Kutarisa Zvakajeka NaNaomi Klein

Kutanga, ndinoda kukorokotedza Naomi Klein nebhuku rake rinokurudzira.  Izvi zvinoshandura Zvinhu zvose yabatsira vaverengi vake kunzwisisa zviri nani kumera kwemamiriro ekunze akafaranuka, ane mativi mazhinji kubva pasi zvichikwira uye kugona kwayo kupetenura nekumutsiridza Kuruboshwe. Zvakare, aratidza hushingi hwekudoma panobva dambudziko — capitalism — apo vazhinji vanorwira kodzero vanozeza kutaura izwi rekuti “c”. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisa kwake kune indasitiri yemafuta emafuta sechinangwa chechirongwa chekufamba chinoburitsa pachena kukosha kwekuparadzanisa imwe yenzvimbo dzakaipa kwazvo dzeindasitiri capitalism.

Asi kunyangwe aine hungwaru uye nekurudziro kurapwa kwekugona kwekufamba kwemamiriro ekunze shandura zvinhu zvose, ndinotenda kuti Klein anonyanyotaura nyaya yake uye haatarise zvinhu zvakakosha zvehurongwa husina kunaka hwatiri kurwisana nahwo. Nekuisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze padanho, anodzikamisa manzwisisiro edu ekuti tingatyora sei rufu rwecapitalist pamusoro pehupenyu hwedu neramangwana redu.

Semuenzaniso, Klein anofuratira kubatana kwakadzama pakati pemhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze, mauto, uye hondo. Paanenge achipedza chitsauko chose achitsanangura kuti sei muridzi weMhandara Airlines, Richard Branson, uye mamwe mabhirioni eGreen vasingatiponese, anopa mitsara midiki mitatu kunzvimbo ine chisimba, kuparadza, kupisa peturu pasi pano — mauto eUS.[1]  Klein anogovera nzvimbo iyi isingaonekwi neUnited Nations 'official climate forum. Iyo UNFCCC haisanganisire yakawanda yechikamu chemauto chekushandisa mafuta uye kuburitswa kubva kune yenyika greenhouse gasi inventories.[2]  Kuregererwa uku kwaive chibereko chekukumbirwa kwakanyanya neUnited States panguva yenhaurirano dzeKyoto pakati pemakore ekuma1990. Kubva ipapo, kabhoni yemauto "bootprint" yakange isingatariswe zviri pamutemo.[3]  Bhuku raKlein rakarasikirwa nemukana wakakosha wekufumura uku kuvharika kwakavanzika.

Pentagon haingori hombe yekupisa yemafuta efossil papasi; ndiyo zvakare inonyanya kutengesa zvombo kunze kwenyika uye mari yemauto.[4]  Humambo hwemauto epasi rose hweAmerica hunorinda maBig Oiri ekunatsa, mapaipi, uye masuturu. Iyo inosimudzira iyo yakanyanya reactionary petro-tyrannies; inomedza huwandu hukuru hwemafuta ekupisa muchina wayo wehondo; uye inosvipa muchetura une ngozi mumhoteredzo kupfuura musvibisi upi noupi wekambani.[5]  Mauto, vagadziri vezvombo, uye indasitiri yepetroleum vane nhoroondo refu yekubatana kwehuori. Hukama hunosemesa uhu hunomira pachena mukunyaradzwa kwakasimba kuMiddle East uko Washington inoshongedza hutongi hwedunhu nechombo chazvino uye inoisa phalanx yezvigadziko uko masoja eAmerica, mercenaries, uye drones anoisirwa kuchengetedza pombi, zvicheneso, uye mitsara yekugovera. Exxon-Mobil, BP, uye Chevron.[6]

Iyo petro-mauto yakaoma ndiyo inodhura zvakanyanya, inoparadza, inopesana nedemocratic chikamu chenyika yemubatanidzwa. Inoshandisa simba guru pamusoro peWashington nemapato ese ezvematongerwo enyika. Chero kufamba kwekurwisa mhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze, kushandura ramangwana redu resimba, uye kusimbisa demokrasi yepasi haigone kufuratira humambo hweAmerica. Zvakadaro zvisinganzwisisike kana Klein achitsvaga nzira dzekupa mari yekuchinja kune inovandudzwa simba rekuvaka muUS, bhajeti remauto rakaputika haritariswe.[7]

Pentagon pachayo inobvuma pachena kubatana pakati pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nehondo. Muna Chikumi, mushumo weUS Military Advisory Board pamusoro Kuchengetedzwa Kwenyika uye Njodzi Dzinowedzera Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze yakayambira kuti “… zvakarongwa zvinokanganisa kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuchapfuura kutyisidzira kuwedzera; zvichashanda sezvinokonzera kusagadzikana uye kurwisana. " Mukupindura, Pentagon iri kugadzirira kurwisa "hondo dzemamiriro ekunze" pamusoro pezviwanikwa zviri kutyisidzirwa nekukanganiswa kwemhepo, semvura yakachena, ivhu rinorimwa, uye chikafu.[8]

Kunyangwe Klein asingatarise hukama pakati pechiuto nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye achifuratira sangano rerunyararo semubatsiri akakosha, bato rerunyararo harisi kuregeredza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Mapoka eAnti-hondo akaita seVeterans for Peace, Hondo Imhosva, uye War Resisters League vakaita hukama pakati pechiuto nekukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze chinangwa chebasa ravo. Dambudziko remamiriro ekunze rakanga riri dambudziko guru remazana evarwiri verunyararo kubva pasirese vakaungana muCapetown, South Africa muna Chikunguru 2014. Musangano wavo, wakarongwa neWar Resisters International, wakataura nezvekurwisa kusiri kwemhirizhonga, kukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. kusimuka kwechiuto pasi rose.[9]

Klein anoti anofunga kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ine mukana wakasarudzika nekuti inopa vanhu "dambudziko riripo." Anotanga kuratidza machinjiro azvinoita zvese nekuruka "nyaya dzese idzi dzinoita senge dzakasiyana kuita rondedzero inowirirana yekudzivirira vanhu kubva mukuparara kwehurongwa hwehupfumi husina kurongeka uye mamiriro ekunze asina kugadzikana." Asi ipapo rondedzero yake inofuratira zvechiuto zvachose. Izvi zvinondipa kumbomira. Pane chero kufamba kunofambira mberi kunogona kudzivirira pasi pasina kubatanidza madonhwe pakati penyonganyonga yemamiriro ekunze nehondo kana kunangana nehumambo hwepeturu-mauto here? Kana iyo US nedzimwe hurumende dzikaenda kuhondo pamusoro pekuderera kwesimba repasi uye zvimwe zviwanikwa, isu tinofanirwa kuramba takavharirana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kana kuramba hondo dzezviwanikwa kuve kunetseka kwedu kwekukurumidza?

Imwe nzvimbo yakakosha yemapofu mubhuku raKlein inyaya ye "peak oil". Iyi ndiyo poindi apo mwero wekutorwa kwepetroleum wakwira uye wotanga kudzikira zvachose. Parizvino zvave kugamuchirwa nevakawanda kuti kugadzirwa kwemafuta epasi rose kweCONVENTIONAL kwakakwira kusvika muna 2005.[10]  Vazhinji vanotenda kuti izvi zvakaburitsa mitengo yakakwira yemafuta iyo yakakonzeresa kudzikira kwegore ra2008 uye yakakonzera dhiraivha yazvino kuti ibvise mafuta anodhura, akasviba asina kujairika eshale nejecha retara kana mutengo wakazoita kuti vawane pundutso.[11]

Kunyangwe kumwe kubviswa uku kuri kutsigirwa zvakanyanya, fungidziro yezvemari inogona kukurumidza kuratidza yakawandisa, kuwanda kwekanguva kwemahydrocarboni asina kujairika kwakapa hupfumi kugadzikana kubva mukuderera. Nekudaro, kugadzirwa kweoiri kwakajairwa kunofungidzirwa kudonha nepamusoro pe50 muzana mumakumi maviri emakore anotevera nepo zvisizvo zvisizvo zvisingagone kutsiva chero inopfuura 6 muzana.[12]  Saka kuparara kweupfumi hwenyika yose kungakurumidza kudzoka nekutsiva.

Dambudziko repamusoro pemafuta rinosimudza nyaya dzakakosha dzekuvaka mafambiro kune vanorwira mamiriro ekunze uye vese vanofambira mberi. Klein anogona kunge akadzivirira nyaya iyi nekuti vamwe vanhu vari muboka remafuta makuru vanodzikisira kukosha kwekufamba kwakasimba kwemamiriro ekunze. Kwete kuti vanofunga kuti kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze harisi dambudziko rakakura, asi nekuti vanotenda kuti tave pedyo nekudonha kwemaindasitiri kuri kukonzerwa nekudzikira kwakanyanya mambure mahydrocarbon anowanikwa mukusimudzira upfumi. Mufungidziro yavo, mafuta epasi rose epasi rose achadzikira zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekukwira kuri kudiwa nekuti nzanga ichada huwandu hunoramba huchiwedzera hwesimba kuti uwane nekubvisa asara akasviba, asina kujairika mahydrocarbon.

Saka, kunyange zvazvo kuchine simba rakawanda zvikuru rezvicherwa pasi pevhu, nzanga ichatofanira kupa zvikamu zvakakura zvikuru zvesimba nemari kuti iwane mazviri, zvichisiya zvishoma nezvishoma nokuda kwechimwe chinhu chiri chose. Peak oiri theorists vanofunga kuti simba iri uye capital drainage zvichaparadza hupfumi hwasara. Vanotenda kuti kuparara kuri kuuya uku kunogona kuita zvakanyanya kuderedza kuburitswa kwekabhoni kupfuura chero bato rezvematongerwo enyika. Vakarurama here? Ndiani anoziva? Asi kunyangwe vakakanganisa nezve kudonha kwakazara, peak hydrocarbons inosungirwa kukonzeresa kuderera uye kunoperekedza madonhwe mukubuda kwekabhoni. Izvi zvicharevei kune mafambiro emamiriro ekunze uye nekukasira kwayo kuKuruboshwe?

Klein pachake anobvuma kuti, kusvika pari zvino, kudzikiswa kukuru kwehutsi hweGHG kwabva mukuderera kwehupfumi, kwete kuita kwezvematongerwo enyika. Asi anonzvenga mubvunzo wakadzama unomutsa: kana capitalism ikashaya simba rakawanda, rakachipa rinodiwa kuchengetedza kukura, mafambiro emamiriro ekunze anozopindura sei kana kudzikama, kudzikira, uye kuora mwoyo kukava hutsva hutsva uye kubuda kwekabhoni kunotanga kudonha semhedzisiro?

Klein anoona capitalism semuchina wekukura usingaperi unoparadza pasi. Asi chirevo chikuru che capitalism ipurofiti, kwete kukura. Kana kukura kukava chibvumirano uye kudonha, capitalism haizonyungudika. Capitalist elites vanozotora purofiti kubva mukuhodha, huwori, dambudziko, uye kukakavara. Muhupfumi husina kukura, chinangwa chepurofiti chinogona kukanganisa nharaunda. Shoko rokuti "catabolism" rinobva muchiGiriki uye rinoshandiswa mubiology kureva mamiriro ezvinhu apo chinhu chipenyu chinozvidya pachacho. Catabolic capitalism inzira yehupfumi inozvidya yega. Kunze kwekunge tazvisunungura kubva mukubata kwayo, catabolic capitalism inova ramangwana redu.

Kukanganisa kweCapitalism kunomutsa matambudziko anofanirwa kutariswa nevanorwira mamiriro ekunze uye Kuruboshwe. Panzvimbo yekukura kusingadzoreki, ko kana ramangwana rikava nhevedzano yekuputsika kwehupfumi kunokonzerwa nesimba- kudonha, kusaenzana, nhanho-nhanho inodonha kubva pamusoro penzvimbo yemafuta? Masangano emamiriro ekunze achaita sei kana chikwereti chikaoma, zvinhu zvemari zvikadzika, mari ikachinja-chinja, kutengeserana kukadzikira, uye hurumende dzikaisa matanho akaomarara kuchengetedza chiremera chadzo? Kana vanhu vekuAmerica vakatadza kuwana chikafu muzvitoro zvikuru, mari mumaATM, gasi mumapombi, uye magetsi mutambo dzemagetsi, mamiriro ekunze ndiwo achange ava kunetseka here?

Kubatwa kwehupfumi hwepasi rose uye zvisungo zvingaderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwehydrocarbon, zvichiita kuti mitengo yesimba ideredze kwechinguva. Mukati mekuderera kwakadzika uye kuderera kunoshamisa kwekubuda kwekabhoni kungave nyonganiso yemamiriro ekunze ingangoramba iri pakati peveruzhinji uye inyaya inoshungurudza yeKuruboshwe? Kana zvisina kudaro, sangano rinofambira mberi rakanangana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze raizochengetedza sei simba raro? Veruzhinji vachagamuchira here kusheedzera kudzikamisa kuburitswa kwekabhoni kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze kana kupisa mahydrocarboni asingadhure kuchiita senzira inokurumidza kutanga kukura, zvisinei kuti ndezvenguva pfupi sei?

Pasi pemamiriro angangoita aya, kufamba kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kudonha nekukurumidza kupfuura hupfumi. Kudzikiswa-kunokonzeresa kudzikiswa kweGHGs chingave chinhu chikuru kune mamiriro ekunze, asi zvinoyamwa kufamba kwemamiriro ekunze nekuti vanhu vanozoona zvikonzero zvishoma zvekuzvinetsa nekucheka kabhoni. Pakati pekuora mwoyo uye kuderera kwekabhoni emissions, vanhu nehurumende vachanyanya kunetseka nezvekugadzirisa hupfumi. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, bato iri rinongorarama kana rikatamisa tarisiro yaro kubva mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuenda pakuvaka kwakagadzikana, kudzoreredza kudzoreredza kubva mukupindwa muropa nekuparara kwemafuta efossil.

Kana varongi venharaunda dzakasvibirira uye masangano emagariro akatanga nzira dzisingabatsiri dzekubhanga, kugadzira, uye kuchinjana izvo zvinobatsira vanhu kupona nekuparara kwehurongwa, vanowana mvumo yakakosha neruzhinji.  If vanobatsira kuronga mapurazi emunharaunda, makicheni, makiriniki ehutano nekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, vanozowana kumwe kubatana nerutsigiro. Uye if vanokwanisa kuunganidza vanhu kuti vachengetedze mari dzavanochengeta uye dzemudyandigere uye kudzivirira kuvharirwa, kudzingwa, kudzingwa mabasa, uye kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzebasa, ipapo kuramba kwakakurumbira kucatabolic capitalism kuchakura zvakanyanya. Kusimudzira shanduko yekuenda kunharaunda ichiri kubudirira, yakarurama, yakadzikama mumagariro ezvakatipoteredza, matambudziko ese aya anofanirwa kubatanidzwa nekupinzwa nechiono chinokurudzira chekuti hupenyu hungave huri nani sei kana tikazvisunungura kubva muhurongwa uhu husina kushanda, husina purofiti, hwakapindwa muropa nepetroleum. kamwechete kwenguva dzose.

Chidzidzo icho Naomi Klein anofuratira chinoita sechakajeka. Mhirizhonga yemamiriro ekunze ingori chiratidzo chimwe chinoparadza chenzanga yedu isina kushanda zvakanaka. Kuti urarame hukatorike capitalism uye kumera imwe nzira, vanorwira mafambiro vanozofanirwa kutarisira uye kubatsira vanhu kupindura kumatambudziko akawanda vachivaronga kuti vazive nekudzura kwavanotangira. Kana sangano racho rikashaya kufanoona kwekutarisira matambudziko arikuitika aya uye nekuchinja kutarisa kwaro pazvinenge zvichidiwa, tinenge taparadza chidzidzo chakakosha kubva mubhuku rapfuura raKlein, The Shock Doctrine. Kunze kwekunge Kuruboshwe vachikwanisa kuona uye kufambisira mberi imwe nzira iri nani, vane masimba vachashandisa dambudziko ripi neripi kufambisa chirongwa chavo che "kuchera nekuuraya" apo nzanga iri kudedera nekushungurudzika. Kana Kuruboshwe kusingakwanise kuvaka sangano rakasimba zvakakwana uye rinochinjika zvakakwana kuti rirambe mamiriro ekunze, ehupfumi, uye echiuto ekudzikira kwebudiriro yemaindasitiri uye kutanga kuunza dzimwe nzira dzine tariro zvinokurumidza kurasikirwa nekusimba kune avo vanobatsirwa kubva munjodzi.

Craig Collins Ph.D. ndiye munyori we"Toxic Loopholes” (Cambridge University Press), iyo inoongorora kusashanda zvakanaka kwegadziriro yeAmerica yekuchengetedzwa kwemhoteredzo. Anodzidzisa sainzi yezvematongerwo enyika uye mutemo wezvakatipoteredza kuCalifornia State University East Bay uye aive nhengo yekutanga yeGreen Party yeCalifornia.