naPatterson Deppen, TomDispatch, August 19, 2021
Muna Ndira 2004, Chalmers Johnson akanyora "Humambo hweAmerica hweBhesi"nokuti TomDispatch, kutyora icho kwaive, kutaura, kunyarara kwakatenderedza zvivakwa zvisinganzwisisike, mamwe akaenzana nemataundi madiki, akapararira kutenderera nyika. Akazvitanga seizvi:
"Sevakasiyana nevamwe vanhu, vazhinji maAmerican havazivi - kana havadi kuziva - kuti United States inotonga nyika kuburikidza nesimba rayo remauto. Nekuda kwekuvanzika kwehurumende, vagari vedu vanowanzo saziva chokwadi chekuti mabharoni edu akakomberedza nyika. Iyi hombe network yeAmerica mabheseni pamakondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica inonyatso kuita chimiro chitsva cheumambo - humambo hwezvigadziko neiyo yayo geography isingafungidzirwe mune chero epamusoro chikoro geography kirasi. Pasina kunzwisisa hukuru hweiyi Base-girdling yepasi rose, munhu haakwanise kutanga kunzwisisa kukura uye chimiro chezvido zvedu zveumambo kana padanho rekuti rudzi rutsva rwemauto rwuri kukanganisa hurongwa hwedu hwebumbiro remitemo. "
Makore gumi nemanomwe apfuura kubva ipapo, makore umo maUS anga ari kuhondo muAfghanistan, kuyambuka Greater Middle East, uye kudzika muAfrica. Hondo idzodzo dzese dzave - kana iwe uchizoregerera mashandisirwo ezwi nenzira iyi - zvichibva pane iyo chaiyo "humambo hwezvigadziko," hwakakura kusvika pahukuru hunoshamisa muzana rino ramakore. Uye zvakadaro vazhinji veAmerica havana kana hanya nazvo chero. (Ndirangaridze kwenguva yekupedzisira chero chinhu cheiyo Baseworld chakaratidzirwa mumushandirapamwe wezvematongerwo enyika munyika ino.) Uye zvakadaro yaive nzira yakasarudzika (uye inodhura) yekumisikidza nyika, pasina kunetseka kwerudzi rwemakoloni madzishe ekare aive akavimba.
At TomDispatch, zvakadaro, hatina kumbobvisa maziso edu pachivako chisingazivikanwe chemambo wepasi rose. Muna Chikunguru 2007, semuenzaniso, Nick Turse akaburitsa yake yekutanga ye vazhinji zvidimbu pane izvo zvisati zvamboitika uye mhirizhonga yenyika yakaenda navo. Achitaura zvakakura muIraq yaigarwa neUS panguva iyoyo, iye akanyora: "Kunyangwe paine mamaira mazhinji-makiromita, mabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora, mamiriro ehunyanzvi Balad Air Base neCamp Victory zvakakandwa mukati, zvisinei, mabheseni mu [Secretary of Defense Robert] Gates 'chirongwa chitsva chichava donhedza mubhaketi resangano rinogona kunge riri iro muridzi wepamba. Kwemakore mazhinji, mauto eUS anga achirovera kumusoro hukuru hwepasi uye huwandu hwakawanda hwechose chinhu chiri (kana mukati) mairi. Saka, nehurongwa hwePentagon Iraq hwekupedzisira mupfungwa, tora nekukurumidza kutenderera nenyika ino yePentagon. ”
Saizvozvo, makore masere gare gare, munaGunyana 2015, panguva yekuburitswa kwebhuku rake raive idzva Base Nation, David Vine akatora TomDispatch vaverengi pane yakagadziridzwa spin kuburikidza nenyika iyo chaiyo mabhesi mu "Garrison Globe." Akatanga nendima inogona, zvinosuruvarisa, kunge yakanyorwa nezuro (kana pasina mubvunzo, zvinotonyanya kusuruvarisa, mangwana):
“Nemasoja eU.S. abvisa akawanda emauto kubva kuIraq neAfghanistan, vanhu vazhinji vekuAmerica vaizoregererwa nekusaziva kuti mazana emauto eU.S.uye mazana ezviuru emauto eUS achiri kukomberedza nyika. Kunyangwe vashoma vachizviziva, United States inochengetedza pasi ino kusiyana nenyika chero ipi zvayo munhoroondo, uye humbowo huripo kubva kuHonduras kuenda kuOman, Japan kuenda kuGerman, Singapore kusvika kuJibouti. ”
Nhasi, zvakatonyanya kusuruvarisa, Patterson Deppen anopa kutarisisa kwekupedzisira kwechimiro chehumambo hwepasi rose, achakamira kunyangwe zvichangoburwa Njodzi yeAmerica muAfghanistan, uye kune vakawanda pasi rino (sezvo zvisiri zvevaAmerica), zvinomiririra hunhu hwekuvapo kweUS pasi rose. Chidimbu chake chakavakirwa pachiverengero chitsva chemabhesi ePentagon uye anotiyeuchidza kuti, kubvira Johnson paakanyora iwo mazwi nezve yedu Baseworld makore 17 apfuura, zvinoshamisa zvishoma zvachinja munzira iyo nyika ino inosvika kune yakawanda yepasi rese. Tom
Iyo Yese -American Base Nyika
750 US Mauto Emasoja Achiri Kuramba Akakomberedza Iyo Planet
Yakanga iri chirimo cha2003 panguva yeAmerica inotungamirwa neIraq. Ini ndaive mugiredhi rechipiri, ndichigara panzvimbo yeuto reUS kuGerman, ndichipinda imwe yePentagon zvikoro zvakawanda yemhuri dzevashandi vakamira kunze kwenyika. Mumwe musi weChishanu mangwanani, kirasi yangu yakanga yava pedyo nemheremhere. Takaungana pakudya kwedu kwemasikati, takavhunduka tichiona kuti mafirita eFrance akacheketwa atinamata akange atsiviwa nechinhu chinonzi "rusununguko fries."
"Chii chinonzi rusununguko fries?" takabvunza kuti tizive.
Mudzidzisi wedu akakurumidza kutisimbisa nekutaura chimwe chinhu senge: "Mahara mafrigi ndiwo akafanana zvakafanana nemaFrench mafurati, zvirinani." Sezvo France, akatsanangura, yakanga isiri kutsigira "yedu" hondo muIraq, "isu tangochinja zita, nekuti ndiani anoda France zvakadaro?" Tine nzara yekudya kwemasikati, takaona chikonzero chidiki chekusabvumirana. Mushure mezvose, yedu yekuchiva yekudyira padivi ingadai ichiripo, kunyangwe kana kudzoreredzwa.
Kunyange makore makumi maviri apfuura kubva ipapo, izvo zvisina kujeka ndangariro dzehucheche dzakadzoka kwandiri mwedzi wapfuura apo, pakati pekudzoka kweUS kubva kuAfghanistan, Mutungamiri Biden zvakaziviswa kupera kwemaitiro eAmerican "kurwa" muIraq. Kune vazhinji maAmerican, zvinogona kunge zvakaratidzika kuti aingo chengeta yake vimbiso kupedza hondo mbiri dzisingaperi dzakauya kuzotsanangura post-9/11 "Hondo yepasi rose yekutyisa." Zvisinei, zvakanyanya sekuti "rusununguko rusununguko" haruna kuve chimwe chinhu, nyika ino "zvehondo dzisingaperi" inogona kunge isiri kusvika kumagumo. Asi, ivo vari kuva kudzoreredzwa uye zvinoita kunge kuri kuenderera kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira.
Sezvo yavhara mazana ezvigaro zvemauto nekurwisa nzvimbo dziri muAfghanistan neIraq, Pentagon ikozvino ichaenda kune "kuraira-uye-kubatsira”Basa muIraq. Zvichakadaro, hutungamiriri hwayo hwepamusoro hwave kubatikana "kutenderera" kuAsia mukutsvaga zvinangwa zvitsva zvegeostrategic zvinonyanya kutenderedza "zvine" China. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mu Greater Middle East uye akakosha matunhu e Africa, iyo US ichave ichiedza kuramba ichitarisa pasi zvakanyanya, nepo ichisara muchiuto kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekudzidzisa uye vemasangano akazvimirira.
Kana ndiri ini, makumi maviri emakore ndapedza iwo mafries emahara kuGerman, ini ndichangopedza kunyora runyorwa rwemauto eAmerica kutenderera pasirese, yakanyatso nzwisisika panguva ino kubva paruzivo rwuripo paruzhinji. Inofanira kubatsira kuita pfungwa huru yeiyo inogona kuratidza kuve yakakosha nguva yekuchinja kwemauto eUS.
Kunyangwe kudzikira kwakadzikira kwese munzvimbo dzakadai, zorora uine chokwadi chekuti mazana asara achaita basa rakakosha mukuenderera kweimwe vhezheni yeWashington zvehondo dzisingaperi uye zvinogona kubatsira kubatsira Cold Hondo itsva neChina. Zvinoenderana nekuverenga kwangu ikozvino, nyika yedu ichine zvinopfuura mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe ezvigaro zvemauto zvakaisirwa pasi rese. Uye heino chokwadi chiri nyore: kunze kwekunge ivo vari, pakupedzisira, vakaparadzwa, chinzvimbo cheumambo cheAmerica papasi rino hachigume kana, kupora njodzi yenyika ino mumakore anotevera.
Kuunganidza "Hwaro hweHumambo"
Ndakapihwa basa rekunyora zvatave (tichitarisira) kuti "2021 US Overseas Base Kuvhara Rondedzero" mushure mekusvika kuna Leah Bolger, purezidhendi World BEYOND War. Sechikamu cheboka rinozivikanwa seOseasseas Base Realignment uye Kuvhara Mubatanidzwa (OBRACC) akazvipira kuvhara mabhesheni akadaro, Bolger akandiisa mukutaurirana nemubatsiri wayo David Vine, iyo munyorir yebhuku rekare pane iyi nyaya, Base Nation: Sei US Military Bases Kune Dzimwe Nyika Inokuvadza America uye Nyika.
Bolger, Vine, uye ini takazofunga kuisa pamwechete runyorwa nyowani sechishandiso chekutarisa kune ramangwana US kuvharwa kwepasi rose. Kunze kwekupa iyo yakazara yakazara accounting yeakadai mhiri kwemakungwa mabheseni, tsvagiridzo yedu zvakare inosimbisa kuti kuvepo kweye kana imwe chete munyika kunogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kupokana neAmerican kuratidzira, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye nemitengo mikuru yemutero weAmerican muteresi.
Muchokwadi, kuverenga kwedu kutsva kunoratidza kuti huwandu hwayo pasirese hwadzikira zvine mwero fashoni (uye kunyangwe, mune mashoma kesi, yakawira zvakanyanya) mumakore gumi apfuura. Kubva muna 2011 zvichienda mberi, ingangoita a churu varwi vekunze uye nhamba ine mwero yezvigaro zvikuru zvakavharwa muAfghanistan neIraq, pamwe neSomalia. Angoti pfuurei makore mashanu apfuura, David Vine Inofungidzirwa kuti paive nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza mazana masere eUS mabhesi munyika dzinopfuura makumi manomwe, makoloni, kana matunhu kunze kwekondinendi United States. Muna 800, kuverenga kwedu kunoratidza kuti huwandu hwadzikira kusvika kungangoita mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu. Asi, kuti urege kufunga kuti zvese zviri kunanga munzira kwayo, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzine mabheseni akadaro hwakawedzera mumakore iwayo.
Sezvo Pentagon yakagara ichitsvaga kuvanza kuvapo kwevamwe vacho, kuisa pamwechete rondedzero yakadaro kungave kwakaomarara zvechokwadi, kutanga nekutsanangura kunoita munhu "chigadziko" chakadai. Isu takafunga kuti nzira yakapusa yaive yekushandisa dudziro yePentagon pachayo ye "base saiti," kunyangwe kana huwandu hwayo hweruzhinji hwavanonyanya kuzivikanwa zvisiri izvo. (Ndine chokwadi chekuti hauzoshamiswa kuziva kuti zviyero zvacho zvinogara zvakadzika zvakanyanya, hazvina kunyanya kukwirira.)
Nekudaro, runyorwa rwedu rwakatsanangura hwaro hwakakura senge chero "nzvimbo chaiyo ine zvikamu zvepasirese zvepasi kana zvivakwa zvakapihwa kwairi ... ndiko kuti, kana kuti yaive yavo, yakabhadharwa, kana neimwe nzira pasi pesimba reDhipatimendi reDziviriro pachinzvimbo. yeUnited States. ”
Kushandisa iyi dudziro kunobatsira kurerutsa izvo zvinokosheswa uye zvisingaite, asi zvinosiyawo zvakawanda kunze kwemufananidzo. Hazvina kubatanidzwa pane akakosha manhamba emadoko madiki, ekugadzirisa zvivakwa, matura, mafuta nzvimbo, uye zvivakwa zvekutarisa inodzorwa nenyika ino, ndisingataure nezve mabhesimendi angangoita makumi mashanu iyo hurumende yeAmerica inonyatso batsira varwi veimwe nyika. Vazhinji vanoita kunge vari muCentral America (uye mamwe mativi eLatin America), nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa chaizvo nekuvapo kwemauto eUS, ayo ave achibatanidzwa mu 175 makore yekupindira kwemauto mudunhu iri.
Zvakadaro, maererano neyedu runyorwa, mauto eAmerica mhiri kwemakungwa zvino akapararira munyika makumi masere nemasere, makoloni, kana matunhu kukondinendi yega yega kunze kweAntarctica. Uye nepo huwandu hwavo hwese hungangodaro huri pasi, kusvika kwavo kwakangoramba kuchikura. Pakati pa81 nanhasi, muchokwadi, mauto akawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri huwandu hwenzvimbo dzauine mabhesheni kubva ku1989 kusvika ku40.
Uku kuvapo kwepasirese kunoramba kusati kwamboitika. Hakuna rimwe simba reumambo rakambove neyakaenzana, kusanganisira humambo hweBritain, French neSpain. Ivo vanoumba izvo Chalmers Johnson, aimbova chipangamazano weCIA akashandura kushora kwemauto eUS, akambonzi "Humambo hwezvigadziko"Kana"pasi-kusunga Base Nyika. "
Chero bedzi kuverengwa uku kwema 750 mabheseni emauto munzvimbo makumi masere nemasere kuchiri kwechokwadi, saka, zvakare, Hondo dzeUS. Sekunyatsoiswa naDavid Vine mubhuku rake razvino, United States yeHondo, "Mabhesi anowanzo kubereka hondo, dzinogona kubereka mabhesi akawanda, anogona kubereka dzimwe hondo, zvichingodaro."
Kupfuura iyo Horizon Hondo?
KuAfghanistan, uko Kabul yakawira kuTaliban kutanga kwesvondo rino, mauto edu anga achangobva kuraira kumhanyisa, kunonoka-mu-husiku kubvisa nhare yayo yekupedzisira, Bagram Ndege, uye hapana zvigadziko zveUS zvinoramba zviripo. Huwandu hwacho hwakawirawo muIraq uko mauto iwayo ave kungodzora mabheseni matanhatu chete, nepo pakutanga kwezana rino nhamba ingadai yave pedyo 505, zvichibva pazvikuru kusvika kuzvidiki zvemauto.
Kuputsa uye kuvhara mabhesheni akadaro munyika idzodzo, muSomalia, uye mune dzimwe nyika zvakare, pamwe nekubva kwakazara kwemauto eAmerica kubva kune maviri eaya nyika nhatu, aive akakosha munhoroondo, zvisinei kuti vakatora nguva yakareba sei, kupihwa anotonga “bhutsu pasi”Nzira yavakambofambisa. Uye nei shanduko dzakadaro dzakaitika padzakadaro? Mhinduro ine chekuita nekudzamisa kwevanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye zvehupfumi zveiyi hondo dzisingapere dzakakundikana. Zvinoenderana neBrown University's Mariro yeHondo Project, mutero weaya chete asina kubudirira kunetsana muhondo yeWashington yekutyisa waive mukuru: zvishoma 801,000 kufa (nezvakawanda munzira) kubvira 9/11 muAfghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, uye Yemen.
Kurema kwekutambura kwakadaro kwaive, hongu, zvisina kutakurwa zvakaenzana nevanhu venyika vakatarisana nekupambwa kweWashington, mabasa, kurohwa nendege, uye kupindirwa kweanoda kusvika makumi maviri emakore. Vanopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru vagari munharaunda idzi nedzimwe nyika vakaurayiwa uye vanofungidzirwa vangangoita mamirioni mapfumbamwe vakatamiswa zvakanyanya. Around 15,000 mauto eUS, anosanganisira masoja nevanozvimirira vega, vafawo. Asingazivikanwe akawanda ekukuvara kunoparadza kwakaitika pamwe nemamiriyoni evarwi, vanopikisa varwi, uye Mauto eAmerica. Pakazara, zvinofungidzirwa kuti, ne2020, idzi post-9/11 hondo dzakange dzabhadhara vateresi veAmerica $ 6.4 tiririyoni.
Nepo huwandu hwakazara hwemasosi eUS mauto kunze kwenyika angave ari kudzikira sekutadza kwehondo yekutya kunyura mukati, hondo dzisingaperi dziri zvingangoenderera zvakavanzika kuburikidza nemaSpecial Operations mauto, makambani akazvimiririra emauto, pamwe nekuramwa kwemhepo kuri kuitika, kungave kuIraq, Somalia, kana kumwe kunhu.
MuAfghanistan, kunyangwe paingova nemauto mazana matanhatu nemazana matanhatu eUS aive asara, achichengetedza mumiriri weUS muKabul., Iyo US yanga ichiripo kuwedzera yaro nendege munyika. Yakavhura gumi nemaviri muna Chikunguru chete, nguva pfupi yadarika kuuraya vanhu gumi nevasere mudunhu reHelmand kumaodzanyemba kweAfghanistan. Maererano ne Munyori weDziviriro Lloyd Austin, kurwiswa senge uku kwaiitwa kubva pachigadziko kana mabheseni kuMiddle East akashongedzerwa ne "pamusoro penzvimbo yepamusoro," inonzi iri munzvimbo Mubatanidzwa Arabhu Emeretsi, kana UAE, uye Kwata. Munguva ino, Washington yanga ichitsvaga (zvisati zvabudirira) kumisikidza mabheseni matsva munyika dzinovakidzana neAfghanistan kuti dzienderere mberi nekucherechedza, kuongorora, uye kurova kwemhepo, kusanganisira nekukonzeresa mauto eRussia Tajikisitani.
Uye chenjera iwe, kana zvasvika kuMiddle East, iyo UAE neQatar ingori mavambo. Kune mauto eUS munzvimbo dzese dzePersian Gulf kunze kweIran neYemen: manomwe muOman, matatu muUAE, 11 muSaudi Arabia, manomwe muQatar, 12 muBahrain, 10 muKuwait, uye vatanhatu vachiri muIraq. Chero chipi zvacho chingango batsira kumarudzi ehondo "pamusoro pepo" iyo US yazvino inoita kunge yakazvipira kune nyika dzakaita seIraq, sezvakaita mabheseni ayo muKenya neJibouti ari kuitisa kuti itange eirstrikes muSomalia.
Nheyo Itsva, Hondo Nyowani
Zvichakadaro, nepakati penyika, nekutenda muchikamu mukukura kwekuda kweCold War -stylemidziyo”YeChina, mabheseni matsva ari kuvakwa muPacific.
Kune, zvachose, zvipingamupinyi zvishoma munyika ino kuvaka mabhesheni emauto mhiri kwemakungwa. Kana vakuru vePentagon vakaona kuti hwaro hutsva hwemamiriyoni mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe emadhora hunodiwa kuGuam ku "kuwedzera kugona kurwa”MuWashington pivot kuAsia, kune nzira shoma dzekuvatadzisa kuita kudaro.
Camp Blaz, yekutanga Marine Corps base ichavakirwa paPacific Island yeGuam kubvira 1952, yanga ichivakwa kubvira 2020 pasina kana kudududza kana kukakavara pamusoro pekuti zvaidiwa here kana kwete kubva kune vanogadzira mutemo uye vakuru muWashington kana pakati pevanhu veAmerica. Kunyangwe mamwe mabheseni matsva ari kurongerwa kuPacific Islands dziri pedyo dze Palau, Tinian, uye Yap. Kune rimwe divi, munharaunda zvikuru-kuratidzira chigaro chitsva muHenoko pachitsuwa cheJapan cheOkinawa, iyo Futenma Replacement Facility, iri "zvisingaiti”Inogara ichipera.
Chishoma pane chero cheizvi chinotozivikanwa munyika ino, ndosaka runyorwa rweveruzhinji rwehuwandu hwakazara hwemabhesi akadaro, ekare uye matsva, kutenderera pasirese achikosha, kunyangwe zvingave zvakaoma sei kugadzira zvichibva pane yakashata Pentagon rekodhi inowanikwa. Kwete chete iyo inogona kuratidza kusvika kure uye nekuchinja hunhu hwehumambo hwenyika ino pasirese, inogona zvakare kuita sechishandiso chekusimudzira ramangwana kuvharwa kwenzvimbo munzvimbo dzakaita seGuam neJapan, uko parizvino kune makumi mashanu neshanu nematatu mabhesi zvichiteerana - vaive veruzhinji vekuAmerican rimwe zuva kuti vanyatso kubvunza kuti kwavo mutero madhora ainyatso kuenda uye nei.
Sezvo paine zvishoma zvimire munzira yePentagon iri kuvaka mabheseni matsva mhiri kwemakungwa, hapana kana chinhu chinodzivirira Mutungamiri Biden kuti asavhare. Sezvo OBRACC inonongedza, apo paine urongwa inosanganisira mvumo yekongiresi yekuvhara chero epamba mauto eUS, hapana mvumo yakadaro inodiwa kunze kwenyika. Nehurombo, munyika ino hapasati pave nerinokosha kufamba kwekugumisa iyo Baseworld yedu. Kumwe kunhu, zvisinei, zvinoda uye kuratidzira kwakanangana nekuvhara mabhesiki akadaro kubva Bherujiyamu to Guam, Japani ku United Kingdom - mune dzinosvika makumi mana nyika dzese dzakataurwa - zvakaitika mukati memakore mashoma apfuura.
Muna Zvita 2020, zvisinei, kunyangwe chinzvimbo chepamusoro-soro chemauto eUS, sachigaro weVakabatana Mareti Vashandi vaMark Milley, Abvunzwa.
Muchidimbu, kwete. Chero chinhu asi. Zvakadaro, nanhasi, kunyangwe paine kudzikira kwakadzikira muhuwandu hwavo, mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu kana asara angangoita basa rakakosha mukuenderera mberi kweWashington "zvehondo dzekusingaperi," ichitsigira kuwedzera kweCold War neChina. Sa Chalmers Johnson akanyeverwa muna 2009, "Hushe hushoma hwekare hwakazvipira kupa masimba kuti varambe vakazvimirira, vachizvitonga vega ... Kana tikasadzidza kubva pamienzaniso yavo, kudonha nekuwa kwedu kwakatemerwa."
Mukupedzisira, mabheseni matsva anongoreva hondo nyowani uye, sekupedzisira makore angangoita makumi maviri aratidza, iyoyo haisiyo nzira yekubudirira kune vagari veAmerica kana vamwe kutenderera pasirese.
Copyright 2021 Patterson Deppen
Tevedzera TomDispatch on Twitter uye tibatane nesu Facebook. Tarisa uone nyowani matsva Dispatch Mabhuku, John Feffer's nyowani dystopi, Songlands (wekupedzisira mune yake Splinterlands akateedzana), bhuku raBeverly Gologorsky Muviri Wese Une Nyaya, uye Tom Engelhardt's Rudzi Risina Kuitwa Nehondo, pamwe naAlfred McCoy Mune Mimvuri yeAmerican Century: Kukura uye Kudzikira kweUS Global Power naJohn Dower The Chisimba American Century: Hondo uye Zvinotyisa Kubva Hondo Yenyika II.
