Phase Out Armes Of Mass Destruction

(Ichi chikamu 26 che World Beyond War chena bepa A Global Security System: An Alternative to War. Ramba uchienda inotangira | zvinotevera chikamu.)

Zvombo zvekuparara kwemashoko ndezvinyorwa zvine simba kune War War System, zvichisimbisa kupararira kwayo uye kuve nechokwadi kuti hondo dzinoitika dzinogona kukwanisa kuparadza nyika. Nyukliya, zvimakemikari uye zvigadziriswa zvezvirwere zvinoratidzirwa nekukwanisa kwavo kuuraya uye kuparadza huwandu hwevanhu, kuparadza maguta ese uye kunyange nzvimbo dzose dzine kuparadzwa kusingaenzaniswi.

Nyukliya Weapons

Parizvino pane zvibvumirano zvinorambidza zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu uye zvemakemikari asi hapana chibvumirano chekudzivirira zvombo zvenyukireya. The 1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) inopa kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvishanu zvazivikanwa- iyo US, Russia, UK, France neChina- vanofanirwa kuita zvakanaka kutenda kwekubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya, nepo vamwe vese vanosaina NPT vachivimbisa kusawana zvombo zvenyukireya. Nyika nhatu chete dzakaramba kubatana neNPT- India, Pakistan, neIsrael- uye vakawana zvombo zvenyukireya. North Korea, ichitemba chibvumirano cheNPT ye "nerunyararo" tekinoroji tekinoroji, yakabuda muchibvumirano ichi ichishandisa tekinoroji yayo "ine rugare" kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi enyukireya kugadzira mabhomba enyukireya.^note9 Zvechokwadi, chimwe chinhu chine nyukliya chigadzirwa chinogona kunge chigadzirwa chebhomba.

Hondo yakarwiwa kunyange kunyange iyo inonzi "zvishoma" zvombo zvenyukireya ingadai ichiuraya mamiriyoni evanhu, inokonzera nhekiliya yechando uye inoita kuti kushayikwa kwezvokudya munyika yose zvingaguma nenzara yemamiriyoni. Sangano rese remagetsi enyu rinotsigira nheyo dzenhema, nokuti makombiyuta anoratidza kuti kungoita zvikamu zviduku zvehondo zvakasvibiswa zvinogona kukonzera kuvharwa kwenyika kwekurima kwemakore kusvika gumi-zvichiitika, mutongo wekufa wevanhu. Uye izvo zviripo iyezvino zviri kutarisana nehukuru uye hukuru hwehumwe hutsika husina kunaka hwekushandisa kana kutaurirana kunotungamirira kuzvombo zvenyukireya kushandiswa.

Kusunungurwa kukuru kunogona kudzima hupenyu hwose panyika. Zvombo izvi zvinopisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vose kwose kwose.^note10 Kunyange zvazvo zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa zvombo zvenyukireya pakati peU.S. uye yaimbova Soviet Union yakaderedza nhamba dzisina kufanira dzezvombo zvenyukireya (56,000 pane imwe nguva), zvichiripo 16,300 munyika, chete 1000 iyo isiri muU.S. kana kuRussia.^note11 Chinonyanya kuipa, zvibvumirano zvakabvumirwa kuti "nguva dzekushanda," hutsinye hwekugadzira chizvarwa chitsva chezvombo uye zvigadziriro zvekutakura, izvo zvese zvenyukireya zviri kuita. Nyukliya chikara hachina kuenda; hazvisi kutarisa kumashure kwebavha-iri kunze uye inodhura mabhiriyoni emadhora ayo angashandiswa zviri nani pane imwe nzvimbo. Sezvo iyo isiri iyo yakakwana Test Test Banosheni yakasayirwa mu1998, US inopedza matanho ayo e-laboratory ekuongorora kwezvombo zvenyukireya, pamwe nekusangana kwakanyanya, 1,000 tsoka pasi pedenga rerenje murenje reNevada test on Western Shoshone land . IU.S. yakaita 28 miedzo yakadaro kusvika nhasi, ichivhuvhuta plutonium nemakemikari, pasina kukonzera ketani-kutendeuka, saka "kunyoresa".^note12 Zvechokwadi, hurumende yeAmerica ikozvino inofungidzira kushandiswa kwemadhora emadhora emadhora makumi matatu emakore makumi matatu akatevera nekuda kwezvitsva zvitsva zvebhomba nekuendesa kwenheyo-zvombo, ndege dzomugungwa-uyewo zvombo zvenyukireya zvitsva.^note113

Yakajairika Hondo Sisitimu kufunga kwekuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvinodzivisa hondo - iyo inonzi dzidziso ye "Kuparadzaniswa Kwevamwe Kuvimbiswa" ("MAD"). Kunyange zvazvo ichokwadi kuti haisati yashandiswa kubvira 1945, hazvina musoro kugumisa kuti MAD yakave iyo chikonzero. As Daniel Ellsberg vakataura, mutungamiri wega weUnited States kubva kuTruman akashandisa zvombo zvenyukireya sekutyisidzira kune dzimwe nyika kuti avabvumirire kuti US iwane nzira yayo. Uyezve, dzidziso yakadaro inotsigira kutenda kunokanganisa mukuziva kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwe enyika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, nguva dzose dzinouya. MAD haiti kuvimbiswa nekuchengetedzwa kwekukanganisa kusunungurwa kwezvombo izvi zvakashata kana kurwisana nehurumende iyo yakanganisa yaifungidzirwa kuti yakanga iri kurwiswa kana kuti isati yaita basa rekutanga. Muzvokwadi, mamwe marudzi ehurumende yehondo yekutonga hondo yakagadzirirwa uye yakagadzirirwa chinangwa chekupedzisira-icho Cruise Missile (iyo inoderera pasi peRazar) uye Kushingairira Missile, kurwisa nokukurumidza, mberi-based missile. Kukurukurirana kwakakomba chaizvo kwakaitika munguva yeCold War pamusoro pekudiwa kwe "Guru, Kukonzera Kutanga Kwazvo" umo US inotanga kupandukira nyukireya kuSoviet Union kuitira kuti ivhare kukwanisa kwayo kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kuburikidza kuparadza murairo uye kutonga, kutanga pamwe neKremlin. Vamwe vaongorori vakanyora nezve "kukunda" hondo yenyukireya umo mashomanana makumi mashoma emamiriyoni aizourayiwa, anenge ari vanhu vose.^note14 Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinonyadzisira zvounzenza uye unyengeri.

Kunyange kana vasina kushandiswa nemaune, kwakave nezviitiko zvakawanda apo zvombo zvenyukireya zvakatakurwa mumapurisa zvakaputsika pasi, zvine njere bedzi zvinokonzera imwe plutonium pasi, asi kwete kuenda.^note15 Muna 2007, zvombo zvitanhatu zveUnited States zvine zvombo zvenyukireya zvaifamba zvisina kururama kubva kuNorth Dakota kuenda kuLouisana uye mabhomba enyukiresi asipo akanga asina kuwanikwa kwemaawa 36.^note16 Pakave nemishumo yekudhakwa nekusava nekushanda nevasicemen zvakatumirwa pasi pevhu zvisiri pasi zvinokonzera kutora zvombo zvenyukireya zveU.S. zvakagadziriswa pamusoro-bvudzi-kutarisa uye kuratidza kumaguta eRussia.^note17 IAmerica neRussia imwe neimwe ine zviuru zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakagadzirirwa uye zvakagadzirira kuputirana. ChiNorway weather satellite yakabuda-iyo yeRussia uye yakatotorwa kuti iwane kusviba kwekuuya kusvika kumigumo yekupedzisira apo mhirizhonga yakasunungurwa yakadziviswa.^note18note19

I1970 NPT yaifanira kupera mu1995, uye yakawedzerwa nekusingaperi panguva iyoyo, ine urongwa hwemakore mashanu ekuongorororwa kwemitambo uye misangano yekugadzirira pakati. Kuti vawane chibvumirano chekuwedzera kweNPT, hurumende dzakavimbisa kuti dzichaita musangano wekutaurirana neZvihondo zveMisa Kuparadza Free Zone kuMiddle East. Pane imwe neimwe yemakore mashanu ekuongororwa kwemakambani, zvivimbiso zvitsva zvakapiwa, zvakadai sekuzvipira kusina kukodzera kubvisa zvachose zvombo zvenyukireya, uye nokuda kwe "matanho" akasiyana-siyana anoda kutorwa kunyika ye nyukliya, isina honored.^note20 A Muenzaniso weNyukliya Weapons Convention, rakanyorwa nehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika nevasayendisiti, magweta, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzakagamuchirwa neUnited States^note21 izvo zvakapa, "nyika dzose dzichadziviswa kubva pakutsvaga kana kupinda mu" kukura, kuongororwa, kugadzirwa, kuchengetedza, kushandiswa, kushandiswa nekutyisidzira kushandiswa kwezvombo zve nyukireya. "" Yakapa matanho ose aizoda kuuraya arsenals uye kuchengetedza zvinhu pasi pekusimbidzirwa kwepasi rose.^note22

Kuzovhiringidzika kweSocial Society uye mazhinji zvisiri zvombo zvenyukireya zvinotaura, hapana zvezvirongwa zvinotsanangurwa pamisangano yakawanda yekutarisa kweNPT yakagamuchirwa. Kutevera chirongwa chinokosha ne International Red Cross kuti kuzivise zviitiko zvinokonzerwa nemigumisiro yezvombo zvenyukireya, mutsva mutsva wokutaurirana nechisungo chisina kubvumirana pasina kubatanidzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvinyorwa zvakatangwa muOslo mu2013, nehurukuro yekutevera muNaiarit, Mexico neVienna mu2014.^note23 Pane nguva yekuzarura hurukuro idzi mushure mokunge musangano wekuongorora re 2015 NPT, pa 70th Anniversary yekuparadzwa kukuru kweHiroshima naNagasaki. Pamusangano weVienna, hurumende yeAustria yakaratidza chibvumirano chekushandira zvigadziriswe zvombo zvenyukireya, yakatsanangurwa se "kutora matanho anoshanda ekuzadza gwaro repamutemo rekudziviswa uye kuparadzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya" uye "kushanda pamwe nevose vanobatana kuti vaite izvi chinangwa. "^note24 Uyezve, Vatican yakataura pamusangano uyu uye kwenguva yekutanga yakatanga kuzivisa kuti nyukliya inodzivisa ndeyounzenza uye zvombo zvinofanira kurambidzwa.^note25 Chibvumirano chekurambidza chichaisa kusamanikidza kwete zvombo zvenyukireya chete, asi kune hurumende dzinochengetedza pasi peAmerica nuclear umbrella, munyika dzeNATO dzinovimba nezvombo zvenyukireya zve "kudzivisa" uyewo nyika dzakadai seAustralia, Japan neSouth Korea.^note26 Uyezve, zviteshi zveUnited States pamusoro peBNNX mabhomu enyukireya muNATO states, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany neTurkey, avo vachamanikidzwawo kuti vasiye "hurongwa hwavo hwekushandisa nyukireya" uye vasaina chibvumirano chebvumirano.^note27

Zvimakemikari uye Zvombo zveBiological

Zvombo zvezvisikwa zvinosanganisira zvinouraya zvakasikwa zvakasikwa zvakadai seEbola, typhus, chibhokisi, uye zvimwe zvakashandurwa mubazi kuti zvinyanyisa kuipa saka hakuna antidote. Kushandiswa kwavo kunogona kutanga chirwere chepasi rose chisingadzorwi. Saka zvakakosha kuti titevedze zvibvumirano zviripo izvo zvatova chikamu cheA Alternative Security System. The Kokorodzano pamusoro peKurambidzwa kweKuchengetedzwa, Kugadzirwa nekuchengetwa kweBacteriological (Biological) uye Toxin Zvombo uye pakuparadzwa Kwazvo yakavhurwa kuti isayinwe muC1972 uye yakatanga kushanda mu1975 pasi pepakati peUnited Nations. Iyo inorambidza vashandisi ve170 kubva pakuwana kana kukura kana kuchengetedza zvombo izvi. Kunyange zvakadaro, haisi yekugadzirisa maitiro uye inoda kusimbiswa nechinetso chakaoma chekuongorora hurumende (kureva, chero hurumende inogona kukonzera imwe iyo yakabvumirana kusati kwasvika pakuongorora.)

The Kokorodzano pamusoro peKurambidzwa kweKuchengetedzwa, Kugadzirwa, Kuchengetwa uye Kushandiswa kweSikironi Zvombo uye paKunoparadzwa inorambidza kuvandudza, kugadzira, kutora, kuchengetedza, kuchengetedza, kuendesa kana kushandisa zvombo zvemakemikari. States Signatories vakabvuma kuparadza chero dura rezvombo zvemakemikari zvavanogona kubata uye chero zvivakwa zvakazvigadzira, pamwe nechero zvombo zvemakemikari zvavakasiya mundima yeimwe Nyika munguva yakapfuura uye kugadzira chinetso chekuongorora hutongi hwemamwe makemikari ane chepfu uye avo vakafanotungamira… kuitira kuona kuti makemikari akadaro anoshandiswa chete pazvinangwa zvisina kurambidzwa. Musangano uyu wakatanga kushanda musi waApril 29, 1997. Nepo matura epasi rese ezvombo zvemakemikari akaderedzwa zvakanyanya, kuparadza kwakazara ichiri chinangwa chiri kure.^note28 Chibvumirano chacho chakabudirira kubudirira mu2014 seSiria yakachinja zvigadziriswa zvemakemikari.

(Ramba uchienda inotangira | zvinotevera chikamu.)

Tinoda kunzwa kubva kwamuri! (Ndapota shandisai mashoko anotevera)

Izvi zvakatungamirira sei iwe kufunga zvakasiyana nezvezvimwe nzira dzokurwa nadzo?

Chii chaungawedzera, kana kuchinja, kana mubvunzo pamusoro peizvi?

Chii chaungaita kuti ubatsire vamwe vanhu kunzwisisa pamusoro pezvimwe nzira dzehondo?

Ungatora sei chiito kuti uite izvi zvakasiyana nehondo kuitika?

Ndapota shandisai mashoko aya zvakanyanya!

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Ona zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakabatana “Kuchengetedza Mauto”

ona tafura yakazara yezviri mukati A Global Security System: An Alternative to War

Notes:
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
10. Onai mushumo weNobel Peace Laureate Organization International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War "Nuclear Famine: vanhu mabhiriyoni maviri vari pangozi" (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
11. ibid (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
12. ibid (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_zvichiitika (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
20. Onawo, Eric Schlosser, Mutemo uye Kudzora: Nuclear Weapons, Dhamasiko Dambudziko, uye Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
23. Izvozvi Nyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya zvingave zvakasungirwa kuparadza zvombo zvenyukireya muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvikamu zvishanu zvichafambira mberi sezvizvi: kutora zvombo zvenyukireya kubva kune vakangwarira, kubvisa zvombo kubva pakuendeswa, kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya kubva pamotokari dzavo, kutadzisa hondo, kubvisa nekudzima 'mahombe' uye kuisa zvinhu zvakashata pasi pekutonga kwenyika dzose. Pasi pegungano rekuenzanisira, motokari dzinotakura dzinofanirawo kuparadzwa kana kutendeuka kuusina simba renyukireya. Mukuwedzera, iyo NWC inorambidza kugadzirwa kwezvombo-zvisingashandisi zvinyorwa. I States Parties yaizogadzawo Sangano reMutemo weNyuchi Weapons yaizopiwa basa rekuongorora, kuchengetedza kutevedza, kugadzira zvisarudzo, nekupa sangano rekukurukurirana uye kubatanidzwa pakati peHurumende dzose. Sangano raizove rakagadzirwa neChinyorwa cheZimbabwe Parties, Executive Executive Council uye Technical Secretariat. Zviziviso zvaizodikanwa kubva kune dzose States Parties maererano nezvombo zvenyukireya, zvinhu, zvivako, uye kutakura motokari pane yavo kana kuti kutonga pamwe chete nenzvimbo dzavo. "Kuteerera: Pasi peC2007 model NWC," States Parties vaizofanira kutora matanho emutemo inopa hurumende yevanhu vanoita mhosva uye kudzivirirwa kune vanhu vanotaura kupesana kweChangano. Nyika dzaizotarisirwawo kusimbisa hurumende yehurumende inotarisira mabasa ehurumende mukushandiswa. Sangano racho raizoshandisa kodzero uye zvisungo kwete kwete chete kuAmerican Parties asiwo kune vanhu nemasangano epamutemo. Mhirizhonga yepamutemo pamusoro peChitodzano inogona kutumirwa kuCIJ [International Court of Justice] nemubvumirano weZimbabwe Parties. Sangano raizovawo nekwanisi yekukumbira mazano ekupa mazano kubva kuI ICJ pamusoro pemakakatanwa emutemo. Sangano racho raizopawo mutsara wezvipinduriro zvekupupurirwa kwehupupuriro hwekusateerera pasina kutanga nekubvunzurudza, kutsanangurwa, nekukurukurirana. Kana zvichidiwa, matongerwo aigona kutumirwa kune UN General Assembly uye Security Council. "[Chinhu: Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
24. www.icanw.org (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (dzokera kumusoro mukuru)