Kukunda Makumi emakore eDhipatimendi pakati peIndia nePakistan: Kuvaka Runyararo Mhiri kweRadcliffe Line

naDimpal Pathak, World BEYOND War Mukati, Chikunguru 11, 2021

Sezvo wachi yakarova pakati pehusiku muna Nyamavhuvhu 15, 1947, mhere yekupembera yerusununguko kubva mukutonga kwekoloni yakadzikiswa nekuchema kwemamiriyoni vachiita chipatapata vachipfuura nemunyika yakazara zvitunha zveIndia nePakistan. Iri ndiro zuva rakaratidza kupera kwekutonga kweBritain kwenharaunda, asi zvakare kwakaratidza kupatsanurwa kweIndia kuita nyika mbiri dzakaparadzana - India nePakistan. Iko kupesana kwechimiro chenguva, chese rusununguko uye kupatsanurana, kwaenderera mberi kunetsa vanyori venhoroondo uye kutambudza vanhu kumativi ese emuganhu kusvika zvino.

Kuzvimiririra kwenharaunda kubva mukutonga kweBritain kwakaratidzirwa nekukamurana kwayo munzira dzechitendero, zvichizadza chiHindu chine India neveMuslim-vazhinji Pakistan senyika mbiri dzakazvimirira. "Pavakakamurana, panogona kunge pasina nyika mbiri paPasi zvakafanana seIndia nePakistan," akadaro Nisid Hajari, munyori we Pakati Pehusiku Fury: Iyo Inouraya Nhaka yeIndia Chikamu. “Vatungamiriri vemativi ese vaida kuti nyika dzive mubatanidzwa sezvakaita US neCanada. Hupfumi hwavo hwakanga hwakabatana zvakanyanya, tsika nemagariro avo zvainge zvakafanana. ” Pamberi pekuparadzanisa, shanduko zhinji dzakaitika dzakakonzera kupatsanurwa kweIndia. Indian National Congress (INC) yainyanya kutungamira kurwira rusununguko kuIndia pamwe nevakakurumbira vakaita saMK Gandhi naJawaharlal Nehru zvichibva nepfungwa yekusavimbika pamwe nekubatana pakati pezvitendero zvese, kunyanya pakati pevaHindu nevaMuslim. Asi zvinosuruvarisa, kutya kurarama pasi pesimba rehutongi hwechiHindu, hwaitambiswa nevamakoloni nevatungamiriri kusimudzira vavariro dzezvematongerwo enyika, kwakatungamira mukuda kwekusikwa kwePakistan. 

Hukama pakati peIndia nePakistan hwakagara husingachinjiki, hwaipesana, husina kuvimba, uye kumisidzana kune njodzi mune zvematongerwo enyika mune zvepasirese zvese uye muSouth Asia kunyanya. Kubva Independence muna 1947, India nePakistan vanga vari muhondo ina, kusanganisira imwe isingazivikanwe hondo, nemhirizhonga zhinji dzemumuganhu uye kumira kwemauto. Pasina mubvunzo kuti kune zvikonzero zvakawanda zvinokonzeresa kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, asi nyaya yeKashmir inoramba iri chinhu chikuru chiri kunetsa mukusimudzira hukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi. Nyika mbiri idzi dzakakwikwidza zvine mutsindo Kashmir kubva pazuva ravakaparadzaniswa zvichibva pavanhu vechiHindu neMuslim. Boka rakakura kwazvo reMuslim, riri muKashmir, riri munzvimbo yeIndia. Asi hurumende yePakistani yakagara ichitaura kuti Kashmir ndeyavo. Hondo pakati peHindustan (India) nePakistan muna 1947-48 na1965 dzakatadza kugadzirisa nyaya iyi. Kunyangwe India yakakunda yakatarisana nePakistan muna 1971 nyaya yeKashmir inoramba isina kubatika. Kudzora kwechando cheSiachen, kuwanikwa kwezvombo, uye chirongwa chenyukireya kwakakonzerawo kunetsana pakati penyika mbiri idzi. 

Kunyangwe hazvo nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzakaramba dzichimisa kuparara kubva 2003, vanogara vachichinjana moto pamuganhu wakakwikwidzwa, unozivikanwa se Mutsara weKutonga. Muna 2015, hurumende dzose dzakasimbisa kutsunga kwavo kuzadzisa Chibvumirano cheNehru-Noon cha1958 chekumisikidza runyararo pamwe nemuganhu weIndo-Pakistan. Chibvumirano ichi chine chekuita nekuchinjana kwenzvimbo dzekumabvazuva uye kugadzirisa gakava raHussainiwala naSuleiman kumadokero. Idzi zvirokwazvo inhau dzakanaka kune avo vanogara mumatumba, sezvo ichawedzera mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvekutanga sedzidzo uye nemvura yakachena. Ichazopedzisira ichengetedza muganho uye kubatsira kudzika kwakawanda kwekuyambuka muganhu kubiridzira. Pasi pechibvumirano, vagari venzvimbo yacho vanogona kuramba vachigara panzvimbo yavo yazvino kana kutamira kune nyika yavanosarudza. Kana ivo vakasara, ivo vanozove nyika dzenyika idzo ndima dzakatamisirwa. Shanduko dzichangoburwa dzehutungamiriri dzakawedzera kusagadzikana uye dzakakurudzira masangano epasi rose kuti apindire mukukakavadzana pakati peIndia nePakistan pamusoro peKashmir. Asi, sekupedzisira, mativi ese ari kuratidza kufarira kutanga hurukuro dzezvematongerwo enyika zvakare. 

Hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hune hukama, mukati memakumi mashanu emakore apfuura, vakaona nhoroondo yekucheka, zvichiratidza shanduko dzemakakatanwa ezvematongerwo enyika uye hukama hwehukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi. India nePakistan vakatora nzira yekushandira mukuvaka kubatana; zvizhinji zvezvibvumirano zvavo zviviri zvine chekuita nenyaya dzisiri-dzekuchengetedza senge kutengeserana, kufonera, kutakura, uye tekinoroji. Nyika mbiri idzi dzakagadzira zvibvumirano zvakateedzana zvekugadzirisa hukama hwenyika mbiri idzi, kusanganisira nechibvumirano chakakosha cheSimla Chibvumirano cha1972. Nyika mbiri idzi dzakasainawo zvibvumirano zvekutangazve kwekutengeserana, kumisazve zvinodiwa nemavisa, uye vakatangazve teregirafu uye kuchinjana kwepositi. India nePakistan pavakaedza kudzoreredza hukama nehukama mumashure mehondo yechipiri pakati pavo, vakaita zvibvumirano zvakati wandei. Kunyangwe hunyanzvi hwezvibvumirano husina kudzora kana kubvisa mhirizhonga pakati pemuganhu pakati peIndia nePakistan, inoratidza kugona kwenyika kuwana muhomwe dzekudyidzana dzinogona kuzopedzisira dzadira mune dzimwe nharaunda, zvichidaro dzichisimbisa kubatana. Semuenzaniso, kunyangwe pakaitika mhirizhonga yekuyambuka muganho, vamiriri veIndia nePakistan vaive vachiita hurukuro dzekubatana kupa vafambi veIndia mukana wekupinda mutembere yeKartarpur Sikh iri mukati mePakistan, uye nerombo rakanaka, nzira yeKartarpur yakavhurwa neMutungamiriri wePakistan Imran Khan munaNovember. 2019 yevaIndia Sikh vafambi.

Vanotsvagurudza, vatsoropodzi, uye vazhinji vanofunga matangi vanotenda zvakasimba kuti nguva yakanyanya kunaka kuti nyika mbiri dzakavakidzana dzeSouth Asia dzikunde nhumbi dzadzo dzekare uye dzienderere mberi netariro itsva uye zvishuwo zvekuvaka hukama hwakasimba mune hupfumi uye kusimbisa mweya we musika wakajairika. Mubatsiri mukuru wekutengeserana pakati peIndia nePakistan ndiye achava mutengi, nekuda kwekudzikiswa kwemitengo yezvigadzirwa uye hupfumi hwechiyero. Aya mabhenefiti ezvehupfumi anokanganisa mashandiro eruzhinji sedzidzo, hutano, uye chikafu.

Pakistan neIndia vane makore makumi mashanu nemanomwe chete ekuvapo senyika dzakaparadzana kana zvichienzaniswa nechuru chemakore ekuvapo kwehutongi hutongi hweBritain husati hwavapo. Hunhu hwavo hwakajairika hunotarisana nezvinhu zveyakagovaniswa nhoroondo, jogirafi, mutauro, tsika, hunhu, uye tsika. Iyi yakagovaniswa yetsika nhaka mukana wekusunga nyika dzese, kukunda nhoroondo yavo ichangopfuura yehondo nekukwikwidzana. “Mukushanya kwazvino kuPakistan, ndakazvionera kubatana kwedu uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, chishuwo cherunyararo chakataurwa nezvakawanda ipapo, izvo zvandinofungidzira hunhu hwepamoyo wemunhu. Ndakasangana nevanhu vanoverengeka asi ini handina kuona muvengi. Vaive vanhu vakaita sesu. Vaitaura mutauro mumwe chete, vaipfeka mbatya dzakafanana, uye vaitaridzika sesu, ”anodaro Priyanka Pandey, mutori wenhau wechidiki kubva kuIndia.

Chero zvazvingava, maitiro erunyararo anofanirwa kuenderera mberi. Mamiriro asina kwaakarerekera anofanirwa kugamuchirwa nevamiriri vePakistani neIndia. Dzimwe Kutenda Kuvaka Matanho anofanirwa kutorwa neese mativi. Zvisungo padanho repamazano uye kusangana kwevanhu-kune-vanhu kunofanirwa kukwidziridzwa zvakanyanya uye nekuwedzera. Kuchinja-chinja kunofanirwa kucherechedzwa muhurukuro kuti vagadzirise nyaya dzakasarudzika pakati penyika mbiri kuitira ramangwana riri nani kure nehondo nemakwikwi. Iwo mativi maviri anofanirwa kuita zvimwe zvakawanda kugadzirisa zvichemo uye kubata nenhau dzehafu yezana ramakore, pachinzvimbo chekupa chizvarwa chinotevera mamwe makore makumi manomwe nemashanu emakakatanwa uye kutonhora kwehondo kusagadzikana. Ivo vanofanirwa kukurudzira marudzi ese ekubatana kwenyika mbiri nekuvandudza hupenyu hweKashmiris, vakatakura zvakaipisisa zvekupokana. 

Indaneti inopa motokari ine simba yekuvandudza imwe hurukuro uye kuchinjana ruzivo, kupfuura hurumende. Masangano evagari vemo vakatoshandisa midhiya enhau neyakaenzana chiyero chekubudirira. Iyo yepamhepo yekushandisa-inogadzira ruzivo rwekuchengetedza zviitiko zvese zverunyararo pakati pevagari venyika mbiri izvi zvinowedzera masimba emasangano ega ega ekuchengetedzana nekuronga mishandirapamwe yavo nekubatana zvirinani kuti vabudirire zvakanyanya. Kugara uchichinjana pakati pevanhu venyika mbiri idzi kunogona kugadzira kunzwisisana kuri nani uye kufarira. Zvirongwa zvichangoburwa, senge kuchinjaniswa kwekushanya pakati pevamiriri veparamende nedunhu, zvinofamba munzira kwayo uye zvinoda kusimbiswa. Chibvumirano chehurumende yakasununguka yevisa zvakare kusimudzira kwakanaka. 

Kune zvakawanda zvinobatanidza India nePakistan pane kuzvipatsanura. Maitiro ekugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kuvaka matanho ekuvimba anofanira kuenderera mberi. “Masangano erunyararo nekuregererana muIndia nePakistan zvinoda kumisikidzwa nekuvandudzwa. Vanoshanda nekuvaka zvakare kuvimba, nekusimudzira kunzwisisana pakati pevanhu, kubatsira kubvisa zvipingaidzo zvinokonzerwa nekuparadzaniswa kweboka, ”anonyora kudaro Dr. Volker Patent, Chartered Psychologist uye mudzidzisi muChikoro chePsychology kuThe Open University. Nyamavhuvhu anotevera acharatidza makore makumi manomwe nemashanu ekupatsanurana pakati peIndia nePakistan. Ino ndiyo nguva yevatungamiriri veIndia nePakistan kuti vaise parutivi kutsamwa, kusavimba, uye kupesana kwemachechi uye kwechitendero. Pane kudaro, tinofanira kushanda pamwe chete kukunda kurwa kwedu kwakagovaniswa sechisikwa uye sepuraneti, kugadzirisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze, kudzikisa mashandisiro emauto, kuwedzera kutengeserana, uye kugadzira nhaka pamwechete.