvavakaita nemari yavo, uye basa rakasiyiwa naCarnegie rekuti Endowment yeRunyararo chimwe chinhu chemhando yetsika inoisa kunyadziswa chero mupurofesa wetsika. Mari yaCarnegie yaifanira kushandiswa mukubvisa hondo, senzvimbo yakaipa kwazvo iripo. Asi kana hondo yabviswa, iyo Endowment ndeyekuona kuti ndeipi inotevera yakaipa kwazvo institution, uye wotanga kushanda kubvisa izvo kana kugadzira iyo nyowani institution iyo inogona kuita zvakanyanya kunaka. (Izvi hazvisi izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvinoitwa nemunhu chero ane hunhu, angave akabhadharwa kana kwete?) Heino ndima yakakodzera:

“Kana nyika dzakabudirira dzapinda muchibvumirano chakadai sedzakatumidzwa zita kana kuti hondo inoraswa seinonyadzisa kuvarume vane hunyanzvi, sehondo yemunhu (kurwa) uye murume ari kutengesa nekutenga (uranda) akaraswa mukati memiganhu yakafara yedzinza redu rinotaura Chirungu, matirastii zvino fadza zvino funga kuti ndeipi inotevera inosvibisa zvakasara zvakashata kana zvakaipa, zvine kudzingwa - kana kuti chii chitsva chinosimudza chinhu kana zvinhu zvikasvitswa kana kukurudzirwa, kana zvese zviri zviviri zvakabatanidzwa - zvinonyanya kufambira mberi kufambira mberi, kukwirira uye mufaro wemunhu, zvichingodaro kubva zana ramakore kusvika zana risingaperi, matirastii angu ezera rega rega anoona kuti vangabatsira sei munhu mukufora kumusoro kuenda kumatunhu akakwirira uye epamusoro ezviitiko zvisingaregi, nekuti izvozvi tinoziva kuti semutemo wehunhu hwake munhu akasikwa aine chishuwo uye kugona kuvandudzika uko, zvingangodaro, kuti pangave pasina muganho unosvika pakukwana kunyangwe pano muhupenyu huno pasi pano. ”

Heino ndima yakakosha kubva mukuda kwaAlfred Nobel, iyo yakagadzira mibairo mishanu inosanganisira:

"Chikamu chimwe kumunhu achange aita basa rakanyanya kana rakanakisa rehukama pakati penyika, kubviswa kana kuderedzwa kwemauto akamira uye nekubata nekusimudzira makongiresi erunyararo."

Vaviri Nobel naCarnegie vakawana nzira yavo yekurwisa hondo kuburikidza neyakajairika tsika yakavapoteredza. Nobel aifarira Percy Bysshe Shelley. Pfungwa yaCarnegie yataurwa pamusoro pekufambira mberi mukukunda uranda, dueling, uye zvimwe zvakaipa - nehondo kuti iwedzerwe pane akanyorwa - inogona kuwanikwa mukutanga kwevanodzora zveAmerica (zveuranda nehondo) saCharles Sumner. Carnegie aive 1898 anopesana nem impiriist. Nobel akatanga kusimudza pfungwa yekupedza hondo kuna Bertha von Suttner, kwete imwe nzira yakatenderedza. Asi kwaive kushingirira kusingaperi kwaVon Suttner nevamwe ndiko kwakaita kuti varume vaviri ava vaite sezvavakaita mune yepamusoro-soro, inoremekedzwa, tisingataure musangano werunyararo wakasimukira kuburikidza nekutsvaga maVIP uye kuitiswa kwemisangano. nevatungamiriri vepamusoro-soro vehurumende, zvinopesana nekufora, kuratidzira, kana kuratidzira nevanhu vasingazivikanwe. Bertha von Suttner akanyengetedza wekutanga Nobel uyezve naCarnegie kuti amubhadhare iye, vanobatana naye, uye kufamba kwese.

Nobel naCarnegie vose vakazviona sevane heroic uye vakaona nyika kuburikidza nemarara iyo. Nobel akagadzira mubairo wemutungamiri mumwechete, kunyange zvazvo isina nguva dzose yakarongedzerwa sezvinodiwa (dzimwe nguva kuenda kumunhu anopfuura mumwe chete kana kusangano). Carnegie akadaro akaumba Hero Fund kuti awane mari, uye kuita kuti nyika izive, heroes yorugare, kwete hondo.

Ivo vaviri varume, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, vakasiya mirairo yakarongeka yekuenderera mberi kwekushandisa kwemari yavo yerunyararo. Vaviri ava vaida kusiya nhaka kunyika, kwete kungoitira mhuri dzavo, idzo Nobel asina. Muzviitiko zvese izvi rairo dzakatariswa zvakanyanya. Mubairo weNobel Werunyararo, uye wakatsanangurwa mune zvakanyorwa naFredrik Heffermehl, wakapihwa kune vakawanda vasina kukodzera zvinodiwa, kusanganisira vamwe vakatofarira hondo. Iyo Carnegie Endowment yeInternet Runyararo yakaramba pachena basa rayo rekubvisa hondo, yakaenderera kune mamwe akawanda mapurojekiti, uye yakazvipatsanura pachavo se tangi rekufunga.

Pakati pevanhu vazhinji vanogona kunge vakapihwa Nobel Peace Prize asi vasina - runyorwa runowanzo kutanga naMohandas Gandhi - mumwe akasarudzwa muna 1913 aive Andrew Carnegie, uye wainiate muna 1912 aive shamwari yaCarnegie Elihu Root. Ehe, shamwari yekudyidzana yaNobel naCarnegie, Bertha von Suttner akahwina mubairo muna 1905 sezvaakaitawo Alfred Alfred mu 1911. Nicholas Murray Butler akagashira mubairo muna 1931 nekuda kwebasa rake kuCarnegie Endowment, yaisanganisira kukwikwidza Kellogg- Briand Pact wa 1928. Frank Kellogg akawana mubairo muna 1929, uye Aristide Briand akange atowana muna 1926. Mutungamiriri weUS Theodore Roosevelt paakagashira mubairo muna 1906 aive Andrew Carnegie akamukurudzira kuti aende rwendo kuNorway kuti agamuchire. Kune akawanda akabatana erudzi urwu ayo ese akauya mushure mekufa kwaNobel.

Bertha von Suttner, amai vehondo yekugumisa sangano, vakava guru guru rekune dzimwe nyika nechabudiswa nhau yake Isa Pasi Zvombo Zvako muna 1889. Handifungi kuti kwaive kuzvininipisa kwenhema asi kuongororwa kwakarurama paakataura kubudirira kwebhuku rake nemanzwiro atove kutopararira. "Ini ndinofunga kuti kana bhuku rine chinangwa rikabudirira, kubudirira uku hakunei nemhedzisiro yaro pane mweya wenguva asi neimwe nzira yakatenderedza," akadaro. Muchokwadi, ese ari maviri chokwadi. Bhuku rake rakabaya mumanzwiro ari kukura uye rakakura rikakura. Izvi zvinogona kutaurwa nezve philanthropy (zvechokwadi rudo rwevanhu) weNobel uye Carnegie yaakakurudzira.

Asi izvo zvakarongwa zvakanaka zvirongwa zvinogona kutadza. Bertha von Suttner akapokana nemumwe wevokutanga kudomwa mubairo werunyararo, Henri Dunant se "murevereri wehondo," uye paakazvigamuchira, akasimudzira pfungwa yekuti akange akudzwa nekutsigira kubviswa kwehondo kwete nekuda kwebasa rake. neRed Cross. In 1905 1906, sezvakataurwa, mubairo wakaenda kuna warmonger Teddy Roosevelt, uye gore rakatevera kuna Louis Renault, zvichikonzera von Suttner kutaura kuti "kunyangwe hondo inogona kuwana mubairo." Pakupedzisira vanhu vakaita saHenry Kissinger naBarack Obama vaizoita runyorwa rwevakakunda. Mubairo wairehwa kubhadhara basa rekudzora basa wakapihwa mu2012 kuEuropean Union, iyo inogona kubhadhara hutongi hwevarwi nyore nyore nekushandisa mari shoma pazvombo.

Hazvina kutora kwenguva yakareba kuti nhaka yaCarnegie isuduruke munzira zvakare. Muna 1917 iyo Endowment yeRunyararo yakatsigira kubatanidzwa kweUS muHondo Yenyika I. Mushure mehondo yechipiri yenyika, iyo Endowment yakaisa inotungamira inodziya John Foster Dulles pabhodhi rayo pamwe naDwight D. Eisenhower. Sangano rimwechetero iro rakanga ratsigira Kellogg-Briand Pact, iyo inorambidza hondo dzese, yakatsigira UN Charter inobvumidza zviri pamutemo hondo dzinogona kuzvidzivirira kana UN-mvumo.

Sezvo kushaya hanya nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze muma1970 nema1980 kwakabatsira kuumba dambudziko remamiriro ekunze ranhasi, kusaremekedza zvinangwa zvaNobel naCarnegie nemitemo yepamutemo mukutanga nepakati pezana ramakumi maviri emakore kwakabatsira kugadzira nyika yanhasi umo mauto eUS neNATO anogamuchirwa kune avo vari simba.

Jessica T. Mathews, Mutungamiriri wazvino weCarnegie Endowment for International Peace, anonyora kuti: “Carnegie Endowment yeRunyararo Rwenyika Ndiro dangwe renyika dzezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States. Yakagadzwa naAndrew Carnegie nechipo che $ 10 miriyoni, bumbiro rayo raive 'kukurumidzisa kubviswa kwehondo, chinhu chakashata pane hupenyu hwedu.' "Kunyange hazvo chinangwa ichi chaigara chisingakwanisike, Carnegie Endowment yakaramba yakatendeka kuchinangwa chekusimudzira kubatana murunyararo."

Izvi zvinoreva, apo ndichizvidza pasina kupikisa basa rangu rakadikanwa sezvisingabviri, ndakaramba ndakatendeka kune basa iri.

Kwete. Hazvishande nenzira iyoyo. Heino Peter van den Dungen:

“Sangano rerunyararo rakabudirira zvikuru mukati memakumi maviri emakore Hondo Yenyika I isati yasvika apo hurongwa hwayo hwakasvika pamwero wepamusoro wehurumende sezvakaratidzwa, semuenzaniso, muHague Peace Conferences dza1899 na1907. Mhedzisiro yakananga yemisangano iyi isati yamboitika - yakatevera chikumbiro (1898) naTsar Nicholas II kumisa nhangemutange yemaoko, uye kutsiva hondo nekugadzirisa murunyararo - kwaive kuvakwa kweRunyararo Palace iro rakavhura madhoo aro muna 1913, uye rakapemberera zana rayo muna Nyamavhuvhu 2013. Kubva 1946, iyo ndeyechokwadi chigaro cheInternational Court of Justice yeUN. Nyika inokwereta Runyararo Palace kune hunyanzvi hwaAndrew Carnegie, weScotland -American simbi tycoon akazova piyona weruzivo rwemazuva ano uye aive zvakare anopikisa muhondo. Senge mumwe munhu, iye akasununguka akapa masangano akazvipira mukutsvaga runyararo rwenyika, mazhinji acho achiripo nanhasi.

“Nepo Peace Palace, iyo inogara International Court of Justice, ichichengetedza basa rayo repamusoro rekutsiva hondo neruramisiro, nhaka yaCarnegie yerunyararo, iyo Carnegie Endowment yeInternational Peace (CEIP), yakasiya zvakajeka chitendero chemuvambi wayo kubviswa kwehondo, nokudaro zvichinyima runyararo kufamba kwezve zvinodikanwa zviwanikwa. Izvi zvinogona pamwe kutsanangura kuti nei kufamba uku kusati kwakura kuita ruzhinji kufamba kunogona kupa kumanikidza hurumende. Ini ndinotenda zvakakosha kuti funga nezve izvi kwechinguva. Muna 1910 Carnegie, aive mukurumbira murunyararo muAmerica, uye murume akapfuma pasi rose, akapa hwaro hwerunyararo nemamiriyoni gumi emadhora. Mumari yanhasi, iyi yakaenzana ne $ 10 bhiriyoni. Fungidzira zvingaitwa nerunyararo - kureva, kufamba kwekubviswa kwehondo - nhasi dai kwaive neruzivo rwemari irworwo, kana chidimbu chayo. Zvinosuruvarisa, apo Carnegie aifarira kukurudzira uye kuita zvechisimba, matirastii eRunyararo Endowment aifarira kutsvagisa. Pakutanga kwa3.5, pakati peHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, mumwe wematirastii akatokurudzira kuti zita renzvimbo iyi rishandurwe kuve Carnegie Endowment yeInternational Justice. ”

Ini handina chokwadi chekuti vaviri economists vanoverenga kukosha kwe inflation nenzira imwecheteyo. Kunyangwe $ 3.5 bhiriyoni iri nhamba chaiyo kana kuti kwete, iwo mirairo yehukuru hwakakura kupfuura chero chinhu chinopa runyararo nhasi. Uye madhora gumi emamiriyoni aingova chikamu chidiki cheicho Carnegie akaisa murunyararo kuburikidza nekubhadhara mari yetrust, kuvaka kwezvivakwa muDDC neCosta Rica pamwe neHague, uye nekutsigirwa kwevanomirira masangano nemasangano kwemakore nemakore. Kufungidzira runyararo kwakaomera vamwe vanhu, pamwe kwatiri tese. Pamwe kufungidzira mumwe munhu akapfuma kuisa mari murunyararo kungave nhanho munzira kwayo. Zvichida zvinobatsira kufunga kwedu kuziva kuti zvakamboitwa kare.

* Nedzimwe zviverengero zvimwe zvevashandi vepamberi zvekare zvakange zviri, chaizvoizvo, zvakapfuma kudarika zvimwe zvatiripo zvino.