NePat Mukuru, July 8, 2019

Mhirizhonga dzinopisa moto dzinoshandiswa pamakona emhepo neuto reUnited States inopisa mvura mvura muGermany yose. Iyo inonzi spray spray, inoshandiswa mumigodhi yekudzidzira moto, inogadzirwa nemakemikari enyama anonzi Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, kana PFAS. Nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidzisa, mauto eAmerica anovhenekera mashizha, petroleum-anopisa moto uye anovadzikisa vachishandisa mapiritsi aya. Mushure mokunge, iyo yakasara inoputika inobvumirwa kumhanya, ichisvibisa ivhu, zvigadzirisheni, mvura yepamusoro, uye mvura pasi. Hondo yeUnited States inoshandisawo mashandisiro emisasa muarerare kuti igadzire chinyara chekupfeka ndege dzinodhura. Izvo zvinowanzoedzwa maitiro zvinogona kuvhara 2-acre hangar ne 17 tsoka dzehupfu inopisa mu 2 maminitsi. (.8 hektare ne 5.2 mamita emaputi mu 2 maminitsi.)

Ihutano hwehutano hwekutsvaga Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances inosanganisira kupererwa kwepamuviri uye zvimwe zvakakomba nhumbu kubata. Zvinoshatisa mukaka wemunhu uye vanorwara vana vanoyamwisa. Per uye poly fluoroalkyls inobatsira kukuvara kwechiropa, kenza yeitsvo, cholesterol yakakwira, njodzi inowedzera yechirwere chetachiona, pamwe nekenza yechipupuriro, micro-penis, uye low sperm count muvanhurume.

PFAS haina kumbodzikisira asi inodzosera mafuta, mafuta, uye moto zvirinani kupfuura chero chinhu chakambogadzirwa. Mauto anozviona sezvakakosha muhurongwa hwayo hwekurwa nehondo nekuti inodzima moto nekukurumidza.  

Mishonga inoshamisa ine dzimwe nguva inopukunyuka kutonga kwedu uye imperil humunhu, nenzira iyo Pandora akashaya simba rebhokisi rake. Aya makemikari, uye mamwe akafanana nawo, anopa hupenyu hunotyisa kuvanhu. Kutevera ndekukanganiswa kwezvigaro zveAmerica zvakasvibiswa kwazvo muGermany.

Ramstein Airbase, Germany

Pa Ramstein, mvura yepasi yakaratidzwa kuva 264 ug / l  (micrograms nereta) ye PFAS. Ndiyo 2,640 nguva dzinopfuura chikumbaridzo chakaiswa neEuropean Union, (EU). 

IU EU yakagadza mitemo yePFAS imwe ye0.1 ug / L uye yePFAS yose ye0.5 ug / L mumvura yepasi uye mvura yekunwa. Kusiyana neizvi, US Environmental Protection Agency yakagadzirisa zviyero zvakasimba zve .07 ug / l mumvura yekunwa uye pasi pemvura. Zvisinei, muyero weEPA unongozvipira chete apo mauto neyemabhizimisi zvinosvibisa hurongwa hwemvura kumativi ose eU.S. kumazviuru zvepamusoro pamusoro pemiganhu yekuzvidira. Mvura yakadzika pasi pasi muAlexandria, Louisiana pedyo neEngland Air Force Base yakawanikwa iine 10,900 ug / l ye PFOS uye PFOA. 

Harvard University inyanzvi yehutano masayendisiti anoti .001 ug / l ye PFAS mumvura yedu inogona kuva nengozi.

Kutungidzirwa kwePPAS muGlan River, pasi pekubatana kweRwizi Mohrbach, makiromita 11 kubva kuRamstein, kwakange kuri 538 nguva nguva iyo EU inotaura yakachengeteka.

Airbase Spangdahlem, Germany

Nokuda kwechirwere chematambudziko ane simba,
Kufanana negehena-muto wemota uye bubble

- William Shakespeare, Rwiyo rwevaroyi (Macbeth)

 

PFAS yakayerwa pa 3 ug / l pedyo neSpangdahlem Airfield muMarchenweiher Pond. (Marchenweiher rinoreva "nhau" muChirungu.) Iyo Fairy Tale Pond yakashanduka kuva usiku. Ihove idzi dzine chepfu. Mvura yakakurumbira yekuredza ikozvino yakavharwa nekukurukurirana neGGD Nord, masimba ekutungamirira mvura muRhineland-Palatinate. Aya makemikari haatombogadziri.

Apo kunonaya paSpangdahlem, inodururira PFAS. Mvura yakasvibiswa yemvura inogadzirisa mvura mumhepo rinyura muLinsenbach Creek. 

The Spangdahlem Airfield sewer treatment plant yakawanikwa kuva  PFAS inosvika ku31.4 μg / l. Nekuenzanisa, nyika yeMaine munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaisa miganho yePFAS mune tsvina yetsvina kusvika ku2.5 ug / l yePFOA uye 5.2 ug / l yePFOS, kunyangwe vezvemamiriro ekunze vachiti mirau iyi yakapetwa kagumi kusimba pane zvavaifanira kuita.  

Iyo EPA haina kudzora PFAS mune sewer sludge. Kana zvikadaro, mauto angave munyatwa huru, zvirinani muUS Aya makemikari anouraya anotakurwa kubva kunzvimbo dzekurapa kuGerman nekuUS uye anopararira kuminda yekurima. Izvi zvinoguma nekuisa chepfu muminda nezvirimwa panoshandiswa iyo carcinogenic sludge. Zvigadzirwa zvepurazi zveGerman zvakasvibiswa.

Iyo Municipality of Wittlich-Land, padyo neUS / NATO Airbase Spangdahlem, yakamhan'arira hurumende yeGerman kutanga kwa2019 yemitengo yekubvisa nekurasa tsvina yemvura yakasvibiswa nePFAS. Izvo zvinouraya hazvigone kupararira muminda nekuti zvinokanganisa zvirimwa, mhuka, uye nemvura. Panzvimbo pezvo, inopiswa, inova inodhura zvisingaite uye inogona zvinoparadza hutano hwevanhu uye zvakatipoteredza

Wittlich-Land haibvumirwi kupomera musungwa weUnited States. Panzvimbo pezvo, iri kutyisidzira hurumende yeGermany nokuda kwekukuvara. Zvichakadaro, hurumende yeGermany, iyo yakabhadhara kucheneswa kwemasvipiti kwemakore, yakamira kuita kudaro, ichibva muguta racho nebhu.

Airbase Bitburg, Germany

Kubva 1952 kusvika 1994, Bitburg Air Base yaive yepamberi mutsara weNATO mhepo base. Yakanga iri imba yeUnited States Air Force's makumi matatu nemasere Tactical Fighter Wing. PFAS yaigara ichishandiswa mumoto unopisa moto. 

MuBitburg, mvura yepasi pevhu yakaratidzirwa kuve nePFAS pamatanho anoshamisa anoshamisa e108 μg / l uye pamusoro pemvura padyo nendege yaive ne19.1 ug / l yePFAS. Mvura yepasi peBitburg yakasviba zvakapetwa kane chiuru kupfuura zviyero zveEU 

Izvi zvinobudiswa neFPAS zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti ndizvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa kweAvism uye chirwere chepamu muvana. Iko kunokanganisa kutanga kwekuyaruka uye kunokonzera kukanganiswa kwekushaya dambudziko. 99% yatiri iye zvino ine imwe yero yemakemikari mumitumbi yedu. 

Bitburg iri kusvibisa nzira dzemvura dzemuno neichi chepfu, zvakanyanya kupfuura muSpangdahlem kana Ramstein. Kusungwa kwePFAS kusvika ku5 ug / l kwakawanikwa muPaffenbach, Thalsgraben uye Brückengraben hova, nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzekuredza. 5 ug / l ndeye 7,700 zvakapetwa kupfuura muganho weEU. Hove kushandiswa kunosanganisirwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwePFAS pakati pevaGerman huwandu. 

MuBitburg, yakavhara 25 makore akapfuura, hurumende yeGermany "yepamutemo" inotarisira kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nevaAmerica. Hurumende yeGermany inotarisira kuti US ibhadhara mari inosangana nayo achishingaira US airfields, maererano nepepanhau Volksfreund.

Mune mamwe matunhu eGerman, asparagus iri kubviswa kubva muketani yezvikafu nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuisa PFAS. Asparagus ine inoshamisa kugona kutora PFAS kubva kune yakasviba mvura uye / kana ivhu. Vatengi vanofanirwa kungwarira nekutenga zvinhu senge asparagus, sitirobheni, uye lettuce nekuti inowanzo kuve nemazinga mazhinji ePFAS. Zvichakadaro, zvirongwa zvehurumende yeGerman izvo zvinoyera mazinga ePFAS muzvigadzirwa zvakasiyana zvekurima zvave kushanda mukuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvakasvibiswa kubva pamusika.

Aimbova Nhandare Yendege Haat, Germany

Hahn Ndege yakachengetedza iyo US Air Force's 50th Fighter Wing kubva 1951 kusvika 1993. Nzvimbo iyi ndiyo iripo nzvimbo yeHahn-Frankfurt Airport. Kunge mamwe mabheseni, mabheseni emvura ekuchengetera mvura anga ari nzvimbo yekutakura yePFAS kubva pakuisirwa kunharaunda. Rwizi Brühlbach padhuze neHahn yaive nemutengo wakakura ungangoita 9.3 μg / l wePFAS. Izvi zvinouraya. Huwandu hwacho hwakasimudza zvinoshamisa nekuti iyo mvura yeWackenbach Creek inotanga nezve 100 m yeyaimbova gomba rekudzidzira moto. Zvishoma zvishoma masvomhu akarongeka. Zvemvura yepamusoro, iyo EU inoti mazinga ePFAS haafanire kudarika 0.00065 ug / L. 9.3 ug / l iri gumi nemana nguva dzakakwirira.  

Büchel Airfield, Germany

Mukuongorora kwe 2015 pamusoro pe PFAS yakaitwa kuBüchel Airbase. Mvura yakasvibiswa yakatorwa kubva mumvura yakachengetedza mvura uye mvura yakapoteredza. PFOS yakawanikwa pa1.2 μg / l. 

Zweibrücken Air Base

Zweibrücken yaiva nheyo yeuto reNATO kubva ku1950 kusvika ku1991. Yakatarisa 86th Tactical Fighter Wing. Yaiva 35 makiromita SSW eCaiserslautern. Nzvimbo ino inoshumira seZvivrücken yehurumende.

Mvura yepamusoro pedo nechokufema ndege yakawanikwa ine huwandu hwa 8.1 μg / L ye PFAS. Zvinonyanya kutyisa, PFAS yakawanikwa mumvura yakakidzana yakabatwa self-supply systems panguva yakakura 6.9 μg / l. EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory nokuda kwekunwa mvura ndeye .07 ug / l naizvozvo mvura yekunwa pedyo Zweibrücken yakawanikwa inenge inenge zana nguva iyo yakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, masayendisiti anotaura kuti mazano eEPA ekunwa mvura anowedzera simba. Saka zvakasimba, nyika dzakawanda dzinomanikidzira miganhu yakawanda. 

PaGeorge Air Force Base muKalifornia, airmen yevakadzi yakanyeverwa muZ1980, "Usatora pamuviri" apo ndichishandira ipapo nekuda kwenzvimbo yepamusoro yekuparara. Vanopfuura vakadzi mazana matatu vachangobatana paFacebook, vachigovana nyaya dzekushupika, kuremara kwekuzvarwa pakati pevana vavo uye mahure. Vakanwa mvura. Mauto Emhepo achangobva kuyedza mvura ndokuwana PFAS yakakwira 300 ug / l. Zvakaipa pa Zweibrücken nhasi. Zvinhu hazviperi.

Maererano nemushumo unobva kuBundestag (18 / 5905) mamiriyoni mashanu eUnited States muGermany akaonekwa nehupfumi hwe PFAS:

• US Airfield Ramstein (NATO) 
• US airfield Katterbach 
• US Airfield Spangdahlem (NATO) 
• US military training nzvimbo Grafenwoehr 
• US Airfield Geilenkirchen (NATO)

Zvinhu zviviri zvakange "zvichishushwa" zvePFAS kushandiswa:

• US Airfield Illesheim
• US Airfield Echterdingen 

Maererano neBundestag, (18 / 5905), "Mauto ekunze ane chekuita nekusvibisa kwaanokonzera uye anosungirwa kuongorora nekuabvisa ivo vachishandisa mari yavo." Panguva ino, iyo US yanga isingashande mukuchenesa kusvibiswa kwayakakonzera. 

US - Zvibvumirano zveGerman kudaidzira kuti uone kukosha kwekuvandudza kwakaitwa nemaAmerican kuivhu - kubvisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kana zvigadziko zvikaendeswa.

Matambudziko makuru maviri akonzerwa nechibvumirano ichi. Kutanga, zvinhu zviviri izvi zvinoita kunge zvisingawirirane nematanho ane chekuita nekuchenesa, kunyanya nezve kusvibiswa kwemvura inodzika. Kazhinji, maAmerican havana kunetseka zvakanyanya. Chechipiri, hapana munhu akafunga nezvekuparadza kwePer uye Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances pamvura masisitimu.  

Muhurukuro yose yeBundestag yeFPAS yakasvibiswa kubva kuUnited States / NATO, hurumende yeGermany inotaura kuti haina "ruzivo rwakananga" pamusoro pokukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzisiri nzvimbo yavo, zvisinei, mvura yepasi uye mvura yakasvibiswa yakasvibiswa ne PFAS inogona kufamba makiromita akawanda kunze yezvigaro zveAmerica.