NaDavid Swanson
Mashoko ari murugare uye Justice Studies Association Conference muBirmingham, Alabama, Gumiguru 28, 2017.
Ndinokutendai nokundikoka. Ko munhu wose anofunga kuti hondo haimbofi, uye haigoni kuve, yakarurama fungidzira ruoko rwako. Ndatenda. Zvino kana iwe uchifunga kuti hondo yose inogara yakarurama. Ndatenda. Uye pakupedzisira vose vaongorori vanochengeta pasi rakanyatsonzwisisika pakati nepakati: dzimwe hondo dzakarurama. Ndatenda. Iwe haungashamisi kunzwa kuti kamuri iyi haisi yerimwe nyika ino. Chinhu chakanaka ndechekuti munhu wose aunganidze muboka iroro rekupedzisira.
Uhu huri pakati pe runyararo nehondo husajeka husanzwisiswi nehurumende yeUnited States pamwe chete nemiganhu yeiyo pakati pehupenyu nevakafa. Rugare uye hondo zvinhu izvo vanhu vanofungidzira vanogona kugara pamwe chete.
MuVirginia, kwandinogara, imwe nhengo yepachikoro yakambotaura kuti yaizotsigira kubvuma zuva rose rerugare chero bedzi pasina munhu akanzwisisa uye achifunga kuti aipikisa chero hondo.
MuWashington, DC, makore maviri apfuura ndakashanyira US Institute of Peace pamwe nevamwe varwiri verunyararo. Takasangana nevamwe vevanhu vepamusoro ipapo uye takavabvunza kana vaizobatana nesu muhondo dzinopokana. Mutungamiri wavo akandiudza kuti paive neimwe nzira inopfuura imwechete yekuenda kurunyararo. Ndakamubvunza kana imwe yeidzi nzira yaive kuburikidza nehondo. Akandikumbira kutsanangura hondo. Ndakati iyo hondo kwaive kushandisa kwemauto eUS kuuraya vanhu. Akataura kuti "mauto asiri ehondo" anogona kuva mhinduro. Ini ndinofunga ndinogona kunge ndakasiiwa nemazwi chete asiri emazwi panguva iyoyo mukutaurirana. Chikwata chisiri chehondo munhu akadzidziswa zvehondo, akashongedzerwa kurwa, anotumirwa kunzvimbo ingangorwiwa, uye anodaidzwa kuti "isiri-yehondo."
Hechino chirongwa chandinogona kushandisa yakawanda yekubatsira kubva kuRunyararo Zvidzidzo zvirongwa. Ini ndoda kunyengetedza veruzhinji kuti sarudzo inofanira kuitwa. Kune rimwe divi rugare, uye kune imwe hondo.
Ini ndinotenda isu tine akawanda mamodheru ekushandira kubva. Ini ndinotenda kuti kwete chete pamusangano wekudzidzisa kwehucheche asi kunyange munzvimbo yeruzhinji anenge munhu wese angasimudza ruoko kuti ataure kuti kushungurudzwa kwevana hakuna kumbobvumirwa uye hakugone kururamiswa. Uye vashoma kwazvo vaizofunga kushandisa kushungurudzwa kwevana senzira yekusvika pakurera zvine ruremekedzo. Kune zvimwe zvakawanda zvinhu izvo munhu anofanirwa kushanda kuti awane akavhura vadziviriri ve, zvinhu zvakaita sehuranda, dueling, kuyedzwa nedambudziko, kana Jeff Sessions. Uye kune zvinhu zvakashata izvo vanhu vazhinji vanotsigira kana kutambira: kuwanda kwevasungwa, kushandiswa kwemafuta, kuuraiwa kwemhuka, zvombo zvenyukireya, mari yeheji, United States Seneti - uye zvakadaro, kunyangwe naizvozvi, zano rekudzimisa rinonzwisiswa sekupokana zvachose kuenderera navo. Matanho akasarudzika akanaka uye anodikanwa, asi chirongwa chekuenda kune yakasvibirira-simba nyika nekupisa mafuta ese hainzwisisike sekunyatso kuve girosa zano - kwete nenzira iyo mamirioni avanhu anofungidzira kubhomba kuNorth Korea kana Iran ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekuita rugare neNorth Korea kana Iran.
Ehe hapana zvinhu zviviri zvakafanana, uye nharo idzo vanhu vazhinji vanotenda dzinotsigira hondo hadzi tsigire hutapwa kana kushandiswa kwemafuta emafuta kana kushungurudzwa kwevana. Asi, ndinotenda kuti zvizhinji zvinoita kuti hondo ive yakasarudzika inorema kuitira kuibvisa. Uye ndinotenda zvidzidzo zverunyararo zvinogona kuenda kure kure kunokurudzira vanhu kuti zvidziviriro zvehondo hazvimiriri.
I. Heino yekutanga poindi yandinotenda inosimbiswa nezvokwadi asi zvakashata mukuda kwekudzidza: Hondo inoisa njodzi kune avo vane zita ravo rinotyisidzirwa uye kurwirwa. Zviripachena kuti isu hatitange zviitiko zvemitambo nekutenda mauto ane zvombo nekutipinza mungozi, asi isu tinogona kunge tichinyanya kubata muchokwadi kana tikadaro. Ugandanga hwakafanotaurwa kuwedzera munguva yehondo yehugandanga (sekuyerwa neGlobal Terrorism Index). 99.5% yekurwiswa kwemagandanga kunoitika munyika dzakapindira muhondo uye / kana mukushungurudzwa senge kusungwa pasina kutongwa, kushungurudzwa, kana kuuraya zvisiri pamutemo. Iwo akakwira mwero wehugandanga ari mu "akasunungurwa" uye "akasununguka" Iraq neAfghanistan. Iwo mapoka emagandanga anokonzeresa hugandanga hwakanyanya (kureva kuti, husiri nyika, mhirizhonga ine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika) kutenderera pasirese vakura kubva muhondo dzeUS kurwisa hugandanga. Hondo idzodzi pachadzo dzakasiya akawanda vangori pamudyandigere vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeUS uye kunyangwe mashoma ehurumende yeUS mishumo inotsanangura mhirizhonga yemauto seisina maturo, sekugadzira vavengi vazhinji kupfuura vanourawa Chese chiito chemauto ikozvino chinoita senge chakatangwa nekoramu revanyori vekabineti, vamiriri, uye maseneta vachiimba "Hapana mhinduro yehondo. Hakuchina mhinduro yehondo, ”sezvavanoedza kugadzirisa zvekare rimwe dambudziko muchiuto. Mhirizhonga iyo vavengi vatsva vavanogadzira vanoita dzimwe nguva inoiita iri muchikamu chehugandanga. Zvakare kune iyo isiri-hugandanga (kureva kuti, isingaite nezvematongerwo enyika) kuuraya vanhu vazhinji izvo zvazove denda muUnited States iyo yakamisa mapurisa ayo, varaidzo yayo, hupfumi hwayo, uye tsika dzayo. Heano mamwe echokwadi kubva kubhuku rinoshamisa rinonzi iyo Peace Sciences Digest: “Kuendeswa kwemauto kune imwe nyika kunowedzera mukana wekurwiswa nemasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. Zvombo zvinotumirwa kunze kwenyika kune imwe nyika zvinowedzera mukana wekurwiswa kubva kumasangano anotyisa kubva munyika iyoyo. 95% yekurwisa kwemagandanga kunoitwa kukurudzira vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika kuti vasiye nyika yemagandanga. " Muchokwadi, ini handizive nezvekutyisidzira kwemamwe magandanga, kuyedza, kana chiito kurwisa United States, uko kwakataurwa kurudziro, uko kurudziro yacho kwaive chero chinhu kunze kwekushorwa neuto remauto eUS. Ini ndinofunga tinogona kugona kuchengetedza mhedziso nhatu.
1) Ugandanga hwekune dzimwe nyika muUnited States hunogona kubviswa zvachose nekuchengetedza uto reUnited States kubva kune imwe nyika iyo isiri United States.
2) Kana Canada kana imwe nyika ichida zvombo zvekutengesa zvingangobva kuunza maitiro anopesana nevatongi vechiCanada pamwero weUnited States kana kuti achitsvaga kutyisidzira kwehugandanga, zvinoda kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuputika kwebhomba, kubata, uye kuvakwa kwepasi nyika.
3) Pamuenzaniso wehondo pamusoro pehugandanga, hondo yezvinodhaka zvinowedzera zvinodhaka, uye hondo yeurombo inoratidzika kuwedzera urombo, tinenge tine njere yekufunga kuronga hondo kuhupenyu hwakanaka uye mufaro.
II. Heino nzvimbo yechipiri huru kwandinofunga kuti dzidzo inodiwa: Hatidi hondo kutidzivirira. Kupiwa huwandu hwevanhu, uye vanhu vane simba, uye vanhu vakaiswa zvakanaka vanotenda kuti isu do inoda hondo kuti itidzivirire, uye ndiani anoona kutumidzwazve kweDhipatimendi reHondo seDhipatimendi reDziviriro semubvunzo wekururama, zvakakodzera kutora kutenda uku zvakanyanya. Muchokwadi, ndinoda kuzvitora zvakanyanya kusimbirira kuti vatsigiri vayo vagadzire tsananguro dzinobudirira dzezviito zvinodzivirira uye zvinogumbura, uye zvekuzvidzivirira uye zvombo zvinogumbura, uye voita kubvisa mhando dzinogumbura kuve chinonyanya kukosha.
Kuunganidza mauto pamuganhu zviuru zvemamaira kubva kune yako nyika kuzvidzivirira kana kugumbura? Kana ichizvidzivirira, tinofanirwa here kukumbira kuti nyika dzese dzitange kugara uchichiita? Kurwisa nyika nomwe dzisina kurwisa yako kunogumbura here kana kudzivirira? Ndege yakagadzirirwa kunzvenga kuonekwa isati yadonhedza mabhomba enyukireya kana napalm yekuzvidzivirira? Kuisa makomboti padyo nenyika iri kure inovaona senzira yekuzvidzivirira kana ukaidaidza kuti “missile defense”? Arikupa ndege nendege nevarairidzi kuChina apo achivhara nekutyisidzira Japan kudzamara yazvidzivirira kana kugumbura? Inorwisa nharaunda umo vanhu vanoedza kubuda kubva munyika inodzivirira kana inosemesa? Kudonhedza chena phosphorus pavanhu nekuti mutongi wavo anonzi akashandisa zvombo zvemakemikari kuvanhu vake zvinogumbura kana kuzvidzivirira, kana kungogamuchirwa nekuti urikuuraya vanhu veumwe munhu? Kutanga kutanga kurwisa mumwe munhu asati akurwisa iwe kuzvidzivirira, kunogumbura, kana kuti zvinoenderana nekuti ndiani ari kuzviita - uye kana zvinoenderana nekuti ndiani ari kuzviita, munhu anowana sei mukana wakakosha?
Handifunge kuti unogona kutsanangura zvakajeka zviito zvese sekuzvidzivirira kana kugumbura kugutsikana kwemunhu wese, ndoda kumisa mapato ese kuzivisa chimiro chavo sevateereri vanozvidzivirira. Asi ini ndinofunga iwe unogona kuwana chibvumirano chakawandisa pane zvakakwana kuti uone makota matatu emashandisirwo emauto eU.S., uye chikamu chakakura kwazvo chekutengesa zvombo zveUS, sekushaya chinangwa chekuzvidzivirira, uye kushandira pane kuisa njodzi pane kuchengetedza. Ndingasanganisira pane irwo runyorwa: Kuvapo kwemauto eUS munyika 175, Mauto eUS “Anokosha” munyika 135, Hondo yeUS / Saudi muYemen, kudziya kweUS kuAfghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Libya, Somalia, neSyria, zvese zvombo zvenyukireya, vatakuri vese vendege, mota dzese dzisina kugadzirirwa kuchengetedza miganhu yeUS, vese veDhipatimendi reHurumende uye vashandi vePentagon vakashandisa kushambadzira zvombo zveUS kuhurumende dzekunze, uye zvese zvekutengesa zvombo zveUS (uye zvipo) kuhurumende dzekunze nevasiri varwi. Saka, kana mumwe munhu achitenda mukudzivirira kwemauto, hatidi nharo. Panzvimbo iyoyo isu tinokwanisa kushanda kuwedzera masoja eUS kudzoka nenzira yandinovimbisa kuti ichagadzira nhangemutange yemauto yakatenderedza pasirese, yoita kuti tigare takachengeteka, uye kuita kuti zvachose kubviswa kuite kunge kunoshamisa kune wese munhu kupfuura zvazvinoita ikozvino.
Ehezve isu hatisi kutora matanho akasarudzika ekumisikidza Dziviriro Dhipatimendi, nekuti mutsauko pakati pe "inodzivirira" ne "inogumbura" hondo mutsauko wekutaura uye kururamisa, kwete kwekuita. IUS inogadzirira uye inopinda mune dzinonzi "dzinozvidzivirira" hondo munzira iyo pasi risingazombofa rakararama, zvakatipoteredza kana zvemauto, kana kunyangwe nyika mbiri chete dzakazviita, uye nenzira isingazivikanwe kubva mukugadzirira hondo dzinogumbura. Nekudaro zvinove zvakakosha kucherechedza anodiwa madanho akasarudzika kubva muchiuto kwete sekumagumo mukati mavo kana nhanho kuenda kuhondo dziri nani, asi sematanho ekudzima
Pfungwa yekuti isu hatidi chaizvo imwe nhanho inonzwisisika yekudzivirira kwemauto inowedzerwa nezvidzidzo zvakaita saErica Chenoweth naMaria Stephan vachiratidza hukuru hwechiito chisiri chechisimba kune chisimba. Tariro yangu ndeyekuti zvakanyanya kuti vanhu vadzidze maturusi ekusaita zvechisimba uye simba ravo, ndipo pavanozotenda uye vasarudze kushandisa iro simba, iro rinozowedzera simba rekusaita zvechisimba mukutenderera kwakanaka. Pane imwe nguva ndinogona kufungidzira vanhu vachiseka nepfungwa yekuti humwe hudzvanyiriri hwekunze huri kuzopinda nekugara nyika kakapetwa kagumi kukura kwayo, izere nevanhu vakazvipira kusagadzikana kusagadzikana pamwe nevagari. Izvozvi, ndinoseka kazhinji apo vanhu vanonditumira email nekutyisidzira kuti kana ndikasatsigira hondo zvirinani kuti ndigadzirire kutanga kutaura North Korea kana yavanoti "mutauro weISIS." Kunze kwekusavapo kwemitauro iyi, pfungwa yekuti chero munhu achazotora mazana emamiriyoni mazana matatu emaAmerican kuti vadzidze chero mutauro wekunze, ndoda kuzviita nepfuti, zvinoita kuti ndicheme. Ini handigone kubatsira kufungidzira kuti ingave isina kusimba hondo yekuparadzira ingave dai vese maAmerican vaiziva mitauro yakawanda.
Runyararo Zvidzidzo, ini ndinofunga, rine basa rekutsiva kungori dzidziso yehondo nerunyararo runyararo. Haifanire kunge rakaoma basa. Maitiro ehondo chete anouya mumhando nhatu: dzisiri-dzesimba, zvisingaite, uye zvido.
Iwo Asiri-Empirical Criteria: Hondo chaiyo inofanirwa kuve nechinangwa chakarurama, chikonzero chakaringana, uye kuenzana. Asi izvi zvishandiso zvekutaura. Kana hurumende yako ikati kubhomba chivakwa uko ISIS inokanda mari kunopembedza kuuraya vanhu vanosvika makumi mashanu, hapana zvakabvumiranwa, nzira dzehunyanzvi dzekupindura Kwete, chete 50, kana chete 49, kana kusvika kuvanhu 6 vanogona kuurayiwa nenzira kwayo. Iko hakuna kilodometer kana mechiniki Madeleine Albright andinogona kupinha mukati nekushandisa kuyera huwandu hwemhondi dzinonzwisisika. Kuziva chinangwa chehurumende kuri kure nekureruka, uye kubatisisa chikonzero chakangofanana nekupedza uranda kuhondo hakuiti izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvehondo iyoyo. Uranda hunogona kupera nenzira dzakawanda, nepo pasina hondo yakamborwirwa nechikonzero chimwe chete. Uranda muBirmingham, Alabama, zvirokwazvo hauna kupera nehondo. Dai Myanmar yanga iine oiri yakawanda tingadai tichinzwa nezvekudzivirirwa kwerudzi sechikonzero chakarurama chekupinda nechisimba, uye pasina mubvunzo ichiwedzera, dambudziko.
Izvo Zvisingaitikanwi: Hondo yakarurama inofanirwa kuva yekupedzisira, iine tarisiro yakanaka yekubudirira, ramba usiri varwi vanodzivirira kurwisa, ruremekedza varwi vemauto sevanhu, uye vabata vasungwa vehondo sevasingaiti nharo. Hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinokwanisika. Kudaidza chimwe chinhu "kusarudzwa kwekupedzisira" ndeyechokwadi kungozviti ndeyo pfungwa yakanakisisa yaunayo, kwete iyo chete pfungwa yaunayo. Kune dzimwe nguva dzimwe pfungwa dzingave dzingafungidzirwa nemunhu. Nguva imwe neimwe yatinofanira kukurumidza kukuvadza Iran kana isu tose tichafa, uye isu hatiiti, uye isu hatiiti, kukurumidzira kwechipiri chinoda kupombera Iran inorasikirwa nechimwe chekuvhenekera kwayo uye zvisarudzo zvisingagumi zvemamwe Zvinhu zvekuita zvingava nyore nyore kuona. Kana hondo chaiyo yaiva iyo chete pfungwa yawakanga uine, iwe hausi kuzove nemafungiro ekupikisana, iwe unenge uchimhanyira Congress.
Zvakadini nekuremekedza munhu paanenge achiedza kumuuraya iye kana iye? Pane nzira dzakawanda dzokuremekedza munhu, asi hapana kana imwe chete inogona kuitika panguva imwechete nekuedza kuuraya munhu iyeye. Zvechokwadi, ndingadai ndakarongedza zvakanaka pasi pevanhu vanondiremekedza ini avo vaiedza kundiuraya. Yeuka kuti nharo yehondo chete yakatanga nevanhu vaitenda kuuraya mumwe munhu ari kuvabatsira. Vasingabatanidzi ndivo vazhinji vevanhu vanotambura muhondo dzemazuva ano, saka havagone kuchengetedzwa, asi havakwanisi kuvhara, saka vasungwa havakwanisi kurapwa sevasingaiti mhirizhonga pavanenge vasungwa.
Zvinorayirirwa neAmoral: Hondo hondo dzinofanirwa kuziviswa pachena uye dzichigadziriswa nevatongi vane kodzero uye vane kodzero. Izvi hazvisi zvinetso zvemitemo. Kunyangwe munyika umo taive nehutongi hwakakodzera uye hune simba, havazogadziri hondo zvakare kana zvishoma. Pane munhu anonyatsofananidzira mhuri yeYemen ichivanza kubva kunogara ichiita doro uye kuratidza kuonga kuti drone yakatumirwa kwavari nemasimba ane kodzero? Pane pane zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvakadaro here?
Asi chikonzero chikuru chekuti hapana hondo inogona kuve yakarurama kwete kuti hapana hondo inogona kusangana nemitoo yose yehondo yehondo chete, asi kuti hondo haisi kungoitika, iyo inzvimbo.
III. Ichi chidzidzo chechitatu chandinofunga chinofanira kudzidziswa zvakawandisa. Hondo inotakura mukwende wakawanda, uye zvese zvinofanirwa kubhadharwa. Vamwe vanhu vanotenda kuti dzimwe hondo dzingave dzakanaka havagone kuziva chero chadzo kupfuura hondo dzavanoshuvira kuti dziitike izvo zvisina, kunyanya muRwanda. Vamwe vanogona kuziva mashoma ehondo dzichangoburwa dzavanofunga kuti dzakakodzera. Asi vanhu vazhinji muUnited States vari kuda kubvuma kuti hondo zhinji hadzina kururamiswa, kazhinji kusanganisira hondo dzese dzemakumi matatu nezvina apfuura ezana ramakore. Asi, vanhu vazhinji vakadaro (kazhinji vasingazive nehafu yehondo gumi nembiri dziri kuitika, uye vasina kuumba mhedzisiro nezvekururamisa kwavo) vanosimbirira kuti panogona kuve nehondo inodikanwa chero miniti, kana nekukurumidza apo mutungamiriri kubva kubato ravanoda ari muWhite. House, uye Hondo Yenyika II, Hondo yeVanhu vemuUS, neAmerican Revolution zvakaruramiswa. Ini ndanyora pakureba uye ndikazvitaura ndisingafeme kuti nei iwo maenzaniso asingamire, asi ngatimbobvumai nekuda kwekukakavara kwavanoita. Sarudzo kubva panguva yakasarudzika inogona kururamisa hondo izvozvi, gore rino uye rinotevera gore uye gore rinotevera?
Kana mukwikwidzi wenyaya yehondo chete aizooneka vhiki rinouya, hezvino izvo zvaizofanira kuita kuti uve akarurama. Kutanga, yaizofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakakwana kuti neimwe nzira iverenge seyambiro inodzivirirwa pachayo pachayo. Chechipiri, zvaizofanira kukunda kukuvara kwese kwakaitwa, ngatitii, makore makumi manomwe nemaviri ehondo dzisina kurongeka dzaisazoitika asi kwekuchengetedza nzvimbo yehondo. Chechitatu, zvaizofanira kuita zvakanakisa sekukunda makore makumi manomwe nemaviri ekushandisa pachiyero chakauraya vanhu vazhinji kupfuura makore makumi manomwe nemaviri ehondo. Hurumende yeUS inoshandisa inenge $ 72 trillion kuhondo nekugadzirira zvehondo gore rega, nepo $ 72 bhiriyoni pagore inogona kupedza nzara, uye $ 72 bhiriyoni inogona kupedza kushomeka kwemvura yekunwa yakachena pasirese. Chechina, iyi inoshamisa chishamiso hondo yaizofanira kukunda makore makumi manomwe nemaviri ekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo nemutungamiriri anotyisa wepasi nemamiriro ekunze. (Chokwadi chekuti mauto eUS ndeekuti pamusoro muparadzi wezvakatipoteredza anodawo kuti azivikanwe zviri nani uye anzwisiswe.) Chechishanu, kuti hondo inyatso kuyera sezviri kungoda kuwedzera kukuvara kunoitwa nehondo kutonga kwemutemo . Hondo haisi pamutemo pasi peKellogg-Briand Pact, uye hondo dzese dzazvino hadzisi pamutemo zvakare pasi peUN Charter. Hutsinye hwakawanda mukati mehondo zvakare zvisiri pamutemo. Kubiridzira kwakazvipira kutanga hondo hakutenderwe. Uye zvechokwadi tinorasikirwa nekodzero dzepamutemo sevagari, vanopomerwa, uye vanoita zvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nehondo yega yega.
Chimwe chinosemesa chekupedzisira-dhiza rekuyedza kuisa chimwe chinhu parutivi rwakanaka rwechiyero cheiyo nzvimbo yehondo ndeyekuti hondo inobatsira mune zvehupfumi, zvirinani kune iwo marudzi anorwira hondo kure nekumba. Yunivhesiti yeMassachusetts - Amherst zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti kumwe kushandisa uye kunyange kuderedzwa kwemitero kwevanhu vanoshanda kune hupfumi hunodiwa muhondo kwave kwakakosha. Saka tine zvidzidzo zvakasiyana siyana zvinotizivisa nezvekuti vanhu vanoziva zvakadii nezinga remashandisirwo ehondo (zvishoma kwazvo) uye nezvavanoda kuita kana vaziviswa, semuenzaniso, nezve iyo US federal bhajeti inotaridzika (vanoda kufambisa zvakawanda kubva mauto).
Iko hakuna kwakakosha kukwira kuhondo. Vanotsvaga mafaro vanogona kuvawana mune zvisiri zvekuita. Ushingi hunogona kudzidziswa kupokana nekukura kuri kuitika kwemoto nemadutu - kunyangwe kufarirwa kwepfuti kumahombekombe hakusi izvo zvandinazvo mupfungwa, uye ndizvo, ndinofunga, chiratidzo chekupenga kwehondo. Vechidiki vakabatsira kukura nekukura nekupopoterwa nekurangwa muchiuto kazhinji kazhinji vanga vari nani nevabereki vane rudo kana vakazvipira kana shamwari. Hondo haidiwe. Tinogona kuzvisiyira kumasvosve, ayo ari nani pachiri. Tiri nani pasina iyo. Isu tinogona kunyatsorega kushora chinhu se "isiri hondo inodikanwa." Hapana munhu anopomera chero munhu a kwete-zvakafanira kubata kana chikafu-kutambudza yekusarudza kana an zvisiri pamutemo kubata. Hapana anofanirwa anodiwa nekuda kwezvakaipa izvi, kana nokuda kweipi yakaipisisa yevose: hondo.
Asi isu tinotsiva chii hondo? Ndine mhinduro nhatu, zvishoma nezvishoma zvishoma nezvishoma.
1) Chii chatinotsiva kuponda kana kubata chibharo kana kupisa kana kupamba pamwe chete? Hapana. Tinongomira kuita zvimhosva. Chii chinofanira kuitwa nehurumende yeUnited States panzvimbo yekurwisa Afghanistan? Kwete kurwisa Afghanistan.
2) Tinotsiva hondo nekutaura. Jimmy Carter uyo akabudirira kutaurirana neNorth Korea anotaura kutaurirana neNorth Korea. Mikhail Gorbachev uyo akabudirira kutaurirana naRonald Reagan anoratidza kuti Trump naPutin vanozviedza. Hurumende yeA Afghanistan inotanga makore emakore ekutanga eHNUMX ehondo yakasununguka kutaura pamusoro pekudzoswa kwaAsama bin bin Laden kune rumwe rudzi rwechitatu kuzotongwa pane chero mhosva dzaanomupomera.
3) Isu tinotora chinzvimbo chehondo neatsva uye akavandudzwa masosi erunyararo ayo anofambidzana kubatana, rubatsiro, kudyidzana, demokrasi, uye mutemo wemutemo. Panzvimbo ya World Beyond War, Ini nguva pfupi yadarika ndakatumira mukwikwidzi wakagadzirwa neHungary -Sweden bhiridha dhizaini yehurongwa huri nani hwehurumende yenyika. Kana tangotadza kuhwina miriyoni yemadhora (uye nekuchengetedza nyika) isu tinobva tashambadza chikumbiro chedu. Asi isu takatoburitsa bhuku rakadanwa A Global Security System iyo inoratidza ramangwana risina hurongwa hwehondo uye hupfumi hwehondo. Mukuronga kwese kwakadai tinogona kutora basa reRunyararo Zvidzidzo kutizivisa isu kuti ndeapi marudzi ezvirango ave achibatsira uye anokuvadza, uye ndedzipi mhando dzehurumende dzinonyatsorwisa hondo. Panzvimbo pekurwisa Afghanistan, hurumende yeUS ingadai yakapa humbowo kupokana neavo vaipomera uye vakatsvaga kudzoserwa, vakapa rubatsiro kuAfghanistan, vakavaka zvikoro muAfghanistan - sezvakakurudzirwa naShirin Ebadi - mumwe nemumwe akatumidzwa munhu akabatwa 9/11, akabvisa mauto ayo kubva Middle East neAsia, vakabatana neInternational Criminal Court, vakasundira kubvisa veto simba kuUnited Nations, vakadzvinyirira George W. Bush, vakavhura nhaurirano dzekurambidza zvombo zvenyukireya pasi rose, kubvisa CIA, kudzorera ivhu rakabiwa kuGuantanamo ku nyika yeCuba uye yakapedza blockade yayo, yakawedzera simba regirini pane kushandisa mari nehafu-trillion emadhora pagore, uye yakavimbisa kuti haizombofi yakaumba chero masangano ane izwi rekuti "Homeland" mumazita avo.
Kurapa hondo sesangano kunoita kuti iite senge yakakura uye inotyisa, asi zvakare zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika kuumba mamiriro umo hondo dzisingaitike. Izvo zvakatonyanya kuomarara nematsotsi ega ega. Mangwana gakava hombe rinogona kumuka pakati peCosta Rica neIceland, asi ivo vanenge vane chokwadi chekugadzirisa pasina hondo, kunyanya nekuti vaifanirwa kugadzira mauto vasati varwisane.
IV. Nzvimbo yechina hombe iyo yandinofunga Peace Studies inogona kubatsira kupedza hondo iri kuburikidza nekufambira mberi kweRunyararo Nhoroondo, Runyararo Rwekushambadzira, uye Runyararo Kudzidziswa Mukurwisa Propaganda. Ndinoona kuti tinosangana nezvipingamupinyi pano kunze kwekushaya ruzivo rwakakwana uye rwakanyatso fungidzirwa. Ndinoyeuka apo vatendi muzvombo zvekuparadza kukuru muIraq vakaratidzwa humbowo kune izvo zvinopesana uye nekudaro vakatenda muzvombo zvakanyanya. Uye, nenzira, iwe kazhinji haufanire, kunyengetedza, vanhu vanodavira materevhizheni avo kuti chokwadi chavo hachisi chokwadi. Unogona kusarudza kutanga hurukuro yakasarudzika, sekubvunza kuti nyika dzese dzine zvombo zvekuparadza dzinofanira kuparadzwa zvachose, kana kubvunza kana iyo CIA yaive isiri iyo payakaratidza kuti nzira yakanakisa yekuita kuti Iraq ishandise zvombo kuve kurwisa Iraq. Ini ndinorangarirawo apo veruzhinji veUS vakapikisa zvine simba kurwisa Siria mu2013 kungorasa zvachose pfungwa dzayo gore rinotevera payakaona kana kunzwa nezve zvinotyisa mavhidhiyo eSIS. Kutya hakuwanzo kukunda nenzira dzechokwadi kana mamiriro - senge chokwadi chekuti vana vane pfuti njodzi huru muUnited States kupfuura ISIS. Asi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, chokwadi chine basa, kuongororwa kunobatsira kune basa, uye kuchinja hurukuro yacho kune isina kugadziridzwa nemabheti anonzwika pane anonyanya kushambadzira emakambani-enhau midhiya.
Ini handina chokwadi chekuti, kazhinji, kunyangwe isina kunyorwa zvisina tsarukano, danho redzidzo yemumwe munhu zvinoita kuti mumwe angangopikisa zvehondo. Asi zvinoita sekunge zvirizvo zvekuti kazhinji munhu anoziva nezvenyika, mamiriro, uye huwandu hwesarudzo ndipo paanonyanya kufarira rugare. Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakawana kugona kwevanhu kunyatso tsvaga nyika pasirese kuti ive inopesana zvakaenzana nechishuwo chavo chekuona hurumende yeUS bhomba nyika iyoyo. Vanhuwo zvavo uye kunyangwe nhengo dzeCongress, pavanokurudzirwa, vakaratidza kutenda kwavo mukuda kwekubhomba nyika dzakasiyana siyana nemazita anosetsa asipo. Pasina kupokana vanhu vaisazobata dzidziso idzodzo dzisingakuvadzi dai vaiziva mazita emarudzi epasi. Ini ndinodawo kubheja, kunyangwe ini ndisina humbowo nezvazvo, kuti kuda kweAmerican kuzivisa United States "nyika hurusa pasi pano" kunoenderana neyakaenzana nguva yaakashandisa kunze kweUnited. States kana mabheseni ayo emauto. Uyezve pane chidzidzo chandakaverenga nezvacho mu Peace Sciences Digest izvo zvakaona kuti vanhu vari kunyanya kuda kupokana nehondo kana vakaudzwa kune dzimwe nzira, asi kuti kana vasina kuudzwa kuti variko kana kuti hapana dzimwe nzira saka ivo vanongotsigira hondo sekunge vakaudzwa kuti hakuna dzimwe nzira. Vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti, zvinopesana nepfungwa uye zvakaitika zvekare, vanhu vazhinji vanongofungidzira kuti hurumende yeUS yakatopedza dzimwe nzira dzese isati yatanga chero hondo. Izvi, zvinoita senge kwandiri, zvinogona kuverengerwa munzira nhatu. Kutanga, nekugadzira iyo nzwisiso yekuti kune ZVINOGONA dzimwe nzira. Chechipiri, nekunongedzera dzimwe nzira dzazvino. Uye chechitatu, nekudzokorora runyararo nhoroondo - kutora runyararo nhoroondo kusanganisira antiwar nhoroondo.
Ini handifunge kuti mazhinji mabhuku ezvinyorwa muzvikoro zveUS anongedzera muenzaniso unotevera:
- Spain yaida nyaya yacho Maine kuenda kumhirizhonga dzenyika dzakawanda, asi hondo yeUnited States inosarudzwa.
- Mexico yakanga yakagadzirira kutaurirana kutengeswa kwehafu yekumusoro isina hondo.
- Rugare rwevashandi vanokurudzira vaBritain neAmerica kuti vataurirane kuti vatakure vaJudha kubva muGermany, asi Winston Churchill naAnthony Eden vakapindura kuti zvaizova zvakanyanya kuvhiringidza apo vaida kuisa pfungwa pahondo.
- ISoviet Union yakarongedza hukama hwekugadzirira hondo yeKorea.
- IUnited States yakaramba runyararo runyararo rweVietnam kubva kune veVietnamese, veSoviet, neveFrance, kusanganisira kuburikidza naRichard Nixon vachidzivirira pachivande chibvumirano cherugare musati rasarudzwa kwekutanga.
- Hondo yekutanga Gulf War, hurumende yeIraq yakanga yakagadzirira kutaurirana kubva kuKaititi, sezvo Mambo weJordan, Papa, Mutungamiri weFrance, Mutungamiri weSoviet Union, nevamwe vazhinji vakakurudzira kugadzirisa rugare.
- Asati Ashamiswa uye Kutya, mutungamiri weUnited States akanga ari concocting cockamamie zvirongwa zvekuita hondo yakatanga; hurumende yeIraq yakanga yasvika kuCIA yaVincent Cannistrato kuti ipe kuti mauto eUnited States atsvake nyika yose; hurumende yeIraq yakanga yatumirwa kuti iite sarudzo dzekuongorora nyika pasi pemakore maviri; hurumende yeIraq yakanga yapa mukuru weBush Richard Perle kuti azarurire nyika yose kuti aongororwe, kuti ape mumiririri mu 1993 World Trade Center bhomba, kuti abatsire kurwisana nehugandanga, uye kufarira makambani eUnited States; uye mutungamiri weIraq akanga ataura, munhoroondo iyo mutungamiriri weSpain aipiwa nemutungamiri weUnited States, kuti abve muIraq kana aigona kuchengeta $ 1 bhiriyoni.
- Muna Kurume 2011 African Union yaive nehurongwa hwerunyararo muLibya asi yakadzivirirwa neNATO, kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwe "no fly zone" uye kutanga kwebhomba, kuenda kuLibya kunokurukura nezvazvo. Muna Kubvumbi, African Union yakakwanisa kukurukura nezvehurongwa hwayo naGhadafi, uye iye akarondedzerwa chibvumirano chake. IAmerica inofanirwa hondo.
- Hurumende yeUnited States ine akapedza makore kusanganisa UN kuedza kuita rugare muSiria, uye vakadzingwa kubva murugare runyararo rweRussia rweSiriya mu2012.
Iyo poindi yeiyi mishoma yemienzaniso, iyo inogona kuwanda, ndeyekuti, sekungofanana nerusarura runofanira kunyatsodzidziswa, hondo inofanirwa kunyatsogadzirwa uye rugare runyatso chengetedzwa chero zvodii. Hondo haisi kungoitika zvakasarudzika kubva mukuda kwayo, kunyangwe izvo zvinotyisidzira uye kuvaka uye mapundu akakanganisika uye masystem eradar anogona kuzviisa panjodzi yekuita kuti ive nemukana. Vanhu vazhinji havapindiri muhondo vasina mamiriro ekunyanyisa, uye vanhu vazhinji vanotambura zvakanyanya kubva pakuita kudaro. Iyi poindi inosimbiswa zvakanyanya nebasa raDouglas Fry nevamwe vanonyora hupo huripo hwevanhu kuburikidza nenhoroondo uye prehistory isina hondo. Tenda kana kwete, kunyangwe tichiyemura zvikuru hunyanzvi, vanhu vazhinji vanongoramba kuve chikamu chechinhu chero (kunyangwe vachirarama vasina hondo) kunze kwekunge zvamboitwa kare. Nekudaro, kuzivisa vanhu kuti zvakamboitwa zvisati zvaitwa basa rakakura.
Kudzidza Rugare kunosanganisira kuisa zvidzidzo mukunyatsoona, pakuziva nzira dzinowirirana dzenhema, uye pakuverenga kuverenga kwemashoko.
Simudza ruoko rwako: ndiani angandiudze danho rakabudirira kwazvo rakatorwa kutora chirongwa chenyukireya cheIran?
Chibvumirano chenyukireya cheUS-Iran? Kwete. Mhinduro chaiyo ndeye mutemo we2005 wakanangana nezvombo zvenyukireya nemutungamiriri wechitendero weIran, kana nemamwe mazwi chokwadi kuti Iran haina muna 2015 chirongwa chezvombo zvenyukireya, kana kuzviita muna 2007 sekureva kweUS "National Intelligence Estimate." Uye hazvina kumboitika, sekutaura kwaGareth Porter nevamwe. Ehe chibvumirano chiri nani kupfuura chehondo, asi kutenda zvese zvirevo zvevatsigiri vechibvumirano zvinogona kunge zvisina basa, uye uchifungidzira kuti rimwe bato rezvematongerwo enyika rine huwori rinofanirwa kuve rakarurama zana% kana rimwe bato rezvematongerwo enyika rakashata rakanganisa rinovimbisa njodzi.
Isu tinofanirwa kudzidziswa mukudzivisa kuita madhimoni emapoka evanhu uye kuzivikanwa kwemapoka evanhu vane vanhu vasina dhimoni. Tinoda kuita tsika yekusiyanisa vanhu kubva kune vanodziya vakuru, kunze kwenyika uye kumba. Tinofanira kuramba kuzviratidza isu nemauto. Kunyangwe murwiri werunyararo akapikisa hondo ndokuenda kujeri kuyedza kuimisa achapopota achiti "Isu tangodonhedza mabhomba." Kwete, hatina. Mauto eUS akadaro. Ehezve vasiri-mutero-resisters vanobva vazivisa zvavo mutoro wavo wekutaura nezve Pentagon mumunhu wekutanga nekuti vanobhadhara mutero kana kungoti vanogara muUnited States. Asi ivo vanobhadhara mitero yemuno uye vanotaura kuhurumende yavo yemunharaunda sehurumende yavo yemunharaunda, kwete se "isu." Ivo vanobhadhara mitero yenyika uye vanotaura kuhurumende yavo yenyika sehurumende yenyika yavo. Uye kana hurumende yemubatanidzwa ikabhadhara kubhengi kana kubvisa mutero wemba kana kuramba vanhu hutano hazviwanzo kuita mumunhu wekutanga. Hapana anoti "Takangobvisa kufukidzwa kwehutano hwangu." Munhu wekutanga anoshandiswa zvinoitwa nehurumende kune vamwe vanhu. Munhu wekutanga anoperekedza mauto nemureza unofanirwa kunamatwa, inova isiri yemuno, nyika, kana mureza wepasi, kana mureza werunyararo.
Ongororo dzinoona kuti vanhu vazhinji muUnited States vanokoshesa US inorarama zvikuru kwazvo kupfuura iyo inokoshesa imwe 96% yevanhu. Tinofanira kudzidza kudzivisa unzenza hweiyo, kuita izvo zvinonzi humanizing kune vazhinji vevanhu, uye kudzidza kuti ndiani iye anotambura mune zvatinonzi hondo asi zvinogona kunge zvakadana kudana vanhu vakaurayiwa. Ralph Peters akanyora mune New York Post kuti zvakakosha kuuraya mamiriyoni eNorth Korea kunoponesa hupenyu hweUSSX US.
Tinofanira kudzidza kuti tive vatongi vakachenjera vezviti hondo dzinogona kubatsira, kubatsira, hupo. Panofanira kunge kune hondo yevanhu inobatsira vanhu. Mitsva yemikana yokuti mikana yekubudirira kwakadaro yave isisipo kana kuti ichiri pamberi pedu inofanira kubatwa nekutenda kwavanofanirwa.
Tinofanira kudzidza kudzivisa kuparadzirwa kwemasimba uye pfungwa isina kusimba asi ine ngozi kuti kupikisana nehondo ndiko kwakaenzana nekutsigira rumwe rutivi rwehondo. Ndinoda kuverenga pano ndima shomanana kubva mubhuku rangu Hondo Ndicho Nhema:
“Sachigaro wekomiti inoona nezvezvivakwa zvemumba kubva 2007 kusvika 2010 aive David Obey (D-WI). Amai vemurwi vachitumirwa kuIraq kechitatu uye vachirambidzwa rubatsiro rwekurapwa pavakamukumbira kuti arege kupa mari muhondo muna2007 nemutero we'kuwedzera ', Congressman Obey akamupopotera (uye vhidhiyo yeYouTube yekuchema akaita nhau kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu), achiti pakati pezvimwe zvinhu: 'Tiri kuyedza kushandisa iyo yekuwedzera kupedza hondo, asi haugone kupedza hondo nekupokana neyakawedzera. Inguva yekuti vakasununguka ava vanonzwisisa izvo. Pane musiyano mukuru pakati pekubhadhara mauto nekupedza hondo. Ini handisi kuzoramba nhumbi dzomuviri. Handisi kuzoramba mari yezvipatara zvevarwi, zvipatara zvekudzivirira, saka unogona kubatsira vanhu vane matambudziko ekurapa, ndizvo zvaunozoita kana uchipesana nemutemo. ' Congress yakabhadhara mari kuIraq kwemakore isina kupa mauto nhumbi dzakakwana dzomuviri. Asi mari yezvombo zvemuviri zvino yaive mubhiri rekurebesa hondo. Uye mari yekuchengetwa kweveterans, iyo ingadai yakapihwa mune rakasiyana bhiri, yakaiswa mune ino. Sei? Zvakananga kuitira kuti vanhu vakaita saKuteerera vagone kutaura zviri nyore kuti mari yehondo yaive yekubatsira mauto. Ehezve kuchiri iko kujekesa kuchinjika kwechokwadi kutaura kuti haugone kupedza hondo nekurega kuibhadhara. Uye kana mauto akauya kumba, aisazoda zvombo zvemuviri, [kanenge kunze kweLas Vegas neOrlando uye chero kunotevera]. Asi Kuteerera kwaive kwakanyatsopinza mukati anopenga propaganda yekusimudzira kwehondo. Iye airatidzika kunge achitenda chaizvo kuti nzira chete yekupedza hondo yaive yekupasisa bhiri kuti riibhadhare asi kuisa mubhajeti zvimwe zvidiki uye zvekunyepedzera kurwisa kwehondo. Musi waChikunguru 15, 27, atadza kwemamwe makore matatu nehafu kupedza hondo nekuvapa mari, Teerera wakaunzira kuImba pasi pasi bhiri rekubhadhara kuwedzera kwehondo kuAfghanistan, kunyanya kutumira makumi matatu emamwe mauto pamwe nemakontrakta anoenderana neiyo gehena. Kuteerera kwakazivisa kuti hana yake yaimuudza kuti avhote kwete pabhiri nekuti raive bhiri raizongobatsira kutora vanhu vanoda kurwisa maAmerican. Kune rimwe divi, Obey akati, raive basa rake sachigaro wekomiti (sezviri pachena basa rakakwirira kudarika iro kuhana yake) kuunza bhiri pasi. Kunyangwe zvaizokurudzira kurwiswa kwemaAmerican? Hakusi kumukira here uku? Teerera wakataura uchipesana nemutemo waanga achiunza pasi. Kuziva kuti kwaizopfuura zvakachengeteka, akavhota achipokana nazvo. Mumwe angafungidzira, nemamwe makore mashoma ekumuka, David Obey achisvika padanho rekuyedza kumisa mari yehondo yaanopokana, '' kunze kwekunge Obey akange atozivisa hurongwa hwake hwekurega basa pakupera kwa2010. kuCongress pamashoko akakosha ehunyengeri nekuti manyepo ehondo, mazhinji acho nezvemauto, akanyengetedza veparamende kuti vanogona kuva 'vatsoropodzi' uye 'vanopikisa' hondo vachiripa mari. "
Chimwe chinhuzve Zvidzidzo zveRunyararo zvinogona kutibatsira nazvo kufunga izvo chaizvo zvinokurudzira zvehondo izvo zvakahwanda kuseri kwevese venhema. Handisati ndambowana hondo ine kurudziro imwe chete, asi zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvakajairika. Kufadza izvo isu euphemistically zvatinodaidza kuti vanopa mushandirapamwe vanopa ndeimwe, kufadza vezvenhau imwe, kufadza vamwe vavhoti imwezve, uye kufadza zvisirizvo zvishuwo zvevanodziya chimwe chezvakakura kupfuura zvese. Mapepa ePentagon akaburitsa pachena kuti Pentagon yaifunga 70% yechikonzero chekuramba ichiuraya vanhu muVietnam kwaive kuchengetedza chiso. Kazhinji zvikonzero zvehondo zvinouraya mamirioni zvakada kufanana nezvikonzero zvekushusha mukoridho yechikoro iyo inotyisa mwana mumwe (izvo zvinogona kunge zviri izvo zvine musoro kuti makirabhu anodzivirira kuzvidaidza iwo makirabhu erunyararo, asi ini ndinoshuva kuti vangangopokana nehondo) . Asi zvimwe, zvakanyanya kusimba (kana dzimwe nguva mvura) zvikonzero zvehondo zviripo. Zvekare ndinotora kubva Peace Sciences Digest: “Nyika dzinotenga oiri dzine mukana wakapetwa kazana kupindira muhondo dzevagari vemunyika dzinotengesa mafuta. Iyo yakawanda mafuta inogadzirwa kana ndeyenyika, inowedzera mukana wechitatu-bato kupindira. Oiri chinhu chinokurudzira kupindira kwemauto muhondo dzevagari vemo. ”
Asi tinowana sei nhoroondo dzakatendeseka uye dzakarurama dzekukurudzira kana chimwe cheimwe chinhu? Neyo internet vachititaurira zvinhu zvose uye zvakasiyana, tinowana sei mashoko akanaka? Mazano angu epamusoro e10 ndeaya:
- Verenga mamwe mabhuku kupfuura zvinyorwa.
- Dzivisa kubvumira Facebook kana Google kusarudza kuti ndeipi nhau kwauri.
- Dhidzai zvinyorwa zvenyu zvemashoko, uye verenga nyaya pamusoro penyika yenyu inouya kubva kunze kwenyika yenyu.
- Funga nezvevanhu vakachenjera vamunovimba vanotenda.
- Verenga mawebhusayithi anotora zvinyorwa pane nyaya dzinokufarira.
- Usaverenge nezve vhidhiyo, tarisa vhidhiyo; uye usaverenge nezve chirevo kana chirevo kana tweet, verenga chirevo kana chirevo kana tweet.
- Verenga chete zvaunofunga kuti nyaya dzakakosha, kana kuti hazvisi nyaya dzakakurumbira uye dzakakurumbira.
- Bvunza zvose, kunyanya zvinofungidzirwa kunze kwekusimbiswa.
- Tenda izvo zvakanyatsoratidzwa zvakanyorwa, kwete izvo zviri pakati nepakati pezvakawanda zvezvitauriri.
- Iva wakagadzirira kuramba uine kusahadzika, uye unoda kutenda zvinhu zvinotyisa kana zvichiratidzwa.
V. Nzvimbo yechishanu uye yekupedzisira iyo yandinofunga Peace Studies inogona kubatsira kupedza hondo iri mukugadzirisa nzvimbo isingaone munzvimbo dzevadzidzi nekunongedzera kuti, nepo nyika zhinji dzichigadzira zvombo nehondo, nyika inotungamira inodziya uye mutengesi wezvombo ihurumende yeUnited States.
Pane chikonzero icho nyika dzakawanda dzakaongororwa muna December 2013 neGallup dziti United States ndiyo ngozi huru kune rugare munyika yose, uye nei Pew akawanikwa iyo maonero akawedzera mu 2017. Asi ndicho chikonzero chinonzwisisika icho chinetso cheUnited Academia chinotanga kurondedzera hondo sechinhu icho marudzi nemapoka kunze kweUnited States vanoita, uye zvino anopedzisa kuti hondo yava kuda kuparara kubva pasi.
Kubva Hondo Yenyika II, mukati menguva yegoridhe inofungidzirwa yerunyararo, mauto eUnited States akauraya kana kubatsira kuuraya vanhu vangangoita mamirioni makumi maviri, akakunda hurumende dzinosvika makumi matatu neshanu, akapindira musarudzo dzinosvika makumi masere nemasere, akaedza kuuraya vatungamiriri vekunze makumi mashanu, uye akadonhedza mabhomba kuvanhu mune dzinopfuura makumi matatu nyika. Hurumende yeUS inopa rubatsiro rwemauto ku20% yehudzvanyiriri hwenyika. Hondo dzinowanzove nezvombo zveUS kumativi ese.
Mukubatana nekudzidza kubuda kunze kwerudzi, tinoda kuwedzera izvo zvandinoti Pinkerism, kunyange chiri chinhu chinowanikwa munaSteven Pinker, Jared Diamond, Daniel Goldhagen, Ian Morris, nevamwe vazhinji, vazhinji.
Kutaura kuti hondo iri kuparara ndeimwe pfungwa. Kuti abvise kupisa kwezvakaitwa naDkt King Mambo mukurumbira mukuru pane zvechisimba pasi pano, hurumende yeUnited States, imwewo.
Hondo iyoyo iri kunyangarika haina chokwadi, uye zvirokwazvo yakanyanyisa. Tichitarisa madzinza akapfuura enhoroondo chete kumashure kuna 14,000 BCE, sezvinoita Pinker, anosuwa hupenyu hwakawanda hwevanhu, anoisa dudziro ine gakava pane zvakaitwa nemadzinza ekutanga, uye anotenderera zviverengero nekuyera vakaurayiwa zvine hukama neavo vari munzvimbo iripedyo vachiri kuyera zvichangoburwa. kufa kwehondo kurwisa huwandu hukuru hwenyika dziri kure dzeumambo, uye nepo zvichisanganisira kunonoka kufa kubva kune chepfu, kukuvara, hurombo, uye kuzviuraya - uye, zveshuwa, kusabatanidza kufa nenzara uye hosha dzehosha dzinogadzirwa nehondo, uye zviri pachena kwete kufunga nezve hupenyu ingadai yakaponeswa nemari irikuparadzwa pahondo.
Kunyepedzera kuti United States haisi iyo inotungamira inogadzira hondo pasi pano, iyo hondo kana kuuraya rudzi chimwe chinhu chinomuka kumwe kunhu uye chinofanira kugadziriswa neasina-Hondo yehondo yeUS ndeyechokwadi nhema. Hondo, mumaonero aPinker, dzinobva munyika dzine hurombo uye dzechiMuslim. Pinker inoratidza kusaziva kuti nyika dzakapfuma dzinopa mari uye vadzvanyiriri vemaoko munyika dzine hurombo, kuti nyika idzi hadzichazogadziri zvombo kupfuura izvo maChinese akarima opiamu yavo kana maNative America vakazvigadzirira doro ravo.
Pinker anopomera mwero wakakura wekufa mune izvo zvinodaidzwa neVietnamese Hondo yeAmerica pakuda kwevaVietnamese kufa vazhinji kwete kuzvipira, sezvaanofunga kuti vanofanirwa kuve nazvo. Neimwe nzira vamwe vekuSoviet 'kuda kukuru kufa vachirwisa maNazi hazvirevi kutaurwa.
Hondo yeUnited States muIraq yakaguma, muna Pinker maonero, apo Mutungamiri George W. Bush akazivisa "basa rakapedzerwa," kubva panguva iyo yave hondo yehurumende, uye naizvozvo zvikonzero zvehondo iyoyo yehurumende zvinogona kuongororwa maererano nekukanganisa kwe Irak society. "Ndakatambudzika kwazvo," Pinker inonyunyuta, "kuisa rusununguko rwehurumende kune dzimwe nyika dziri munyika dzichiri kusimukira dzisina kutenda mashura, varwi vehondo, uye madzinza." Zvechokwadi zvinogona kuva, asi chii chiripo uchapupu hwokuti Hurumende yeUnited States yave ichiedza? Kana kuti uchapupu hwokuti United States ine rusununguko rwakadaro pachedu? Kana kuti United States ine kodzero yekuisa zvido zvayo pane imwe nyika?
Mushure mekufamba kwese kwetsoka tichiverenga nzira yedu yerunyararo, tinotarisa kumusoro uye toona hondo ichiuraya 5% yevagari veIraq mumakore achangotevera Kurume 2003, kana pamwe 9% vachiverenga yapfuura hondo nezvirango, kana angangoita 10% pakati pa1990 na nhasi. Uye zvakanyanya kuuraya Hondo dzinotsigirwa neUS maererano nenhamba dzese munzvimbo dzakadai seCongo. Uye hondo yakagadziriswa. Vanhu vazhinji havagone kuvatumidza vese, ndoda kukuudza kuti nei vachifanira kuenderera mberi.
Runyararo Zvidzidzo zvinofanirwa kuita kuti hondo ionekwe. Nhanho yekutanga, vakapindwa muropa vanoti, kuziva kuti une dambudziko. Ini ndinofunga kukosha kwezvidzidzo zverunyararo hakuna muganho mukusvitsa vechidiki, vanoita zvematongerwo enyika, neruzhinji rwevanhu, uye mukuratidzira varatidziri nzira yekusvika kuruzhinji - zvakare mukubatanidza vechidiki nevamiriri. Kazhinji mukutaura kuvadzidzi kana mukukakavadzana kwandinowana chero mukana wekutaura nevanhu vasina kuzvisarudzira kuti vatobvumirana neni.
Isu tinoda chaizvo kugadzira nekubhadhara nzira yebasa inotungamirira runyararo kudzidza vevadzidzi mumabasa muhutano activism.
Tinonyatsoda runyararo kushingaira kuti tibatane nekudzidza zvorugare, uye mapurofesa kuti ave nemazita avo pane zvinyorwa zvose nemanzwi avo pamakereke ose.
World Beyond War iri kushanda kuronga kufamba kusiri kwechisimba kupedza hondo uye ichagamuchira nemoyo wese chero rubatsiro kubva kune chero munhu anofarira kubatsira.
Ngatiedzei imwezve nguva, zvekungonakidzwa: Ndokumbira usimudze ruoko rwako kana uchitenda kuti hondo haina kumbobvumirwa.
Ndatenda.
