Mutsara weChinzira Chekuchengetedzwa Kwepasi Munyika Yose

Hapana zano rimwe chete rinogumisa hondo. Strategies dzinofanirwa kuve dzakarukwa uye dzakarukwa pamwechete kuti dzibudirire. Mune zvinotevera, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakataurwa sezvidimbu sezvazvinogona. Mabhuku ese akanyorwa nezveumwe neumwe wavo, mashoma acho akanyorwa muchikamu chezviwanikwa. Sezvichazoonekwa, kusarudza a world beyond war zvinoda kuti isu tibvise iyo iripo Hondo Sisitimu uye tigadzire masangano eAne Alternative Global Security System uye / kana kuenderera mberi kuvandudza iwo masisitimu kwaatove muumbryo. Ziva kuti World Beyond War haisi kukurudzira hurumende yepasi rose asi panzvimbo payo webhu rehutongi rakapinda nekuzvidira uye shanduko mutsika nemagariro kure nemhirizhonga nekutonga.

Common Security

Kurwisana kwekutarisana sezvinoitwa mumatare ematare ehondo ndiko kuzvirwisa. Mune izvo zvinozivikanwa se "dambudziko rekuchengeteka," zvinodaro vanogona kungozviita ivo vakachengeteka zvakanyanya nekuita kuti vadzivisi vavo vasanyanya kuchengeteka, zvichiita kuti mauto emakwikwi anowedzera awedzere mune zvigadziriswe, zvombo zvenyukireya, zvechigoni uye zvemakemikari zvinoparadza zvinotyisa. Kuisa kuchengetedzwa kwemuvengi kune ngozi hauna kutungamirira kune kuchengeteka asi kune imwe nyika yekufungira zvombo, uye sechikonzero, apo hondo dzave dzatanga, dzave dzakashata zvechisimba. Kuchengetedzwa kwakajeka kunobvuma kuti rimwe rudzi rinogona kuchengetedzwa chete kana marudzi ose ari. Rudzi rwekuchengeteka rwenyika runotungamirira chete kusagadzikana kwevanhu pamwe chete, kunyanya munguva iyo nyika yehurumende inopisa. Pfungwa yepakutanga shure kwehuchangamire hwenyika ndeyekutora rwonzi rwakapoteredza ndima yenharaunda uye kutonga zvose zvakaedza kuyambuka mutsetse iwoyo. Munyika yanhasi inoshandiswa kwekambaniki iyo pfungwa yakasakara. Marudzi haakwanisi kuchengeta pfungwa, vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, hupfumi hwehupfumi, hutachiona hwehutachiona, ruzivo, zvombo zvinokonzera mabhesi, kana kuti kutyorwa kwezvinhu zvisingabatsiri zvakadai semabhengi, mashizha emagetsi, kushandiswa kwemabhiza. Hakuna rudzi rungagona kuitakura roga. Chengetedzo inofanira kuva yakawanda kana iripo kuti ipo zvachose.

Demilitarizing Security

Kurwisana kunowanzoitika munyika yanhasi hakugone kugadziriswa pfuti. Havadi kubhadharwa zvishandiso zvehondo uye mazano asi kuzvipira kukuru kusvika pakuderedza hutachiona.
Tom Hastings (Munyori uye Purofesa weKusarudzo kweMakakatanwa)

Kushandiswa Kwechimwe Chezvinhu Zvisingaiti Zvokudzivirira

Nhanho yekutanga yekudzivirirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenyika kunogona kunge isiri yekusimudzira kudzivirirwa, iyo yekugadzirisa nekugadzirisazve kurovedza, kugadzirisa, dzidziso, uye zvombo kuitira kuti mauto ehurumende aonekwe nevavakidzani vavo kuti vasakodzeri kukanganisa asi zvakajeka kukwanisa kugadzirisa kudzivirirwa kwechokwadi kubva kumiganhu yayo. Icho chimiro chekudzivirira chinotonga kunze kwekurwa kwehondo kune dzimwe nyika.

Ko zvombo zvingashandiswa zvakanaka kune imwe nyika, kana zvinogona kushandiswa chete kumba? Kana iyo inogona kushandiswa kune imwe nyika, zvino inonyangadza, kunyanya kana iyo 'kunze kwenyika' inosanganisira nyika iyo inopesana. Izvo kana zvinogona kushandiswa pamba chete iyo nzira inodzivirira, iri kushanda chete kana kurwiswa kwaitika.1
(Johan Galtung, Rugare uye Kurwisana Nomutsvaki)

Izvo zvisiri izvo zvinokurudzira kuzvidzivirira zvinoreva kunyatsodzivirirwa kweuto rehondo. Inosanganisira kuderedza zvakadzama zvigadziriswa kana kuti kubvisa zvombo zvekare zvakadai seIntercontinental Ballistic Missiles, ndege dzenguva refu dzokurwisa ndege, zvikepe zvinotakura uye ngarava dzine simba, mhirizhonga dzehondo, nuclear submarine zvikepe, mhenderekedzo yepamhenderekedzo dzekumavirira, pamwe pamwe nemauto emvura. Mune imwe nzira yakakura yeimwe nzira yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, humwe hurumende husingaiti hutsinye hwekudzivirirwa hunogona kupera zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo hwakasina kudiwa.

Chimwe chimiro chekudzivirirwa chichazodikanwa ndiyo nzira yekudzivirira kurwisa kwemazuva anotevera kusanganisira kuvharwa kwemajeri emagetsi, magetsi emagetsi, kukurukurirana, kutengeserana kwemari uye kudzivirirwa kune unyanzvi hwemashandisirwo emashandisirwo akadai saanotechnology uye robotics. Kuderedza iyo cyber simba reInterpol ndiyo yaizova mutsara wokudzivirirwa munyaya ino uye imwe yenhengo ye Alternative Global Security System.2

Uyezve, kudzivirira kusingagadziri kunogona kusingarevi rudzi rune ndege refu uye ngarava dzakagadzirirwa chete rubatsiro rwevanhu. Kushandura kune zvisiri izvo zvinopesana zvinodzivirira Hondo yeHondo apo ichiita kuti zvigoneke kusikwa kwesimba rekuyamura dambudziko revanhu rinosimbisa runyararo.

Gadzira Unviolent, Civilian-Based Defence Force

Gene Sharp yakabatanidza nhoroondo yekuwana nekunyora mazana emaitiro ayo akashandiswa kubudirira kugadzirisa kudzvinyirirwa. Civilian-based defense (CBD)

rinoratidza kudzivirirwa nevanhu vasiri vanhu (sevasina mauto ehondo) vachishandisa nzira dzisiri dzekurwa (sekusiyana nemasoja uye nzira dzemauto). Iyi ndiyo mitemo yakatarwa kudzivisa uye kukunda kupindira kwemauto emunyika, mabasa, uye kubata mukati. "3 Izvi kuzvidzivirira "zvinotarisirwa kuti zviitwe nehuwandu hwevanhu uye masangano ayo zvichienderana nekugadzirira, kugadzirira, uye kudzidziswa.

Icho "chirongwa [umo] vanhu vose uye masangano evanhu vanova mauto. Zvombo zvavo zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa, zvehupfumi, zvehupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika nekuzvidzivirira. Iyi nhepfenyuro inotarisira kudzivisa kutambudzwa nekudzivirira kurwisana navo nekugadzirira kuita kuti sangano risasunungurwe nevanenge vari-vatongi nevashushi. Vadzidzi vakarovedzwa uye masangano evanhu vangave vakagadzirira kuramba avo vanorwisa zvinangwa zvavo nekuita kuti kuwirirana kwematongerwe enyika kusakwanise. Izvi zvinangwa zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekushanda kukuru uye kusarura kusagadzikana nekuzvidza. Mukuwedzera, kana zvichibvira, nyika inodzivirira inogona kuedza kugadzira zvinetso zvepasi rose kune avo vanopikisa uye kuderedza kuvimbika kwemauto avo nevashandi.
Gene Sharp (Munyori, Nheyo yeAlbert Einstein Institution)

Dambudziko rinotarisana nenharaunda dzose kubvira pakagadzirwa hondo, kureva, kuendesa kana kuva chioni chechioni chechirwere chinoparadza, chinogadziriswa nehurumende-based based defense. Kuve sewe kana kupfuura hondo-kufanana nekumanikidzwa kwakabva pane chokwadi chokuti kumudzivisa kunoda kuomeswa. Kodzero yekuchengetedza zvematongerwe enyika inobudisa simba rine simba rakaoma risingadi zvechiuto.

Mukuchengetedzwa kwehurumende-based, zvose kubatana kunodzingwa kubva kune simba rinopinda. Hapana chinoshanda. Mwenje haitauri, kana kupisa, tsvina haisati yatorwa, shanduko haiti kushanda, matare anorega kushanda, vanhu havateereri mirairo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika mu "Kapp Putsch" muBerlin muna 1920 apo aizoda kuva mutongi uye hondo yake yega yega yakaedza kutora. Hurumende yekare yakatiza, asi vagari veBerlin vakatonga zvisingakwanisi zvokuti, kunyange nechisimba simba rehondo, kutora kwacho kwakaparara mumavhiki. Simba rose haritauri kubva mumurongo wepfuti.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kuparadza kurudzi rwehurumende kunogona kuonekwa kwakakodzera. Apo Hondo yeFrance yakatora Germany mushure meHondo Yenyika I, vashandi vekuGermany vakavhara injini uye vakabvarura mitambo kuti vadzivise vaFrance kuti varege kutamisa mashomanana kuzotarisana nezviratidzo zvakakura. Kana musoja wechiFrance akawana tram, mutyairi akaramba kutama.

Zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvinotsigirwa nehurumende-based based defense; chokutanga, kuti simba rose rinobva kune pasi-hurumende yose ndeyokutenderwa kwehurumende uye kubvumirana kunogona nguva dzose kubviswa, zvichikonzera kuputsika kwevakuru vakuru. Chechipiri, kana rudzi ruchionekwa serusingatauriki, nekuda kwehondo yakasimba yevanhu vanochengetedza simba, hapana chikonzero chekuedza kukunda. Rudzi rwakachengetedzwa nemauto ehondo rinogona kukundwa muhondo nemasimba makuru ehondo. Mienzaniso yakawandisa iripo. Mienzaniso inowanikwawo yevanhu vanosimuka nekukunda hutsinye hurumende hurumende kuburikidza nekurwisana kwekusagadzikana, kutanga nekusunungurwa kubva kune simba rinotora muIndia nevanhu vaGandhi simba guru, vachienderera nekuparadzwa kwehurumende yaMarcos muPhilippine, hurumende yeSoviet-backed in Kumabvazuva kweEurope, uye muArab Spring, kutumidza mazita mashomanana anokosha zvikuru.

Muchizvidzivirira chevanhu chisingazivikanwi vanhu vakuru vakakwanisa vanodzidziswa nenzira dzekudzivisa.4 Chimiro cheChitubu cheChitubu chemamiriyoni chakarongeka, zvichiita kuti rudzi rwacho ruve nesimba mune rusununguko rwaro zvokuti hapana angafunga nezvekuedza kukunda. Gwaro re CBD rinoparidzirwa uye rakanyatsojeka kuvadzivisi. Gwaro reCDD rinodhura chikamu chiduku chemuda wawakashandisa kubhadhara mauto ezvidzivirira zvehondo. CBD inogona kukurudzira zvakasimba mukati meHondo System, asi iyo inokosha inokosha yehutano hwakasimba. Zvechokwadi munhu anokwanisa kutaura kuti kuzvidzivirira kusingagoneki kunofanira kupfuudza maonero enyika-nyika semhando dzekudzivirirwa kwevanhu, sezvo nyika iyo pachayo inowanzo iri chiridzwa chekudzvinyirirwa pamusoro pemaitiro emunhu kana mutsika wevanhu.5

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, huchenjeri hunopupurirwa nesayenzi hunoti kusagadzikana kwehurumende kunopesana kaviri kunogona kubudirira kana kuchienzaniswa nekufambisa kunoshandisa chisimba. Ruzivo rwemazuva ano munyanzvi uye maitiro ndiyo inoita nguva yakareba isingasviki chechigadziri chechirwere uye nyanzvi George Lakey anotarisira kubatanidzwa kwakasimba kweBDC. Anoti: "Kana kufamba kworugare kweJapan, Israel neUnited States kusarudza kuvaka pahafu yezana remashandiro ekugadzira uye kuronga nzira yakasiyana yehondo, ivo vachavaka pakugadzirira nekudzidzira uye vanozocherechedza pragmatists mu nharaunda. "6

Phase Out Masoja Emasoja Ekunze

MuC2009 mari yeUnited States iri mumhepo yakadzika muEcuador yakagadzirirwa kupera uye mutungamiri weEcuador akaita shanho kuAmerica

Tichavandudza nheyo pane chimwe chimiro: kuti vatibvumira kuisa hwaro muMiami.

Vanhu vekuBritish vaizozviwana zvisingafungidziri kana hurumende yavo ichibvumira Saudi Arabia kuti iite nheyo huru yeuto muBritish Isles. Saizvozvowo, United States ingadai isina kubvumira dhiyabhorosi yeIrish in Wyoming. Izvi zvivako zvekune imwe nyika zvingaonekwa sekutyisidzira kuchengeteka kwavo, kuchengeteka kwavo uye huchangamire hwavo. Nheyo dzezvekune dzimwe nyika dzakakosha kudzivirira vanhu uye zvigadzirwa. Ndiyo nzvimbo dzinobva iyo simba rinotora rinogona kukwira mukati me "nyika" yevanhu kana kuti kurwisana nemarudzi pamiganhu yayo, kana kuti zvichida kudzivisa kuparadzwa. Izvo zvinotyisawo zvinodhura zvekugara munyika. IUnited States ndiyo muenzaniso mukuru, uine mazana ezviyo muzvigaro zve135 pasi rose. Iko chaiyo yose inoratidzika seisingazikamwi; kunyange Dhipatimendi reDhipatimendi Rokudzivirira rinosiyana kubva pahofisi kuenda kuhofisi Anthropologist David Vine, uyo akanyatsotsvakurudza kuvepo kwezvigadziro zvehondo zveUnited States pasi rose, anofungidzira kuti kune nzvimbo dze 800 dzinoisa mauto munyika yose. Anonyora zvitsvakurudzo zvake mubhuku rinonzi 2015 Base Nation. Mauto eSouth mauto ekune dzimwe nyika anokuvadza America nenyika. Zvigadziro zvekunze kune dzimwe nyika zvinokonzera kutsamwa kune izvo zvinoonekwa munzvimbo iyo sekutonga kwemambo.7 Kubvisa zvigaro zvehondo kune dzimwe nyika ishongwe yeAn Alternative Global Security System uye inofambidzana nechisingaiti chekudzivirira.

Kubva kurudziro rwechokwadi rwemiganhu yenyika ndiyo chikamu chikuru chekudzivirirwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengeteka, nokudaro kuderedza simba reHondo yeNyika kugadzira kusachengeteka kwenyika yose. Sezvimwewo, zvimwe zvezvigadziro zvinogona kushandurwa kuti zvive zvehurumende mune "Global Aid Plan" semasangano anobatsira munyika (ona pasi apa). Vamwe vanogona kutendeukira kune dzimwe nhengo dzezuva pamwe nemamwe magadzirirwo emasimba anosingaperi.

Kusagadzikana

Kusazvidzivirira idanho riri pachena rinotungamira kune world beyond war. Dambudziko rehondo riri padanho guru dambudziko renyika dzakapfuma dzinofashukira nyika dzevarombo nezvombo, mazhinji acho kuita purofiti, mamwe mahara. Madunhu epasi isu atinofunga seanowanzoita hondo, kusanganisira Africa uye vazhinji veWestern Asia, havagadziri zvombo zvavo zvakawanda. Vanozvitora kubva kumarudzi ari kure, akapfuma. Kutengesa zvombo zvidiki zvepasi rose, kunyanya, kwakakwira mumakore achangopfuura, zvakapetwa katatu kubvira 2001.

United States ndiyo inotungamirira mutengesi wezvombo munyika. Zvizhinji zvezvimwe zvepasi rese zvombo zvekutengesa zvinobva kune dzimwe nhengo ina dzisingaperi dzeUnited Nations Security Council pamwe neGermany. Kana nyika idzi nhanhatu dzichimira kushandisa zvombo, kuparadza kwepasi rose kwaizova nzira yakareba kwazvo yekubudirira.

Mhirizhonga yenyika dzine urombo inowanzoshandiswa kururamisa hondo (uye kutengesa zvombo) munyika dzakapfuma. Hondo dzakawanda dzine zvombo zvakagadzirwa neUnited States kumativi maviri. Vamwe vane US vakarovedzwa uye vane mapurisa emasoja kumativi maviri, sezvave zvichiitika munguva ichangopfuura muSiria apo mauto akazvigadzirirwa neDhipatimendi reHondo akarwisa mauto akachengetedzwa neCIA. Izvo zvinowanzoitika hazvirevi zvisizvo, asi zvombo zvehondo, zvinowedzera zvombo zvipo uye kutengesa kune mapurisa, uye humwe hutenga hutenga munyika dzakapfuma.

IUnited States haisi chete mutengesi mukuru wemidziyo, asiwo mutengo mukuru wezvombo. Iko United States kuti idzore shure nhumbi dzayo, kubvisa zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvombo zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira chinangwa, somuenzaniso, shanduro yemashure inotenderera inogona kukangirwa kutanga.

Kuedza kupedzisa hondo kunokonzerwa nehupenyu hunoramba huripo uye kukura kwekutengeserana kwemaoko, asi kuwedzera shure uye kugumisa kushandiswa kwemaoko inzira inogona kugadzirisa kupedza hondo. Simba, nzira iyi ine zvimwe zvinobatsira. Somuenzaniso, kurwisana neAmerica zvombo zvekutengesa kuSaudi Arabia kana zvipo kuEgypt kana kuIsrael hakudi kurwisana nehukuru hwekuAmerica munzira iyo inopesana nehondo dzeU.S. inoita. Panzvimbo pezvo tinokwanisa kutarisana nekutengesa zvombo sehutano hwehutano hwepasi pose.

Zvombo zvichange zvichitsvaga kuderedzwa mune izvo zvinonzi zvombo zvekare pamwe chete nuclear yenyu nezvimwe zvombo zvemarudzi. Tichada kupedza kubhadhara mukutengesa zvombo. Tichafanira kudzivisa kutsvaga kurwisana kwekutonga kwepasi rose kunotungamirira mamwe marudzi kuwana zvombo zvenyukireya sekudzivirira. Asi isu tichazofanirawo kutora zvigadziriswe nhanho-nhanho, kubvisa dzimwe sangano, zvakadai sezvombo zvehondo, zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari, uye zvombo zvezvakaberekwa, uye zvombo munzvimbo.

Zvombo zveSvondo

Nyika yakazara mune zvombo, zvose kubva kuzvombo zvekuzvimirira kusvika kumatangi ehondo uye zvombo zvine simba. Mafashamu ehondo anobatsira zvose pakuwedzera kwechisimba muhondo uye kune ngozi dzehupombwe nehugandanga. Inobatsira hurumende dzakaita kodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu, dzinoita kusagadzikana kwenyika dzose, uye dzinopfuurira chivimbo chokuti rugare runogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nepfuti.

Ihofisi yeUnited Nations yeZvibvumirano Nezvokuita (UNODA) inotungamirirwa nekuratidzwa kwekusimudzira mitemo yepasi rose yekusagadzikana uye inotarisira miitiro yekugadzirisa zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru uye zvombo zvechigarire uye kutengeserana kwemaoko.8 Ihofisi inosimudzira zvombo zvenyukireya uye isiri-kupararira, kusimbisa hurumende yezvombo zvekudzivirira maererano nezvimwe zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru, uye zvombo zvemakemikari uye zvezvakaberekwa, uye kushandiswa kwemauto mune zvombo zvekare, kunyanya minda yevhu uye zvombo zviduku, izvo zvombo yekusarudzwa mumakakatanwa anhasi.

Outlaw the Arms Trade

Vashandi vezvombo vane zvikwereti zvehurumende zvinobhadhara uye vanotsigirwa navo uye vanotengesa pamusika. IU.America nevamwe vakatengesa mabhiriyoni mumauto muMiddle East ine utsinye uye ine utsinye. Dzimwe nguva maoko anotengeswa kumativi ose muhondo, sezvakaitika muIraq neIran uye nehondo pakati pevaya vakaurayana pakati pe600,000 ne1,250,000 zvichienderana nekufungidzirwa kwevadzidzi.9 Dzimwe nguva zvombo zvinopedzisira zvashandiswa kurwisana nemutengesi kana vashandisi vayo, sekune zvombo zveAmerica zvakapiwa Mujahedeen iyo yakazoguma mumaoko emaAl Qaeda, uye maoko ayo US akatengeswa kana kupa kuIraq yakazoguma mune maoko eIIS panguva yaro yeHNUMX inopinda muIraq.

Iko kushambadzira kwenyika dzakawanda mune zvombo zvinouraya zvakakura, kupfuura $ 70 mabhiriyoni pagore. Vakuru vatori vezvombo kunyika yose masimba akarwa muHondo Yenyika II; muchirongwa: US, Russia, Germany, France, uye United Kingdom.

IU yakagamuchira Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) musi waApril 2, 2013. Hazvibvumi kutengeserana kwemaoko enyika. Chibvumirano icho "chigadzirwa chekugadzira mitemo yepasi rose yekutumira, kutengesa nekutsvaga kwezvombo zvekare." Yakatanga kushanda muna December 2014. Muchikamu chikuru, inoti vatengi vanozvichengeta ivo pachavo kuti vasatengesa zvombo kune "magandanga kana nyika dzinotyisa." IU.S., iyo isina kubvumirana chibvumirano ichi, zvisinei yakasimbisa kuti yakanga ine veto pamusoro pezvinyorwa ichi ichikumbira kuti kubvumirana kutonge kukanganisa. VaUnited States vakakumbira kuti chibvumirano chibve pamatambudziko makuru kuitira kuti vimbiso irege "kupindira zvisina kukodzera nekwanisi yedu yekuisa, kutumira, kana kutamisa zvombo kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwedu kwenyika uye kune dzimwe nyika mitemo" [uye] "kutengeserana kwemaoko emarudzi ose "" Uyezve, "Hapana chikonzero chekuzivisa kana kuisa nekucherechedza zvombo kana mabhomba [uye] hapazovi nemvumo yepasi rose muviri kuti usimbise ATT. "10

An Alternative Security System inoda hutachiona hwehutachiona kuitira kuti marudzi ose anzwe akachengeteka kubva kune utsinye. Sangano reUnited Nations rinorondedzera kusagadzikana kwevanhu vakawanda uye kwakakwana "... sekubviswa kweWMD yose, pamwe ne" kucheneswa kwemauto nemauto anowanzogadziriswa, zvichienderana nemutemo wekusachengetedzwa kusina kusununguka kwemasangano ane chinangwa chokusimudzira kana kusimbisa kusimba pane mauto ehondo, achifunga kudiwa kweMatunhu ose kuchengetedza kuchengeteka kwavo "(UN General Assembly, Gwaro Rokupedzisira reShoko Rokutanga Rinoenderana Nezvokudzivirira, Paramende 22.) Tsanangudzo yekusaparadzaniswa inoita seine mashumo makuru akakwana kuendesa tangi kuburikidza. Chibvumirano chakaipisisa chinopesana nekunonoka kwemazinga kunodiwa, uyewo nekugadzirisa mashandiro.

Chibvumirano chinoratidzika hachiiti zvekare kunze kwekuti veMatongerwo enyika vabatane sangano rinotarisira zvigadzirwa zvekutengeserana uye kutengeswa uye kutarisa kana vachifunga kuti zvombo zvichange zvisingashandiswi pamabasa akadai sehutongerwo hwemhirizhonga kana kuburitsa uye kurondedzera gore negore pamabasa avo. Izvo hazvioneki kuita basa sezvo ichisiya kutonga kwebasa kune avo vanoda kutumira uye kutumira. Kuvharwa kwakanyanya uye kushanda nesimba kunotengeswa kwemaoko kunokosha. Kutengeserana kwemaoko kunoda kuwedzerwa kune International Criminal Court urongwa hwe "mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu" uye kusungirirwa munyaya yevakiki vezvombo nevatengesi uye neHarare Council muhurumende yayo yekurwisana ne "hukama hwekuchengetedza nyika nehupfumi" mhaka yekutonga nyika sevatengesi vekutengesa.11

Kugumisa Kushandiswa kweMiritarized Drones

Drones ndiyo ndege isina kufamba ndege (pamwe chete nemakungwa emakungwa nemamwe mabhoti) yakashandurwa kure kure kubva kune zviuru zvemakiromita. Kusvika ikozvino, gurukota guru remadrones ehondo rakave United States. "Predator" uye "Reaper" drones inotakura zvigaro zvepamusoro-soro zvinokonzerwa nevanhu. Zvinotungamirirwa ne "vatyairi" vanogara pamakombiyuta ekupedzisira muNevada uye kune imwe nzvimbo. Aya madrones anoshandiswa nguva dzose kune izvo zvinonzi zvinorehwa kuuraya vanhu muPakistan, Yemen, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, neSiriya. Kururamisirwa kwekurwisana uku, kwakauraya mazana ezvizvarwa zvevanhu, ndiyo dzidziso inopokana zvikuru ye "tarisiro yekuzvidzivirira." Mutungamiri weUnited States akafunga kuti anogona, kuburikidza neboka rinokosha, anorayira rufu rwevose vanoonekwa se magandanga anotyisidzira kuU.S., kunyange vagari vemuUnited States avo avo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda kuitirwe kwemutemo, vasingatarisirwi munyaya iyi. Kutaura chokwadi, mutemo weUnited States unoda kuremekedzwa kodzero dzevanhu vose, kwete kuisa mutsauko kune vagari veUnited States kuti tinodzidziswa. Uye pakati pezvinotarisirwa vanhu havana kumbobvira vatsanangurwa asi vakafunga kuti vanofungidzirwa nemafambiro avo, zvakafanana nehuwandu hwemapurisa nemapurisa epamba.

Zvinetso zvekurohwa kwedononi ndezvepamutemo, tsika, uye zvinoshanda. Chokutanga, ivo vanopesana zvakajeka mitemo yegore rose inopesana nemhondi uye yepamutemo weUnited States pasi pemitemo yehurumende yakabudiswa pamusana pekuurayiwa nehurumende yeUnited States kusvika kare ne1976 neMutungamiriri weGerald Ford uye akazodzokorora zvakare neMutungamiri Ronald Reagan. Inoshandiswa kurwisa vagari vomuUnited States - kana ani zvake - kuuraya uku kunotyora kodzero dzekutongwa kunoenderana neSouth Constitution. Uye kunyange mutemo wenyika yose uri pasi peChitsauko 51 cheUnited Charter unobvumidza kuzvidzivirira mune zvekuzvidzivirira kwehondo, drones zvisinei zvichiri kuputsa mutemo wenyika dzakawanda uyewo Geneva Conventions.12 Kunyange zvazvo drones inogona kuonekwa sepamutemo inoshandiswa munzvimbo yehondo muhondo yakarondedzerwa, iU.S. haina kuzivisa hondo munyika dzose iyo inouraya ne drones, uye hapana imwe yehondo dzayo yemazuva ano pasi pe UN Charter kana Kellogg-Briand Chibvumirano, uye hachisi pachena chakaita kuti dzimwe hondo "dzizivise" seSouth Congress isina kutaurira hondo kubvira 1941.

Uyezve, dzidziso yekufungidzira kusarura, iyo inotaura kuti rudzi runogona kushandisa zvakakodzera masimba kana rinotarisira kuti ringave rakarwiswa, inobvunzurudzwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzemitemo yenyika. Dambudziko rakadaro kududzirwa kwemutemo wenyika dzakawanda ndechekusaziva-rudzi rune ruzivo rwechokwadi kuti chii chinonzi imwe nyika kana kuti isiri-state actor inotaura uye inozoita kuti iitwe nemauto? Kutaura zvazviri, ani zvake aigona-kuva nechisimba anogona chaizvo kuviga mushure mechidziso ichi kuti aratidze kurwisa kwayo. Pachinhu chiduku, zvinogona kuva (uye zviripo) zvinoshandiswa pasina kusarudzwa neCongress kana United Nations.

Chechipiri, kudhakwa kwekudhakwa kunonyatsoita hupombwe kunyange pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu e "dzidziso yehondo" iyo inoratidza kuti vasiri varwi havafaniri kurwiswa muhondo. Zvakawanda zvekurohwa kwekodha hazvirevi kune avo vanozivikanwe avo hurumende inoratidzira semagandanga, asi zvinongorongedza kuungana apo vanhu vakadaro vanofungidzirwa kuti varipo. Vakawanda vagari vakaurayiwa mukurwisana uku uye kune uchapupu hwokuti pane dzimwe nguva, apo vanunuri vakaungana panzvimbo iyo mushure mekurwiswa kwekutanga, chikwata chechipiri chakanzi chiuraye vaponesi. Vakawanda vevakafa vave vana.13

Chechitatu, kurwisa kwedone kunopesana. Kunyange zvazvo vachireva kuuraya vavengi veAmerica (dzimwe nguva vanozvidza zvinotyisa), vanoita shungu dzakanyanya kuUnited States uye vanoshandiswa nyore nyore mukuunganidza mapurisa matsva.

Kune munhu wose asina mhosva unouraya, iwe unogadzira gumi vavengi vatsva.
Gavhuna Stanley McChrystal (aimbova Mutungamiriri, US uye NATO Mauto muAfghanistan)

Uyezve, nekukakavara kuti kudhakwa kwaro kudyidzana nemutemo kunyange kana hondo isati yaziviswa, US inopa kururamisira kune mamwe marudzi kana mapoka kuti ataure mutemo apo vangada kushandisa drones kurwisana neUnited States Drone kurwisa rudzi runoshandisa ivo zvishoma kudarika kuchengeteka.

Paunodonha bhomba kubva kudheoni ... iwe uri kukonzera kukuvadza kwakawanda kupfuura iwe uchizoita kuti uite zvakanaka,
US Lt. General Michael Flynn (ret.)

Marudzi anopfuura makumi manomwe iye zvino ane madrones, uye kupfuura nyika dze50 dzirikudziridza.14 Kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwekombiyuta uye kukwanisa kwekugadzira kunoratidza kuti inenge nyika dzose dzichakwanisa kuve nedrones zvombo mumakore gumi. Vamwe veHurumende yeHurumende vanoti vekuzvidzivirira kurwisa drone vachave nekuvaka drones inorwisa drones, kuratidza nzira iyo Hondo yeHurumende inofungidzira inowanzoendesa kumisasa yehondo uye kusagadzikana kukuru apo ichiwedzera kuparadzwa apo hondo inopera. Kubudisa madrones akachengetedzwa nemarudzi uye mapoka ose uye mapoka evanhu angave danho guru pakufambira mberi kwekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengeteka.

Drones haatumidzi zita rokuti Predators uye Reapers pasina. Vari kuuraya mishonga. Pasina mutongi kana jurisa, vanoparadza upenyu mune imwe nguva, upenyu hweavo vanoonekwa nemumwe munhu, pane imwe nzvimbo, kuva magandanga, pamwe chete nevaya vanenge vakanganisa-kana kuti vanobatwa-muchiitiko mumvere dzavo.
Medea Benjamin (Mumiririri, Munyori, Mutevedzeri weCODEPINK)

Phase Out Armes Of Mass Destruction

Zvombo zvekuparara kwemashoko ndezvinyorwa zvine simba kune War War System, zvichisimbisa kupararira kwayo uye kuve nechokwadi kuti hondo dzinoitika dzinogona kukwanisa kuparadza nyika. Nyukliya, zvimakemikari uye zvigadziriswa zvezvirwere zvinoratidzirwa nekukwanisa kwavo kuuraya uye kuparadza huwandu hwevanhu, kuparadza maguta ese uye kunyange nzvimbo dzose dzine kuparadzwa kusingaenzaniswi.

Nyukliya Weapons

Parizvino kune zvibvumirano zvinorambidza zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu uye zvemakemikari asi hapana chibvumirano chekudzivirira zvombo zvenyukireya. I1970 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) inopa kuti zvishanu zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoshandiswa-US, Russia, UK, France neChina- inofanira kuita zvakanaka kutenda kwekuparadza zvombo zvenyukireya, asi dzimwe nhamba dzese dzeNPT dzichibvuma kusawana nyukliya zvombo. Nyika nhatu bedzi dzakaramba kupinda muNPT- India, Pakistan, uye Israel-uye vakawana zvombo zvenyukireya. North Korea, kuvimba neNPT yepamusoro ye "runyararo" nyanzvi yekugadzira nyuchikireya, yakabuda kunze kwechibvumirano iko kushandisa "runyararo" rwekombiyuta yekuvandudza zvigadziriswa zvezvinhu zvekugadzirira zvombo zvenyukireya kugadzira mabhomba enyukireya.15 Zvechokwadi, chimwe chinhu chine nyukliya chigadzirwa chinogona kunge chigadzirwa chebhomba.

Hondo yakarwiwa kunyange kunyange iyo inonzi "zvishoma" zvombo zvenyukireya ingadai ichiuraya mamiriyoni evanhu, inokonzera nhekiliya yechando uye inoita kuti kushayikwa kwezvokudya munyika yose zvingaguma nenzara yemamiriyoni. Sangano rese remagetsi enyu rinotsigira nheyo dzenhema, nokuti makombiyuta anoratidza kuti kungoita zvikamu zviduku zvehondo zvakasvibiswa zvinogona kukonzera kuvharwa kwenyika kwekurima kwemakore kusvika gumi-zvichiitika, mutongo wekufa wevanhu. Uye izvo zviripo iyezvino zviri kutarisana nehukuru uye hukuru hwehumwe hutsika husina kunaka hwekushandisa kana kutaurirana kunotungamirira kuzvombo zvenyukireya kushandiswa.

Kusunungurwa kukuru kunogona kudzima hupenyu hwose panyika. Zvombo izvi zvinopisidzira kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vose kwose kwose.16 Kunyange zvazvo zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa zvombo zvenyukireya pakati peU.S. uye yaimbova Soviet Union yakaderedza nhamba dzisina kufanira dzezvombo zvenyukireya (56,000 pane imwe nguva), zvichiripo 16,300 munyika, chete 1000 iyo isiri muU.S. kana kuRussia.17 Chinonyanya kuipa, zvibvumirano zvakabvumirwa kuti "nguva dzekushanda," hutsinye hwekugadzira chizvarwa chitsva chezvombo uye nzira dzekutakura, izvo zvese zvenyukireya zviri kuita. Nyukliya chikara hachina kuenda; hazvisi kurongedza kumashure kwebavha-iri kunze uye inodhura mabhiriyoni emadhora ayo angashandiswa zviri nani kune imwe nzvimbo. Sezvo iyo isiri iyo yakajeka Test Test Banateyiti yakasayirwa mu1998, US inomesa mapurogiramu ayo e-laboratory ekuongorora kwezvombo zvenyukireya, pamwe nematambudziko ekutsvaga, mamiriyoni e1,000 pasi pedenga rerenje muNevada test site paWestern Shoshone nyika . IU.S. yakagadzira 28 miedzo yakadaro kusvika nhasi, ichiputira plutonium nemakemikari, pasina kukonzera ketani-kutendeuka, saka "kunyoresa".18 Zvechokwadi, hurumende yeAmerica ikozvino inofungidzira kushandiswa kwemadhora emadhora emadhora makumi matatu emakore makumi matatu akatevera nekuda kwezvitsva zvitsva zvebhomba nekuendesa kwenheyo-zvombo, ndege dzomugungwa-uyewo zvombo zvenyukireya zvitsva.19

Hondo Yemagariro Yenyika Yakagadzirwa kufunga inotaura kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvinodzivisa hondo-iyo inonzi inonzi dzidziso ye "Mutual Assured Assruction" ("MAD"). Kunyange zvazvo ichokwadi kuti haisati yashandiswa kubvira 1945, hazvina musoro kugumisa kuti MAD yaive iyo chikonzero. Sezvakataurwa naDhaniel Ellsberg, mutungamiri weUnited States kubva kuTruman akashandisa zvombo zvenyukireya sekutyisidzira kune mamwe marudzi kuti avabvumirire kubvumira US kuti iwane nzira yayo. Uyezve, dzidziso yakadaro inotsigira kutenda kunokanganisa mukuziva kwevatungamiriri vezvematongerwe enyika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, nguva dzose dzinouya. MAD haiti kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwekukanganisa kusunungurwa kwezvombo izvi zvisingatauriki kana kurwisana nehurumende iyo yaifungidzira kuti yakange ichirwiswa kana kuti isati yaita basa rekutanga. Zvechokwadi, mamwe marudzi ehurumende yehondo yekutonga hondo yakagadzirirwa uye yakagadzirwa nokuda kwechinangwa chekupedzisira-Cruise Missile (iyo inoderera pasi pe radar) uye Pershing Missile, kurwisa nokukurumidza, mberi-based-missile. Kukurukurirana kwakakomba chaizvo kwakaitika munguva yeCold War pamusoro pekudiwa kwe "Grand, Decapitating First Strike" umo US inotanga kuparadza nyukireya kuSoviet Union kuitira kuti ivhare kukwanisa kwayo kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kuburikidza kuparadza murairo uye kutonga, kutanga pamwe chete neKremlin. Vamwe vaongorori vakanyora pamusoro pe "kukunda" hondo yenyukireya umo mashomanana makumi mashoma emamiriyoni aizourayiwa, anenge ari vanhu vose.20 Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinonyadzisira zvounzenza uye unyengeri.

Kunyange kana vasina kushandiswa nemaune, kwakave nezviitiko zvakawanda apo zvombo zvenyukireya zvakatakurwa mumapurisa zvakaputsika pasi, zvine njere bedzi zvinokonzera imwe plutonium pasi, asi kwete kuenda.21 Muna 2007, zvombo zvitanhatu zveUnited States zvine hondo yenyukireya zvakafamba zvisina kururama kubva kuNorth Dakota kuenda kuLouisana uye mabhomba enyukiresi aripo akanga asina kuwanikwa kwemaawa 36.22 Pakave nemishumo yekudhakwa nekusava nekushanda nevasicemen zvakatumirwa pasi pevhu zvisingabvumirwi kutanga zvombo zvenyukireya zveU.S. zvakagadziriswa pamusoro-bvudzi.23 IAmerica neRussia imwe neimwe ine zviuru zvezvombo zvenyukireya zvakagadzirirwa uye zvakagadzirira kuputirana. ANorway weather satellite yakaenda-yakazara pamusoro peRussia uye yakatotorwa kuti iwane kusviba kwekuuya kusvika kumigumo yekupedzisira apo mhirizhonga yakasunungurwa yakadziviswa.24

Nhoroondo haitiiti isu, tinoiita-kana kuipedza.
Thomas Merton (Kanyori weKaturike)

I1970 NPT yaifanira kupera mu1995, uye yakawedzerwa nekusingaperi panguva iyoyo, ine urongwa hwemakore mashanu ekuongorororwa kwemitambo uye misangano yekugadzirira pakati. Kuti vawane chibvumirano chekuwedzera kweNPT, hurumende dzakavimbisa kuti dzichaita musangano wekutaurirana neZvihondo zveMisa Kuparadza Free Zone kuMiddle East. Pane imwe neimwe yemakore mashanu ekuongororwa kwemakambani, zvivimbiso zvitsva zvakapiwa, zvakadai sekuzvipira kusina kukodzera kubvisa zvachose zvombo zvenyukireya, uye nokuda kwe "matanho" akasiyana-siyana anoda kutorwa kunyika ye nyukliya, isina honored.25 Sangano reMuenzaniso Wezvombo zveNyukliya, yakanyorwa nemasangano ehurumende nevasayendisiti, masayendisiti, uye dzimwe nyanzvi dzakagamuchirwa neUnited States26 izvo zvakapa, "nyika dzose dzichadziviswa kubva pakutsvaga kana kupinda mu" kukura, kuongororwa, kugadzirwa, kuchengetedza, kushandiswa, kushandiswa nekutyisidzira kushandiswa kwezvombo zve nyukireya. "" Yakapa matanho ose aizoda kuuraya arsenals uye kuchengetedza zvinhu pasi pekusimbidzirwa kwepasi rose.27

Kuvhiringidzika kwemasangano ehurumende uye zvombo zvakawanda zvisiri zvenyukireya zvinoreva, hapana chezvinhu zvakasarudzirwa pamisangano yakawanda yekutarisa kweNPT yakagamuchirwa. Ichitevera chinangwa chinokosha neAltern Red Cross kuti azivise zvinokonzera matambudziko ezvibatsiro zvezvombo zvenyukireya, mutsva mutsva wokutaurirana nechisungo chisina kubvumirana pasina kubatanidzwa kwezvombo zve nyukireya nyika yakatangwa muOslo mu2013, nekutevera hurukuro muNaiarit , Mexico neVienna mu2014.28 Pane nguva yekuzarura hurukuro idzi mushure mokunge musangano wekuongorora re 2015 NPT, pa 70th Anniversary yekuparadzwa kukuru kweHiroshima naNagasaki. Pamusangano weVienna, hurumende yeAustria yakaratidza chibvumirano chekushandira zvigadziriswe zvombo zvenyukireya, yakatsanangurwa se "kutora matanho anoshanda ekuzadza gwaro repamutemo rekudziviswa uye kuparadzwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya" uye "kushanda pamwe nevose vanobatana kuti vaite izvi chinangwa. "29 Uyezve, Vatican yakataura pamusangano uyu uye kwenguva yekutanga yakatanga kuzivisa kuti nyukliya inodzivisa ndeyounzenza uye zvombo zvinofanira kurambidzwa.30 Chibvumirano chechibvumirano chichaisa chisimba kwete chete kune zvombo zvenyukireya, asi kune hurumende dzinochengetedza pasi peAmerican nuclear umbrella, munyika dzeNATO dzinotsigira zvombo zvenyukireya zve "kudzivisa" uyewo nyika dzakadai seAustralia, Japan neSouth Korea.31 Uyezve, zviteshi zveUnited States pamusoro peBNNX mabhomu enyukireya muNATO states, Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Germany neTurkey, avo vachamanikidzirwawo kusiya "nhumbi yenyukireya kugoverana" uye kusayina kubvumirana kwebvumirano.3233

Zvimakemikari uye Zvombo zveBiological

Zvombo zvezvisikwa zvinosanganisira zvinouraya zvakasikwa zvakadai seEbola, typhus, chibhokisi, uye zvimwe zvakashandurwa mubazi kuti zvinyanyisa kunaka saka hapana antidote. Kushandiswa kwavo kunogona kutanga chirwere chepasi rose chisingadzorwi. Saka zvakakosha kuti titevedze zvibvumirano zviripo izvo zvatova chikamu cheA Alternative Security System. Chibvumirano Chekudziviswa Kwekukudziridza, Kugadzira uye Kuvhara kweBacteriological (Biological) uye Toxin Zvombo uye paKuparadzwa Kwazvo kwakavhurwa kuti isayinwe mu1972 uye yakatanga kushanda mu1975 pasi pemakore akawanda eUnited Nations. Iyo inorambidza vashandisi ve170 kubva pakuwana kana kukudziridza kana kuchengetedza zvombo izvi. Kunyange zvakadaro, haisi yehutano hwekuongorora uye inoda kusimbiswa nechinetso chakaoma chekuongorora hurumende (kureva, chero hurumende inogona kukonzera imwe iyo yakabvumirana kusati kwasvika pakuongorora.)

Chibvumirano Chekudziviswa Kwekusimudzirwa, Kugadzirwa, Kuchengetwa uye Kushandiswa Kwezvombo zveMakemikari uye paKunoparadzwa kunorambidza kukurudzirwa, kugadzirwa, kuwana, kuchengetedza, kuchengetedza, kushandiswa kana kushandiswa kwemakemikari emakemikari. States Signatories vakabvumirana kuti vaparadze chero zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvavanogona kuchengeta uye chero zvivako izvo zvakavabudisa, uyewo chero zvombo zvemakemikari zvavakasiyiwa munharaunda yeimwe nyika munguva yakapfuura uye kuumba dambudziko rekuongorora humwe hutachiona hwemishonga uye avo vanofananidza ... kuitira kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti makemikari akadaro anongoshandiswa chete nokuda kwezvinangwa zvisingaregi. Gungano rakazoshanda muna April 29, 1997. Kunyange zvazvo nyika yakavharwa yezvombo zvemakemikari yakaderedzwa zvikuru, kuparadzwa kwakakwana kuchiri chinangwa chiri kure.34 Chibvumirano chakabudirira kubudirira mu 2014, apo Siria yakashandura zvinyorwa zvayo zvemakemikari. Chisarudzo chekutsvaga chigumisiro ichocho chakaitwa noMutungamiriri weUnited States Barack Obama nguva pfupi mushure mokunge adzorera chisarudzo chake chekutanga kupikisa kukuru kwebhomba pamusoro peSiria, kusagadzikana kwemauto kusingagadziri kushanda sechimwe chinhu chevanhu vanotsiva hondo yehondo inodzivirirwa zvikuru nechisimba chevanhu.

Outlaw Weapons Munzvimbo Dzepasi

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagadzira zvirongwa uye kunyange hardware yehondo mukati mechivanze kusanganisira nzvimbo yepakati uye nzvimbo yekuisa zvombo kurwisa satelliti, uye nzvimbo yekuisa zvombo zvisikwa (kusanganisira laser zvombo) kurwisa pasi zvigadzirwa kubva munzvimbo. Ngozi dzekuisa zvombo munzvimbo yakasununguka zviri pachena, kunyanya panyaya yezvombo zvenyukireya kana zvombo zvekombiki. Nyika dze130 iye zvino dzine mapurogiramu epakati uye kune 3000 inoshandisa satellites munzvimbo. Ngozi idzi dzinosanganisira kuderedza zvigadziro zvezvombo zvekare uye kutanga mauto matsva. Kana hondo yakadaro-yakadaro yaizoitika migumisiro inogona kutyisa vagari vepasi uyewo kuisa pangozi njodzi dzeKessler Syndrome, mamiriro ezvinhu umo kuwanda kwezvinhu zviri pasi pasi pasi kubhiti rakakwirira zvakakwana kuti kuuraya vamwe kunotanga kuputika kwekupesana kunokonzera zvakakwana nzvimbo dongo kuti ipe nzvimbo yekuongorora kana kunyange kushandiswa kwemasetelliti kusingakwanisi makumi emakore, zvichida zvizvarwa.

Tichitenda kuti yaive yakatungamira murudzi urwu rwezvombo R&D, "Munyori Wemubatsiri weUnited States Air Force for Space, Keith R. Hall, akati, 'Nezve kutonga munzvimbo, tinayo, tinoifarira uye tiri kuenda kuti urichengete. '”

I1967 Outer Space Treaty yakasimbiswa zvakare mu 1999 nemarudzi e138 aiva neUnited States neIsrael chete. Inorambidza maWMs munzvimbo uye kuvakwa kwezvigadziro zvehondo pamwedzi asi asiya chigadziko chemagetsi, mashizha uye ane simba guru zvombo zvombo. Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose Rekudzivirira rakarwira kwemakore kuti ribvumirane pamusoro pesungano yekudzivisa zvombo izvi asi yakaramba ichidziviswa neUnited States. Sangano risina simba, risina kusunga, chido chekuzvibata rave richirongerwa asi "US inomiririra pamusoro pekugadziriswa kweiyo yechitatu yeChirangaridzo Chekuzvibata iyo, paanoita chivimbiso chokuzvidira" kurega chero chinhu chipi zvacho chinounza, zvakananga kana zvakashata, kukanganisa, kana kuparadzwa, kwezvinhu zvisikwa, 'inokodzera kuti murairo wacho nerurimi "kunze kwekuti chiito ichocho chikarurama". "Kururamiswa" kwakabva kune kodzero yekuzvidzivirira iyo yakavakirwa muCharter Charter. Kukodzera kwakadaro kunopa kunyange chibvumirano chokuzvidira chisina maturo. Chimwe chibvumirano chakasimba chinorambidza zvombo zvose mukunze chikamu chinodikanwa cheA Alternative Security System.35

Kupedzisira Kupinda uye Basa

Basa revanhu rimwe nerimwe rinotyisa kukuchengetedza nerunyararo, zvichiguma nechisimba chisimba chinowanzosimudzira zvakapambwa kuti zvikwirire maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekurwiswa kubva ku "hugandanga" kurwisa hondo ye guerrilla. Mienzaniso inokosha ndeyi: Basa raIsrael reWest Bank uye kurwiswa kweGaza, uye China basa reTibet. Kunyange hune simba rekuUnited States iri muGermany, uye kunyanya zvakadaro Japan, mamwe makore e70 mushure meHondo Yenyika II isina kuita kuti vanhu vaite chisimba, asi inoita kuti vanhu vatsamwire, sezvinoita mauto eUnited States mumarudzi akawanda e175 mavari ikozvino.

Kunyange apo simba rinopinda uye rinotakura rine simba rakakura rehondo, izvi zvinowanzosagona kushanda nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Kutanga, inodhura zvikuru. Chechipiri, ivo vanowanzopikiswa nevaya vane dambudziko guru muhondo nokuti vari kurwisana nekudzivirira nyika yavo. Chechitatu, kunyange "kukundwa," saiye muIraq, hazvibviri uye kubva munyika dzakaparadzwa uye zvematongerwo enyika zvakaputsika. Chechina, kamwe chete, zvakaoma kubuda, sezvo kupindira kweUnited States kweAfghanistan kunoenzanisa izvo zvakazoguma "zvakapera" munaDecember, 2014 mushure memakore gumi nematatu, kunyange zvazvo mauto anonzi 10,000 US anoramba ari munyika. Pakupedzisira, uye nepamusoro-soro, mauto uye zvombo zvakagadzirirwa kupikisa zvinouraya vanhu vakawanda kupfuura varwi vanopikisa uye vanoita mamiriyoni evapoteri.

Kukoka kunorambidzwa neUnited Nations Charter, kunze kwekuti vari kutsiva nokuda kwekupinda kwekutanga, kupiwa kwakakwana. Kuvapo kwemauto enyika imwe mukati mune imwe kana pasina mumiriri kunokanganisa kuchengeteka kwenyika yose uye kunokonzera kukakavadzana kuve nechisimba uye kunorambidzwa mune imwe Alternative Security System.

Realin Military Spending, Convert Infrastructure Kuti Ibudise Mari Inotarisira Zvemhirizhonga (Economic Conversion)

Dhiyabhorosi kuchengeteka sezvinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa ichabvisa kudiwa kwezvirongwa zvakawanda zvezvombo uye zvigaro zvehondo, kupa mukana wehurumende nehurumende inotarisirwa neuto kuti ichinje zvinhu izvi kuumba pfuma chaiye. Inogonawo kuderedza mutoro wemutero munzanga uye kuumba mamwe mabasa. MuUnited States, pamadhora ose 1 mabhiriyoni akashandiswa muuto mauto anopfuura kaviri nhamba yemabasa pakakura yakawanda yemari yekubhadhara yaizogadzirwa kana mari yakafanana yakashandiswa munharaunda yevanhu.36 Izvo zvinotengeswa kubva kuhurumende inoshandiswa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha nehurumende yeUnited States kubva kumasoja kuenda kune mamwe mapurogiramu yakawanda.37

Kutarisa pamusoro pekudzivirira "nyika" kudzivirira ndeyekuongorora nyeredzi. IUnited States yoga inopfuurira kupfuura nyika inotevera 15 yakabatanidzwa pahondo yayo.38

IUnited States inoshandisa madhora $ 1.3 trillion gore negore pa Pentagon Budget, zvombo zvenyukireya (muDare reMagetsi reNyika), mauto ehondo, CIA uye Homeland Security.39 Nyika yose yakazara inopfuura $ 2 trillion. Nhamba dzekukura uku zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Cherechedza kuti mamiriyoni emamiriyoni e1 akaenzana nemazuva 12, mashoma mabhiriyoni e1 akaenzana nemakore 32, uye 1 mamiririyoni mashekeri akaenzana nemakore 32,000. Uye zvakadaro, nzvimbo yakakwirira yekushandiswa kwemauto munyika yose yakange isingagoni kudzivirira 9 / 11 kutambudza, kugumisa kuputika kwe nyukireya, kugumisa ugandanga, kana kupedza kusagadzikana kumabasa muMiddle East. Hazvina mhosva kuti mari inoshandiswa sei muhondo, haigoni kushanda.

Kushandiswa kwehondo kunoshandisa zvakanyanya simba renyika rezvemari, sezvo munyori wekupayona Addam Smith akataura. Smith akatsigira kuti kushandiswa kwechiuto kwakanga kusingabatsiri mune zvemari. Makumi emakore akapfuura, economists inowanzoshandiswa "mutoro wemauto" inowanzoenderana ne "bhajeti yemari." Pari zvino, mashizha ehondo muUnited States anowana mari yakawanda kubva muhurumende kupfuura mamwe maindasitiri ehurumende pamwe chete anogona kuraira. Kushandura iyi mari yekutsvaga mari kumusika wemusika wekusununguka zvakananga nemabhadharo ekutendeuka kana kuderedza mitero kana kubhadhara chikwereti chenyika (pamwe chete nemari yakabhadhara gore negore) kunokonzera kukurudzira kukuru kwekusimudzira hupfumi. Sangano Rokuchengetedza kuunganidza zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa pamusoro (uye kurondedzerwa muzvikamu zvinotevera) zvinodhura chikamu chemauto ehurumende yezvino kuUnited States uye inonyora nzira yekushandura kwezvehupfumi. Uyezve, iyo yaizoita mamwe mabasa. Bhiriyoni rimwe remadhora ehurumende yekutsvaga mari muuto rinoumba basa re 11,200 asi iyo inowanikwa mune inyanzvi yezvigadzirwa zvemhepo inobereka 16,800, mune utano hwakanaka 17,200 uye mune zvekudzidzisa 26,700.40

Kutendeuka kwezvematongerwo enyika kunoda kuchinja mumagetsi, hupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika kutendeuka kubva kumasoja kuenda kumisika dzevanhu. Iyo ndiyo nzira yekuendesa vanhu uye zvinhu zvekushandisa zvinoshandiswa kuita chimwe chigadzirwa pakugadzira imwe yakasiyana; somuenzaniso, kutendeuka kubva pakuvaka zvivako zvekuvaka kuvaka motokari dzemotokari. Haisi chakavanzika: Indasitiri yega yega inozviita nguva yose. Kuchinja mabhizimisi ehondo kuita zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa zvakakosha munzanga zvinowedzera kune simba rezvemari rerudzi kunze kwekuvhiringidza. Zvisarudzo zviripo zvino kushandiswa mukugadzira zvombo uye kuchengetedza zvigaro zvehondo zvingadzoserwa kunzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchengetwa kwemari uye yekunze kwenyika. Zvivako zvekugadzirisa nguva dzose zvinoda kugadziriswa nekuvandudza kusanganisira zviyamuro zvekutakura zvakadai semigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye magetsi, uye magetsi, zvikoro, mvura uye magadzirirwo emvura, uye magetsi ekugadziriswa, etc. Fungidzira Flint, Michigan uye vazhinji Mamwe maguta ayo vagari venyika, varombo vashoma, vari muchetura nemvura inotungamirira. Imwe nzvimbo yekutsvaga kwekutsvaga inowanzoita kuti kugadziriswa kwehupfumi huri kuwandiswa nehuwandu hwekubhadhara maindasitiri emabasa uye zvakanyanya kuvimba nezvikwereti uye kune dzimwe nyika kutengeswa kwezvinhu, mutsika unowedzerawo kuokonzera kabhoni yemhepo. Mhepo, semuenzaniso, inogona kutendeukira kumatengesi ezvitoro nekuvandudza dzimba kana kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi kana mashizha ezuva.

Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvekutengesa kwezvehupfumi, kunze kwehuori hwehurumende nemari, ndiko kutya kwekurasikirwa kwebasa uye kudiwa kwekudzorera basa rose nekushanda. Mabasa achadikanwa kuti ave nechokwadi nehurumende apo kuregera kunenge kuchiitika, kana mamwe maitiro ekubhadharwa akaripihwa kune avo vari kushanda mumashandiro ehondo kuitira kuti vasave nemigumisiro yakaipa pamusoro pehupfumi hwekushaiwa basa panguva yekuchinja kubva muhondo kusvika kune nguva yorugare.

Kuti zvibudirire, kutendeuka kunoda kuva chikamu chepurogiramu yezvematongerwo enyika makuru ekuderedza zvombo. Ichatsvaga ruzivo rwenyika meta-urongwa uye rubatsiro rwemari uye urongwa hwemunharaunda hwemunharaunda semagariro ezvidzidzo zvemauto anofungidzira kushanduka uye makambani anotsanangura kuti niche yavo itsva inogona kuva mumusika wekusununguka. Izvi zvinoda mari yemutero asi pakupedzisira ichachengetedza zvakanyanya kudarika zvinotengeswa mukuvandudzirwa sezvo nyika dzinogumisa kupera kwemari kwemauto emashure uye kuifambisa nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwehupfumi hugadzira zvinhu zvinokosha zvekutengesa.

Miedzo yakagadzirwa kuti iite mitemo kutendeuka, yakadai seNyukili Disarmament uye Economic Conversion Act ye1999, iyo inobatanidza zvombo zvenyukireya kutendeuka.

Mutemo uyu unoda kuti United States idzivirire uye iparadze zvombo zvenyukireya uye kuti irege kutora zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda kamwe nyika dzenyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya dzichiita uye dzinoita zvakafanana. Mutemo uyu unopawo kuti zvishandiswa zvinotsigira hurongwa hwedu hwezvombo zvenyukireya zvinoshandiswa kugadzirisa vanhu uye zvivako zvehupfumi zvakadai seimba, utano hwehutano, dzidzo, hurimi, uye nzvimbo. Saka ndaizoona kuendesa mari zvakananga.
(Nyaya yaJuly 30, 1999, Musangano weDhiyabhorosi) HR-2545: "Nuclear Drumarm and Economic Conversion Act ye1999"

Mutemo weiyu unoda rubatsiro rukuru rwevanhu kuti vapfuure. Kubudirira kunogona kukura kubva pane zvishoma. Nyika yeConnecon yakasarudza komiti yekushanda pakuchinja. Zvimwe zvinyorwa uye nzvimbo dzinogona kutevera chinotungamirira kuConnecticut. Zvimwe zvekuwedzera kweizvi zvakakura kubva pakusaziva kuti kushandiswa kwechiuto kwaive kuderedzwa muWashington. Tinofanira kuwedzera kwenguva yakareba izvo zvisingafungi, zvichiita kuti zviitike (zviri pachena chisarudzo chakanakisisa), kana kuti kunyengetedza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuti dzitore danho chero zvakadaro.

Ongororazve Mhinduro Kwougandanga

Kutevera 9 / 11 kutambudza paWorld Trade Center, US yakarwisa zvigandanga zvegandanga muA Afghanistan, kutanga hondo yakareba, isina kubudirira. Kugamuchira nzira dzehondo hakungobvumi kupedza ugandanga, kwakaguma nekuderedza kusununguka kwebumbiro remitemo, hurumende yekushungurudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kukanganisa kwemitemo yenyika dzose, uye yakapa chivako chevatongi uye hurumende dzehurumende kuti dzirambe dzichishatisa masimba avo, dzichiruramisa kushungurudzwa muzita re "kurwisana nehugandanga."

Izvo zvinotyisa kune vanhu vari munyika dzekuMadokero zvakanyanyisa uye kune zvakanyanya kupindira mune zvenhau, zvehuruzhinji uye zvematongerwe enyika. Vakawanda vanobatsirwa nekushandisa kushungurudzwa kwehugandanga mune izvo zvino zvinogona kunzi nyika yekugara-kuchengeteka-industrial complex. Apo Glenn Greenwald akanyora kuti:

... masangano ega ega uye ehurumende anogadzirisa hurumende yehurumende uye anotora hurukuro yezvematongerwe enyika zvakabhadharwa zvakanyanya nenzira dzakawanda dzekubvumira kufungisisa kwekutyisa kwekutyisa.41

Chimwe chemigumisiro yekuguma kwekupfuura-kupindira kune hugandanga hwevegandanga kwave kuri kupararira kwevanhu vanopesana nechisimba uye vane utsinye seIISIS.42 Muchiitiko ichi, kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzinogadzirisa dzisiri dzekuzvidzivirira pakurwisa ISIS iyo isingafaniri kukanganiswa nekusaita. Izvi zvinosanganisira: mhirizhonga yezvombo, rubatsiro rwehurumende dzehurumende dzeSyria, rubatsiro rwekusagadzikana kwevanhu,43 kutsvaga kukwikwidzana kunonzwisisana nevatambi vose, zvigaro zvezvematongerwo enyika kuIIS nevatsigiri, kupfiga muganhu kupedza kutengesa kwemafuta kubva kuIISIS inotarirwa ndima uye kumisa kuputika kwevarwi, uye kubatsira kwevanhu. Nhanho dzenguva refu dzingadai dziri kusunungurwa kwemauto eUnited States kubva munharaunda uye kupedza mafuta ekutengeswa kwemafuta kubva munharaunda kuitira kuparadza ugandanga pamidzi yawo.44

Nenzira yakawanda, urongwa hunobudirira kupfuura hondo huchange huri kubata hurumende kutambudzirwa semhosva dzinopesana nevanhu panzvimbo yezvigaro zvehondo, uye kushandisa zvese zvese zvemauto emapurisa epasi rose kuti atore vanoita zvekutonga pamberi peSouth Criminal Court. Zvinonzwisisika kuti hondo ine simba inoshamisa yakange isingagoni kudzivirira kutyisidzira kwakaipisisa kuU.S. kubva Pearl Harbor.

Hondo yenyika ine simba zvikuru haina kuita chimwe chinhu kudzivirira kana kumira 9-11 kurwisa. Zvinenge zvese magandanga akabatwa, humwe hugandanga hunokanganisa hurumende hwakave huri hutsva hwehupenzi hwekutanga uye hwemapurisa, kwete kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kweuto rehondo. Hondo yehondo yakave isingabatsiri mukudzivirira kupararira kwezvombo zvekuparadza kukuru.
Lloyd J. Dumas (Purofesa wePolitiki Economy)

Nyanzvi yehutano yehutano uye nyanzvi dzezvidzidzo zvekurwisana nevashandi vari kuramba vachipa mhinduro kune hugandanga hwakakosha kune avo vanonzi vadzidzisi vemagandanga emagandanga.

Kusapindurwa kwezvakaipa kune hugandanga

• Arms embargoes
• Gumisa zvose rubatsiro rwehondo
• Civil Society Support, Vasingaiti vateereri
• Zvisarudzo
• Shanda kuburikidza nemitambo yepamusoro (eg, UN, ICC)
• Ceasefires
• Rubatsiro kune vapoteri (kudzorera / kuvandudza misasa yakawanda / kudzokera kunyika)
• Chibvumirano hachina kushandiswa kwechisimba
• Kurega kwemauto
• Vashandi vasingagadziri kupikisana
• (Shanduko) Ruramisiro Initiatives
• Kukurukurirana kunobatsira
• Kugadzirisa kusagadzirisa urongwa
• Inosanganisira hurumende yakanaka
• Kurwisana nechisimba chinotsigira zvitendero
• Kuwedzera kuve nekuita kwevakadzi kuhupenyu hwehupfumi uye hwematongerwe enyika
• Mashoko akarurama pamusoro pechokwadi
• Rongedza vatadzi vanobva kubatsiro rekusimbisa - kutarisa grey nzvimbo
• Ban war profiteering
• Rugare rwekuvaka nekuita; dzorera zvakare kana / kana isu / ivo sarudzo
• Kubudirira mapurisa
• Nonviolent Civil Resistance
• Mashoko ekuunganidza pamwe nekubika
• Kukurudzira vanhu
• Kuyanana, kugadzirisa uye kutonga kwemhosva
• Kodzero dzevanhu
• Kubatsira rubatsiro nekudzivirirwa
• Zvematongerwe enyika, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvigadziriswe zvingano
• Kuongorora, kutarisa uye kuongorora

Zvenguva refu zvisingatauri mhinduro kugandanga45

• Dzoka uye ushandure kushambadzira kwemaoko uye kugadzira
• Kushandiswa kuderedzwa nenyika dzakapfuma
• Rubatsiro rwemasimba kune nyika dzakashata uye vanhu vakawanda
• Vapoteri kudzorera kana kutamira kune dzimwe nyika
• Kubhadhara zvikwereti kumarudzi ari varombo
• Dzidzo pamusoro pemitemo yehugandanga
• Dzidzo uye kudzidziswa pamusoro pesimba risina simba
• Kukurudzira kutenderera kwematongerwe enyika uye zvekugadzirisa uye zvekugadzirisa tsika
• Kuvaka hurumende yakagadzikana uye yakarurama, kushandiswa kwesimba nekuparadzirwa, zvekurima

Dzinga Sangano reMasoja

Mubatanidzwa wemauto seNorth Atlantic Chibvumirano Sangano (NATO) zvasara kubva kuCold War. Nekupunzika kwenyika yeSoviet client muEastern Europe, mubatanidzwa weWarsaw Pact wakanyangarika, asi NATO yakawedzera kusvika kumiganhu yeyaimbova Soviet Union ichityora vimbiso kune aimbova mutungamiriri weGorbachev, uye zvakakonzera kunetsana kwakanyanya pakati peRussia ne Kumadokero- kutanga kweCold War nyowani- kwakaratidzirwa pamwe neUS yakatsigira coup muUkraine, kuwedzera kweRussia, kana kubatana neCrimea - zvinoenderana nenhoroondo iriko - uye nehondo yevagari muUkraine. Iyi itsva inotonhora hondo inogona zvakare nyore kuve yenyukireya hondo iyo inogona kuuraya mazana emamirioni avanhu. NATO inosimbisa yakasimba yeHondo Sisitimu, ichideredza pane kugadzira chengetedzo. NATO yatorawo kurovedza kwemauto kupfuura mhiri kweEurope. Rava simba rekurwira chiuto kumabvazuva kweEurope, North Africa neMiddle East.

Basa revakadzikadzi murugare nekuchengeteka

Basa revakadzi murugare nekuchengeteka harina kupiwa zvakakodzera. Tora sezviitiko zvibvumirano, kunyanya zvibvumirano zvorugare, izvo zvinonyanya kutaurirana uye zvakasayirwa mune varume vanotungamirirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu, nehurumende uye vasiri vehondo vakagadzirira. Izvi zvichinyorwa zvachose pasi pacho. Izvo "Chirongwa Chiri Nerugare" neIndaneti Civil Society Action Network yakagadzirirwa semutungamiri wekubatanidza hukama hwehukama nekukurukurirana.46 Vakadzi, maererano neshumo, vanogovera maonero emagariro evanhu akavakirwa muhutongi hwehutano uye nekuenzana, ndiwo chinhu chinokosha chechiitiko chinoshanda pamusoro pehupenyu munzvimbo yehondo, uye kunzwisisa zvinhu zvepasi (kureva kukanganisa nekuita rugare). Nzira dzorugare saka dzinofanirwa kunge dzisina kunyanya kuratidza kuchengeteka kana zvematongerwe enyika, asi dzinosanganisira hutano hwevanhu. Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi democratization yekuita rugare.

"Hakuna vakadzi, hapana rugare" - uyu musoro wenyaya wakatsanangura chinzvimbo chepakati chevakadzi nekuenzana kwevanhukadzi muchibvumirano cherunyararo pakati pehurumende yeColombia neboka revapanduki reFARC, zvichiratidza kupera kwehondo yemunyika makumi mashanu- pamwe-gore muna Nyamavhuvhu wa50. Chibvumirano hachina kungoita vakadzi chete vanopesvedzera pane zvirimo, asiwo nenzira iyo rugare rwunovakwa. Kuteedzerwa kwechikadzi kunoona mitsetse netambo kuti maonero evakadzi anovimbiswa, kunyangwe kodzero dzeGBBT dzinoonekwa.47

Kune mienzaniso yakawanda yekusika uye yakagadzirirwa vakadzi vanoita zvematongerwo enyika mune zvekunyika nekutenda-mazinda. Hanzvadzi Joan Chittister ave iri izwi rinotungamirira kune vakadzi, rugare uye ruramisiro kwemakumi emakore. Iranian Nobel Peace Prize Kurumbidza Shirin Ebadi anotaura zvakasimba kuti arwise zvombo zvenyukireya. Vakadzi vemunharaunda pasi pose vari kuwedzera kuonekwa uye vane simba senhengo dzekuchinja kwevanhu. Chimwe chinhu chisingazivikanwi, asi chisingaoneki ndeye Young Women's Peace Charter chinangwa chekuvaka nekuzvipira kwezvinetso nezvipingamupinyi zvinotarisana nevakadzi vechidiki munyika dzakakanganiswa, pamwe nedzimwe nharaunda mukati megadziriro yeVasikanakadzi veMugare Academy.48 Vakadzi vanoda kuparadzira vakadzi pasi pose, kubvisa zvivako zvehurumende, nekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwevakadzi, vakadzi vekuchengetedza rugare uye vadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu. Zvinangwa izvi zvinowirirana nehurukuro yakasimba yezvirongwa zvinogona kuita semuenzaniso wevakadzi mune zvakawanda mumamiriro ezvinhu.

Vakadzi vakaita basa rakasiyana muhurukuro dzorugare muGuatemala muZ1990s, vakagadzira kubatana kurongedza basa rekuvaka rugare muSomalia, vanoita kuti hurumende ishingaike muhondo yeIsrael nePalestina, kana kutungamirira sangano rezvematongerwe enyika kusimbisa simba revakadzi uye kuchinja rugare chibvumirano uye rugare runyararo muNorthern Ireland.49 Madzimai echikadzi anofambira mberi maagendasi akasiyana kubva kune avo vanowanzopiwa nevatungamiri.50

Kubvuma kuvepo kwepakakwana mune basa revakadzi uye kuvakwa murugare, kufambira mberi kwakaitwa. Kunyanya kukosha pamatongerwo emitemo, UNSCR 1325 (2000) inopa "hurongwa hwepasi rose hwekusimudzira hutano mune zvehutano zvose, kusanganisira kuchengetedza rugare, kugadzirisa rugare, nekugadziriswa patsva."51 Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakajeka kuti mitemo uye zviito zvekufungidzira zvingongova danho rokutanga pakushandura chirevo chinotungamirirwa nevarume.

Mukugadzira World Beyond War, nzira ine hunyoro-hwevakadzi kufunga kwedu uye kuita kwedu inoda kutorwa. Aya matanho anotevera ekusimudzira kudzivirira kwehondo anodikanwa:52

• Kuita vakadzi kuonekwa sevashandi vekuchinja mukudzivirira hondo nekuvaka rugare
• Kubvisa kukanganisa kwevarume mukudzivirira hondo uye kuvakira rugare nekuunganidza deta nekutsvakurudza
• Kufambisa vanodzvinyirira zvehondo uye rugare kuti vatore chikadzi munyaya
• Kuwedzera nekugadzirisa hutano mukugadzirisa mazano nekuita

Kutarisira Kurwisana Kwepasi Pose uye Nezvematongerwo Enyika

Nzira dzekutarisana uye dzakagadziriswa masangano ekutarisa kukakavadzana kwenyika dzakawanda uye zvehurumende dzakaratidza kuti hazvikwanisi uye hazvikwanisi. Tinokumbira rutsva rwekuvandudza.

Kushandura KuPro-Active Posture

Kunyangadza masangano eHondo System uye izvo zvinotendwa uye mafungiro ayo anoremekedza hazvingakwani. Chimwe Chinhu Chisingagadzirwi Munyika Yose Kudzivirirwa Gadziriro inoda kuvakwa panzvimbo yayo. Zvizhinji zvehurongwa uhwu huripo huripo, zvave zvichishanduka pamusoro pemakore zana apfuura, kunyange zvazvo zviri mumumvuri wekumbryonic kana mukuda kukuru kusimbisa. Mamwe acho aripo chete mune pfungwa dzinodiwa kuti dzigadziriswe.

Izvo zvikamu zviripo zvehurongwa hazvifaniri kuonekwa semagumisiro ekupedzisira emunyika ine runyararo, asi sezvikamu zvemasimba makuru, asina kukwana ekushanduka kwevanhu izvo zvinotungamirira kune nyika inowedzera isingasviki ine kuenzana kwakawanda kune wese wese. Chengetedze yehuwandu hwekushanda huchaita hunosimbisa kusimbisa Alternative Global Security System.

Kusimbisa Sangano Renyika Dzepasi Dzepasi uye Masangano Akabatana

Masangano emarudzi ose ekugadzirisa kukakavara pasina hutambudziro ave achichinja kwenguva yakareba. Mutumbi wemitemo yenyika dzakawanda yakashandura kwemazana emakore uye inofanirwa kuve yakagadziridzwa kuva chikamu chinobudirira cherugare. Muna 1899 Dare Repamusorosoro reRubatsiro (ICJ; "Dare Renyika Yose") rakagadzirirwa kurongedza kukakavadzana pakati pehurumende yenyika. Sangano reMarudzi rakatevera mu1920. Kushamwaridzana kweZimbabwe United States, sangano reChishanu raive rakabva pamutemo wekuchengetedzwa pamwe chete, kureva kuti, kana hurumende ikaita utsinye, imwe nyika inogona kuisa zvigaro zvezvematongerwo enyika kune iyo Hurumende kana, sekupedzisira nzira yekushandisa, inopa mauto ehondo ku kurikunda. Sangano rakagadzirisa mhirizhonga duku uye rakatanga hutano hwepasi rose runyararo rwekuvaka. Dambudziko nderokuti nhengo dzevematongerwo enyika dzakakundikana, zvikurukuru, kuita zvavakataura kuti vaizoita, uye naizvozvo kushungurudzwa kweJapan, Italy, neGermany kwakanga kusina kudziviswa, kutungamirira kuHondo Yenyika II, hondo yakaipisisa zvikuru munhau. Izvo zvinokoshawo kuti US yakaramba kupinda. Mushure mekubatana kweAmerica, United Nations yakasimudzwa semutsva mutsva pakuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pamwe chete. Uyewo kushamwaridzana kwemasimba enyika, UN inofanira kugadzirisa kukakavadzana uye, apo iyo yakanga isingakwaniswiki, Security Council inogona kusarudza kugadzirisa chirango kana kupa simba rehondo rinotarisana naro kurwisana negurukota rehurumende.

IU uyewo yakawedzerwa zvikuru nzira dzekuvaka rugare kuburikidza neLigi. Zvisinei, hurumende yeUnited States yakange ichitsvaga yakavakwa mumatambudziko edzimba uye Cold War pakati peU.S. uye USSR yakaita kuti kubatana kwakakosha kunetseke. Izvo zvipfeko zviviri zvakare zvakagadzirisa hutsika hwemauto ehurumende hunofanirana kune imwe, NATO neParsaw Pact.

Dzimwe hurumende dzehurumende dzakagadziriswa zvakare dzakasimbiswa. IEuropean Union yakachengetedza runyararo rweEurope pasinei nekusiyana, African Union iri kuchengetedza rugare pakati peEgypt neEthiopia, uye Association ye South-East Asian Nations uye Union of Naciones Suramericanas vari kuwedzera mikana yevamiriri vayo uye vanozova-nhengo kumativi rugare.

Kunyange zvazvo masangano epasi rose ekugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwehurumende kune chikamu chinokosha cherugare, zvinetso zvose zveChina neAU zvakasimuka muchikamu kubva pakundikana kuputsa Hondo yeHondo. Vakasimwa mukati maro uye ivo pachavo vakanga vasingakwanisi kudzora hondo kana zvombo zvehondo, nezvimwewo. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanotenda kuti dambudziko nderokuti ivo ishamwari dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinoitwa, munguva yekupedzisira (uye dzimwe nguva yapfuura) kuhondo se the arbiter of disputes. Kune nzira dzakawanda iyo UN pamwe chete nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika dzakawanda dzinogona kugadziriswa zvakajeka kuti dzive dzakanyatsobudirira mukuchengetedza runyararo kusanganisira kuchinja kweHarare Security, General Assembly, kuchengetedza runyararo nemaitiro, kubhadhara, ukama hwayo kune zvisiri zvehurumende uye kuwedzera kwemabasa matsva.

Kuchinja kuUnited Nations

Sangano reUnited Nations rakasikwa semhinduro kuHondo Yenyika II yekudzivirira hondo nekutaurirana, zvisungo, uye kuchengetedzwa pamwe chete. Inotangira kuChiratara inopa basa rose:

Kuponesa zvizvarwa zvinotevera kubva mukurwisana kwehondo, izvo zvakapetwa kaviri munguva yehupenyu hwedu zvakaunza kushungurudzika kusinganzwisisiki kuvanhu, nekusimbisa kutenda mune kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha, mukuremekedzwa uye kukodzera kwevanhu, mune kodzero dzakakwanira dzevarume nevakadzi uye yemarudzi makuru uye maduku, uye kuisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo kururamisira uye kuremekedzwa kwezvisungo zvinobva kune zvibvumirano nemamwe magwaro emutemo wenyika dzakawanda zvinogona kuchengetedzwa, uye kukurudzira kufambira mberi kwevanhu uye huri nani huri hupenyu hwehupenyu hukuru mune rusununguko. . . .

Kuchinja kuUnited Nations kunogona uye kunoda kuitika pamatanho akasiyana.

Kuchinjazve Gwaro reKunyanya Kubudirira Kuita neAggression

Sangano reUnited Nations harifaniri kupesana nehondo, rinorambidza utsinye. Kunyange zvazvo Mutemo unoita kuti Sangano rekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwehurumende ribatsire kutora matanho munyaya dzechisimba, dzidziso yezvinonzi "kuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza" hakuwanikwi mazviri, uye kusarudzwa kwekuMadokero imperial adventures ndiyo tsika inofanira kupera . Sangano reUnited States haritambidzi nyika kuti iite zvayo pachayo mukuzvidzivirira. Chinyorwa 51 chinoverenga:

Hapana chimwe chiri muCharter ino chinokanganisa kodzero yekodzero yevanhu pachavo kana kuti yega kuzvidzivirirwa kana kurwiswa kwezvombo kuitika kunopesana neNhengo yeUnited Nations, kusvikira Sangano reHarare rakatora matanho anodiwa kuchengetedza rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka. Nhanho dzakatorwa neMapoka mukushandiswa kwekodzero iyi yekuzvidzivirira ichakurumidza kuendeswa kune Security Council uye haingaiti nenzira ipi neipi simba uye mutoro weChipatimendi Chekuchengetedzwa kwepasi pasi peChirati chezvino chakutora chero nguva iyo yakadaro vanoona zvakakodzera kuitira kuchengetedza kana kudzorera rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka.

Uyezve, hapana mubumbiro rinoda kuti UN iite chimwe chinhu uye inoda kuti mapoka anokakavadzana vatange kuedza kugadzirisa kukakavara pachavo kuburikidza nekugadzirisa uye nekuita nekuita kweimwe nzvimbo yekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda yavari. Ikozvino ndiyo iyo inosvika kune Security Council, iyo inowanzoshandurwa isina simba nehuwandu hweveto.

Sezvo zvinodiwa sezvazvingava kune zvisizvo zvemararamiro ehondo kunosanganisira kugadzira hondo mukuzvidzivirira, zvakaoma kuona kuti izvozvo zvinogona kuitika sei kusvikira runyararo runyararo rwuripo. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kwakawanda kunogona kuitwa nekushandura Mutemo kuti iite kuti Security Council inotora chero zviitiko zvose zvekumanikidzwa kwechisimba pakarepo pavanotanga uye kuti pakarepo ipe nzira yekugadzirisa kusimbisa utsinye kuburikidza nekuisa kugadziriswa panzvimbo, kutsvaga kupindirana kuUnited Nations (pamwe nekubatsirana nevanobatsirana vemo kana vachida), uye kana zvichifanira kutumira nharo kuDare Repamusorosoro reHurumende. Izvi zvichange zvichitsvaga humwe humwe huri kuchinja huri pasi apa, kusanganisira kubata nechisarudzo, kushandura kune nzira dzisiri dzekusvibisa sezvivako zvishandiso kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwevanhu vasingasviki vasiri vashandi vehurumende vane rugare, uye kupa simba rakakwana (uye rinogadzikana) remapurisa kusimudzira zvisarudzo zvaro kana zvichidiwa .

Inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti hondo dzakawanda mumakumi emakore achangopfuura dzave zvisiri pamutemo pasi peUnited Nations Charter. Zvisinei, pave pasina kuziva zvishoma uye pasina migumisiro yechocho chokwadi.

Reforming the Security Council

Chinyorwa 42 cheChita chinopa Security Council mutoro wekuchengetedza nekudzorera rugare. Ndiyo chete mutumbi weUUN une simba rinosunga kune dzimwe nyika. Dare harina simba rakashonga kuti riite zvisarudzo zvaro; pane kudaro, ine simba rinosunga kudana kune mauto akashongedzerwa eEmerican member. Kunyange zvakadaro kuumbwa uye nzira dzeSecurity Council hazvina kunyorwa uye zvinongoshanda zvishoma mukuchengeta kana kudzorera rugare.

Zvinoumba

Dare rinoumbwa nhengo dze15, 5 dzazvo dzinogara nokusingaperi. Aya ndiwo masimba anokunda muHondo Yenyika II (US, Russia, UK, France, uye China). Ivewo mitezo ine simba rekuvhota. Panguva yechiratidzo muna 1945, vakakumbira mitemo iyi kana vangadai vasina kubvumira UN kuti ive. Izvi zvishanu zvisingagumi zvinodaro uye dzinotora zvigaro zvepamusoro pamabato anodzora emakomiti makuru eUnited States, achivapa kuwandisa uye kusagadzikana kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemasimba. Izvowo, pamwe neGermany, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, vatengesi vemaoko makuru kunyika.

Nyika yakashandura zvinoshamisa mumakumi makumi emakore apfuura. IU yakanga yakabva kune nhengo dze50 ku193, uye zviyero zvehuwandu zvevanhu zvakashanduka zvakajeka zvakare. Uyezve, nzira iyo Security Council zvigaro dzakagoverwa nemitemo ye4 isingaratidziwo neEurope neUk dzine zvigaro zve 4 apo Latin America ine 1 chete. Africa inonyorwawo zvakare. Hazviwanzoitiki kuti rudzi rweMuslim runomiririrwa paDare. Iko nguva refu yapfuura yekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya kana UN ichida kurayira ruremekedzo munzvimbo idzi.

Uyewo, chimiro chekutyisidzira rugare nerunyararo zvakashanduka zvikuru. Panguva yekusimbiswa kwekugadziriswa kwemazuva ano kungave kwakanzwisisika kupiwa kudiwa kwechibvumirano chikuru chemasimba uye kuti chikuru chekutyisidzira rugare nerunyararo zvakaratidzwa sechisimba chehondo. Kunyange zvazvo kushungurudzwa kwehurumende kuchiri kutyisidzira - uye nhengo dzekupedzisira United States yakaipisisa recidivist - simba guru rehondo rinenge risingabatsiri kune zvakawanda zvekutyisidzira zvitsva zviripo nhasi izvo zvinosanganisira kupisa kwenyika, WMDs, kutama kwevanhu, kutyisidzira kwehutano pasi rose, kushambadzira zvombo uye kuipa.

Chimwe chirevo ndechekuwedzera nhamba yezvikamu zvekusarudza ku9 umo mumwe nomumwe angave ane nhengo yekusingaperi uye nharaunda imwe neimwe iine 2 nhengo dzinowedzera kuwedzera kusvika kuChitubu chezvigaro zve27, nokudaro zvinonyatsoratidza zvakajeka nyika, tsika netsika dzevanhu.

Kurudzira kana Kurega Veto

Veto inoshandiswa pamusoro pemarudzi mana ezvisarudzo: kushandiswa kwesimba kuchengetedza kana kudzorera rugare, kusarudzwa kwechinzvimbo cheNobvumirano-General, mvumo yehutungamiri, nekugadzirisa Bumbiro uye nenyaya dzekuita zvinogona kudzivirira mibvunzo kubva kunyange kusvika pasi . Uyewo, kune dzimwe mimwe mitumbi, Permanent 5 inoshandisa maitiro eveto. MuChristi, veto yakashandiswa nguva dze265, kunyanya neU.S. uye yekare yeSoviet Union, kudzivisa chiito, kazhinji ichiita kuti UN isakwanisa.

Veto iyo inoputira The Security Council. Izvo zvakanyanya kusaruramisira pakuti zvinoita kuti vadzidzisi vadzivirire chero zviito zvinopesana nokuputsa kwavo kweChirango chekurambidzwa kwechisimba. Inoshandiswawo sechinhu chakanaka mukudzivirira vateereri vavo vanoti 'kushata kweKachengetedzwa kweBhuku reMabasa. Chimwe chirevo ndechokudzora chete veto. Chimwe ndechokubvumira nhengo dzesingaperi kuti dzikande veto asi kuti dziite nhengo nhatu dzichiita kuti zvive zvakakosha kudzivisa kupfurikidza kwechikonzero chekubatsira. Nzira dzezvematongerwo enyika hazvifaniri kuve pasi peveto.

Zvimwe Zvidikanwi Kuchinja kweHarare Security

Nzira mitatu inofanira kuwedzerwa. Parizvino hapana chinodikanwa kuti Security Council iite. Pachinenge chidiki Gwaro rinofanira kutarisirwa kutora nyaya dzose dzekutyisidzira kune rugare nekuchengeteka uye sarudza kuti vangaita sei kana kuti kwete ("Basa rekusarudza"). Chechipiri ndechekuti "Chidimbu chekusaziva." Hurumende inofanirwa kuzarura zvikonzero zvayo zvekusarudza kana kusarudza kusatora nyaya yekukakavara. Uyezve, iyo Council inosangana muchivande pamusoro pe98 muzana yenguva. Pachine zvishoma, mazano aanoita anofanira kuve akajeka. Chechitatu, "Duty to Consult" inoda kuti Dare rekutora matanho anonzwisisika ekutaurirana nemarudzi aizotarisana nezvisarudzo.

Ipa Mari Zvakakwana

IU "Nguva dzose Budget" inoshandisa mari yeGeneral Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Dare Repamusorosoro reZvibvumirano, uye hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai seUnited Assistance Mission kuAngland. Mari Yekuchengetedza Rugare yakasiyana. Nhengo dzehurumende dzinoongororwa mbiri mbiri, zvichienderana nemaGDP avo. IUN inogamuchirawo zvipo zvekuzvidira zvinenge zvakaenzana nemari inobva kuongororwa mari.

Zvapiwa basa rayo, United Nations yakabhadhara mari yakawanda. Bhizinesi rezvemakore maviri re2016 ne2017 rinotarisirwa ku $ 5.4 mabhiriyoni uye Mari yekuchengetedza Runyararo kwegore rinotengesa 2015-2016 iri $ 8.27 bhiriyoni, iyo yose inenge iri pasi pehafu yezana kubva kune imwe muzana yemadhora epasi rose (uye nezve imwe yezana yemadhora eUnited States anoshandiswa gore negore). Zvimwe zviitiko zvakakonzerwa kuti zvakwanise kubhadhara UN iyo kusanganisira mutero wepakati pezana kubva muzana pamitambo yezvemari yepasi rose inogona kusimudzira kusvika $ 300 mabhiriyoni inoshandiswa kunyanya kuUn development uye zvirongwa zvezvakatipoteredza zvakadai sokuderedza kufa kwevana, kurwisa zvirwere zvehosha dzakadai seEbola, kurwisana nemigumisiro yakaipa yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, nezvimwewo.

Kufananidza nekugadzirisa kukakavadzana Kutanga: A Conflict Management

Kushandisa Blue Balls, UN inotambanudzwa kuti inobhadhara 16 kuchengetedza runyararo pasi rose, kubudisa kana kupisa moto unogona kupararira munharaunda kana kunyange pasi rose.53 Kunyange zvazvo ivo vari, dzimwe nguva mune dzimwe nguva, vachiita basa rakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kwazvo, UN inoda kuva yakanyanyisa kunetseka pakuona nekudzivirira kukakavara kana zvichibvira, nekukurumidza nekusina kupindira kupindira mukukakavadzana kwave kurasa kuitira iyo moto nokukurumidza.

Forecasting

Ramba uine hurumende inogara iine hutsananguro kuti uongorore kusagadzikana kwepasi rose uye kurudzira chiito chekurumidza ku Security Council kana Munyori Mukuru, kutanga ne:

Pro-Active Mediation Teams

Chengetedza chigarire chekugadzirisa nyanzvi dzinyanzvi dzinoshandiswa mutauro uye kusiyana kwetsika uye nzira dzechangopfuura dzekusagadzirisa kupindirana kunotumirwa nokukurumidza kunotaura apo kumhirizhonga kwenyika yose kana hondo yevagari vemo inotarisana. Izvi zvakatanga nevanonzi "Standby Team of Mediation Experts" vanoita sevanoshevedza mazano kune vamiririri vorugare pasi rose pamusoro pezvinhu zvakadai sekuyanana, nzira yekugovera simba, kugadzirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kodzero dzevanhu uye zvisikwa zvepanyika.54

Gadzirisa Pakutanga Nemafambiro Evanhu Vasingasviki

Kusvika iye zvino UN yakaratidza zvishomanana kunzwisisa kwemasimba ayo mafungiro asina kuvimbika munyika dzingagona kudzidzira kudzivirira kukakavadzana kwevanhu kubva pakuva hondo dzechisimba zvehurumende. Pachinyanya kukosha, UN inoda kukwanisa kubatsira hurumende idzi nekudzvinyirira hurumende kudzivisa kurwisana nechisimba pamusoro pavo apo dzichiunza mapoka ekubvunzurudza aUUN kutakura. IU inoda kugoverana nemitambo iyi. Kana izvi zvichionekwa zvakaoma nemhaka yezvinetso pamusoro pekukanganisa hurumende yehurumende, UN inokwanisa kuita zvinotevera.

Rugare kuchengetedza

Ikozvino mabasa eUnited Nations ekuchengetedza Rugare ane matambudziko makuru, kusanganisira mitemo inopesana yekubatana, kusakwanisa kwekubatana nevanhu vanogadziriswa, kusakwanisa kwevakadzi, kurwisana kwevanhukadzi nevakadzi uye kukundikana kutarisana nekuchinja kwehupenyu hwehondo. Sangano reUnited-Independent Panel of Peace Operations, rinotungamirirwa neNobel Peace Laureate Jose Ramos-Horta, rakakurudzira 4 kuchinja kwakakosha kumabasa eUnited Peace: 1. Kukosha kwezvematongerwo enyika, iyo nzira dzezvematongerwe enyika dzinofanira kutungamirira maitiro ese eUUN maitiro. 2. Kuzvidzivirira maitiro, iyo misoro inofanira kunge yakagadziriswa kumamiriro ezvinhu uye inosanganisira zvizere zvezvipinduriro. 3. Kushamwaridzana kwakasimba, izvo zviri kukudziridza kugadzikana kwepasi pose uye munzvimbo dzakagadzikana zvekuchengetedza nekuchengetedzwa kwemagariro, 4. Munda-wakatarisa uye vanhu-vakavakirwa, iyo isarudzo itsva yekushumira nekudzivirira vanhu.55

Maererano naMel Duncan, vashandi veChinavi veNyanviolent Peaceforce, boka racho rakaonawo kuti vagari venyika vanogona uye vanoita basa rinokosha mukudzivirirwa zvakananga kwevanhu.

Kuvandudza nekuchengetedza maitiro eBluckey anochengetedza kuchengetedza runyararo uye kukwanisa kugadziriswa kwemajeri kwenguva refu kunofanirwa kuonekwa senzira yekupedzisira yekusarudza uye nekuwedzera kudzvanyirira kune hurumende yeUnited States yakagadziriswa. Kuti zvive zvakajeka, kushanda kweUUN kuchengetedza Rugare kana kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pasina hurumende hakusi izvo munhu angafunga nezvekupindira kwemauto kuitira rugare nerunyararo. Basa guru rekuchengetedza runyararo munyika yose, kuchengetedza mapurisa kana kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vasingabvumirwi nehurumende kunobvumirwa neUnited Nations kana imwe sangano remarudzi ose rakasiyana neuto rezvematongerwe enyika. Kupindira kwemauto ndiko kubudiswa kwemauto ehondo kunze kwekugadzirisa kwemauto, mhirizhonga yemhepo uye mauto ekurwa kuti apindire mukurwisana kuitira kuti zvigadzirise mhinduro yehondo uye kukunda muvengi. Icho kushandiswa kwesimba rinouraya pamwero mukuru. UN Kuchengetedza Rugare kunotungamirirwa nemitemo mitatu inokosha: (1) mvumo yemapato; (2) kusasarura; uye (3) isiri kushandiswa kwesimba kunze kwekuzvidzivirira uye kudzivirirwa kwehurongwa. Izvozvo hazvirevi, kuti kudzivirirwa kwechisimba kuri kushandiswa zvenhema sekudzivirirwa kwekupindira kwemauto nechinangwa chisina kunaka.

Nezvo mupfungwa, maitiro ekuchengetedza runyararo akadzivirirwa anofanira kunzwisiswa sechinhu chakajeka chemukati chekutendeukira pakupedzisira kuvimba nemaitiro anoshanda, asingagoneki asingasviki, kunyanya kusachengetedzwa kwekuchengeteka kwevekuchengeteka kwehukama (UCP).

Kukurumidza Kuita Chiito Chisimba Chekuwedzera Mberi Yemahara

Mabasa ose ekuchengetedza rugare anofanira kubvumidzwa neThe Security Council. Mauto eUnited Nations okuchengetedza runyararo, Blue Blue Helmets, anotorwa zvikuru kubva kunyika dzinosimudzira. Zvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti zvive zvishoma kudarika zvingave zviri. Chokutanga, zvinotora mwedzi yakawanda kuti iungane hondo yekuchengetedza rugare, panguva iyo dambudziko rinogona kukura zvikuru. Chimiro, nekukurumidza kushanda simba chinogona kupindira mune imwe nyaya yemazuva ingagadzirisa dambudziko iri. Zvimwe zvinetso neBlue Helmets dzinotangira kushandisa masimba ehurumende uye dzinosanganisira: kusawirirana kwekubatanidzwa, zvombo, mazano, mirairo uye kutonga, nemitemo yekubatana.

Kuratirana neChivilian-Based Nonviolent Intervention Agencies

Mauto asina kuchengetedza, ehurumende-akachengetedzwa kwekuchengetedza rugare avepo kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri, kusanganisira huru, Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), iyo inotarirwa muBrussels. Iko NP iye zvino ine nzvimbo yekucherechedza paUN uye inopinda muhurukuro yekuchengetedza rugare. Aya masangano, kusanganisira kwete NP chete asiwo Peace Brigades International, maKristu echimwedzi vezvematongerwo enyika nevamwe, dzimwe nguva inogona kuenda apo UN haigoni uye saka inogona kubudirira mune zvimwe zviitiko. IUN inoda kukurudzira mabasa aya uye kubatsira kuvabatsira. UN inofanira kubvumirana nedzimwe nheyo dzakadai seInternet Alert, Tsvaga Common Ground, Muslim Voice for Peace, Jewish Voice for Rugare, kushamwaridzana kwekuyananisa, nevamwe vazhinji zvichiita kuti kuedza kwavo kupindire mberi munguva dzekukakavadzana. Mukuwedzera pakubhadhara mari iyi kuburikidza neUNICEF kana UNHCR, zvakawanda zvinogona kuitwa maererano nekubatanidza UCP mumagwaro uye kuziva uye kukurudzira nzira.

Kuchinja kweGeneral Assembly

The General Assembly (GA) ndiyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemitumbi yeUnited States sezvo inosanganisira dzose dzeMatunhu. Iyo inonyanya kunetseka nemapurogiramu anokosha ekuvakisa rugare. Zvadaro-Munyori Mukuru Kofi Annan akaratidza kuti GA inonyoresa zvirongwa zvayo, inorega kuvimba nekubvumirana sezvo inoguma mukugadzirisa-kusarudzwa, uye kugamuchira zvinyorwa zvepamusoro pakuita zvisarudzo. IGA inoda kubhadhara zvakanyanya kushandiswa nekugadziriswa nezvisarudzo zvayo. Inodawo hurumende yakawanda uye inosanganisira hurumende, iyo NGOs, zvakanyatsoshanda mubasa rayo. Chimwe chinetso neG GA ndechekuti inoumbwa nhengo dzehurumende; saka humwe hudiki huri nevanhu vane 200,000 hune uremu hwakawanda mukuvhota seChina kana India.

Chigadziro pfungwa yekuwana mukurumbira ndeyekuwedzera kuG GA muParamende Yenyaya ye nhengo dzakasarudzwa nevagari vemunyika imwe neimwe uye iyo nhamba yezvigaro zvakagoverwa kunyika imwe neimwe inonyatso kuratidza huwandu hwevanhu uye nokudaro iine huwandu hwezvematongerwe enyika. Zvadaro chero zvisarudzo zveG GA zvinoda kupfuudza dzimba mbiri. "VaParamende venyika yose" vaizogonawo kumiririra hukama hwevanhu hune huzhinji panzvimbo yekuti vaite kuti vatevere zvinorehwa nehurumende dzavo kudzokera kumusha sevamiriri vehurumende vemazuva ano.

Simbisai International International Justice

Iyo ICJ kana "World Court" ndiyo nhengo huru yekutonga yeUnited Nations. Inotonga mhaka dzakapiwa mairi neHurumende uye inopa mazano pamusoro pezvemitemo inotaurwa nezvayo neUnited Nations uye nhengo dzakasarudzwa. Vatongi vane gumi nemashanu vakasarudzwa kwemashoko mapfumbamwe nemakore neGeneral Assembly uye neThe Security Council. Nokusayina Mutemo, States vanoita kuti varambe vachiita zvisarudzo zveDare. Vose Hurumende mapato kune chiyeuchidzo vanofanira kubvumirana kare kuti Dare rine simba kana iri kubvuma kutumirwa kwavo. Zvisarudzo zvinongozvisunga chete kana vaviri vari vaviri vanobvumirana mberi kuti vagare nazvo. Kana, mushure meizvi, muchitsauko chisingawanzoiti kuti hurumende yeHurumende isingateereri chisarudzo, nyaya yacho inogona kuendeswa kune Security Council nokuda kwezviito zvinoona zvakakosha kuti kuunza hurumende kuiteerera (inogona kuenderera kune imwe ye Security Security veto) .

Mhedzisiro yemutemo iyo ICJ inotora pamusoro pemafungiro ayo ndeye magungano uye magungano, maitiro ekutonga, tsika dzomunyika yose, uye dzidziso dzemakadzi emitemo yenyika dzakawanda. Dare rinogona kungoita sarudzo inobva pachibvumirano chiripo kana mutemo wetsika sezvo pasina mutemo wemutemo wepamutemo (kusina mutemo wenyika). Izvi zvinokonzera kugadzirisa zvisarudzo. Apo iyo General Assembly yakakumbira mazano ekupa mazano pamusoro pekuti kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya kunobvumidzwa kune chero mamiriro ezvinhu mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda, Dare harina kukwanisa kuwana chero mutemo wepabvumirano wakabvumira kana kurega kutyisidzira kana kushandiswa. Pakupedzisira, zvose zvaigona kuita zvaireva kuti mutemo wekodzero unoda States kuti urambe uchikurukurirana pakurambidzwa. Pasina mutemo wemitemo yakapiwa nemutemo wepasi rose, Dare rinongogumira kune zvibvumirano zviripo uye mutemo wekodzero (iyo inotsanangurwa nguva dzose inopedza nguva) nokudaro ichichiita kuti zvinyatsobudirira pane zvimwe zviitiko uye zvose asi zvisina zvazvinobatsira kune vamwe.

Kamwe zvakare, Security Council veto inova muganhu wekubudirira kweDare. Munyaya yeNicaragua vs. IUnited States - veUnited States vakange vavhara zvikepe zveNicaragua muchiito chakajeka chehondo - Dare rakawana sangano reU.S. iyo iyo US yakabva kune simba rinomanikidzwa (1986). Apo nyaya yacho yakatumirwa kuHarare Security, US yakashandisa veto yake kuti irege kurangwa. Mukutaura, nhengo shanu dzese dzisingagumi dzinogona kudzora migumisiro yeDare rinofanira kuvanetsa ivo kana vashandi vavo. Dare rinofanira kuve rakasununguka neChristian Council veto. Apo chisarudzo chinoda kusimbiswa neHarare Security kune mumwe nhengo, iyo nhengo inofanira kuzviruramisa maererano nemutemo wekare weMutemo weRoma: "Hapana munhu anofanira kuva mutongi pane zvake."

Dare rave rakapomerwa mhosva, ivo vatongi havabvumi muzvinhu zvakachena zvekutonga asi mune zvematongerwo enyika akazvigadza. Kunyange zvazvo zvimwe zveizvi zvichida zvechokwadi, kutsoropodzwa uku kunouya kazhinji kubva kuAmerica avo vakarasikirwa nematambudziko avo. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo Dare rinowedzera kutevera mitemo yekutarisira, kuwedzera kuwanda kwezvisarudzo zvayo zvinotakura.

Mhosva dzinosanganisira kushungurudza dzinowanzotorwa kwete pamberi peDare asi pamberi peSecurity Council, nezvose zvisingakwanisi. Dare rinoda simba rokutarisa pacharo kana rine kodzero isingabvumirwi neChirongwa cheMatongerwo enyika uye inotoda kodzero yehutongi kuti inounise States kumunda.

Simbisai International Criminal Court

Sangano reInternational Criminal Court (ICC) iri Dare rekupedzisira, rakagadzirwa nechibvumirano, "Rome Statute," iyo yakatanga kushanda musi wa 1 July, 2002 mushure mokubvumidzwa nemarudzi e60. Sezvakaitwa 2015 chibvumirano chakasayirwa nemarudzi 122 ("States Parties"), zvisinei neIndia neChina. Vatatu States vakataura kuti havadi kuva chikamu cheSangano-Israel, Republic of Sudan, uye United States. Dare iri rusununguko rwakamira uye harusi rutivi rweUnited System kunyange runoshanda pamwe nekubatana naro. The Security Council inogona kutumira nyaya kuDare, kunyange zvazvo Dare iri pasi pebasa risingafaniri kuvanzvera. Simba rayo harisi nyore kune mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu, mhosva dzehondo, kurwisana, uye mhosva dzechisimba sezvo izvi zvakanyatsorondedzerwa mukati metsika yemutemo wenyika dzose uye sezvazvinyatsotsanangurwa mumutemo. Iyo Dare rekusarudzwa kwekupedzisira. Sezvo mutemo mukuru, ICC inogona kunge isina simba pamberi peHurumende yeChechi iine mukana wekuedza mhosva dzinopomerwa pachayo uye kuratidzira kukwanisa uye kunyatsoda kuzviita, kureva kuti, matare eZimbabwe Parties anofanira kunge achishanda. Dare "rinopindirana nehurumende yenyika" (Rome Statute, Preamble). Kana Dare rinosarudza kuti rine simba, chigadziro chinogona kupikiswa uye chero upi zvake hunosimbiswa kusvikira dambudziko rakanzwika uye kugadzirisa kunoitwa. Dare rinogona kunge risina simba pamusoro penharaunda yenyika chero ipi zvayo isingatendi kuRome Statute.

ICC inoumbwa nhengo ina: Hurezidhendi, Hofisi yePurezidhendi, Registry uye Jujiary iyo inoumbwa nevatongi vane gumi navasere muDzimba dzeMutatu: Kutongwa, Kutongwa, uye Mhosva.

Dare rauya pasi pekutsoropodza kwakasiyana siyana. Chokutanga, yakapomerwa nekusaruramisira kusarura hutsinye muAfrica apo iyo dzimwe nzvimbo dzisina kufarirwa. Sezvaiitwa 2012, matanomwe manomwe akasvinura akatarisa kune vatungamiri veAfrica. Ikusingaperi yeChishanu yeHarare Council inoratidzika kuti inosendamira kune chinangwa ichi. Sezvo chirevo, Dare rinofanira kukwanisa kuratidza kusasarura. Zvisinei, zvinhu zviviri zvinoderedza kutsoropodzwa uku: 1) dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica dzinopinda muchibvumirano kupfuura mamwe marudzi; uye 2) iyo Dare iri iri kutevera mhosva dzomumhosva muIraq neVenezuela (iyo haina kutungamirira kutambudziro).

Chimwe chechipiri uye chekutsoropodza chakafanana ndechekuti Dare rinoratidzika kune rimwe rekushanda neo-colonialism sekubhadhara mari uye kuvashandi zvakaenzaniswa neEuropean Union neWestern States. Izvi zvinogona kugadziriswa nekuparadzira mari yekubhadhara uye kubhadhara vadzidzisi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Chechitatu, yakarongerwa kuti bhar yekufanirwa kwevatongi inofanira kunge yakakwirira, inoda unyanzvi mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda uye chiitiko chekutanga chekuedzwa. Hazvina mubvunzo kuti zvinodiwa kuti vatongi vave vepamusoro-soro uye vanove nezviitiko zvakadaro. Chero zvipingamupinyi zvinomira munzira yekusangana nepamusoro-soro inoda kuongororwa.

Chechina, vamwe vanopikisa kuti masimba eMutongi ari akawandisa. Inofanira kurehwa kuti idzi dzakasimbiswa neTatimiti uye dzinoda kuchinjwa kuti dzichinje. Kunyanya, vamwe vakatsinhira kuti Mutongi haafaniri kuva nekodzero yekutsanangurira vanhu avo nyika dzavo dzisiri kunyora; zvisinei, izvi zvinoratidzika kunge kusanzwisiswa sezvo Statute inopedza mhosva yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa kuvasaini kana dzimwe nyika dzakabvumirana nedare rezvinyorwa zvinyorwa kunyange kana dzisingatendi.

Chechipiri, hapana chikumbiro kune dare rakakwirira. Cherechedza kuti dare rekutanga-dare reDare rinofanira kubvumirana, zvichibva pauchapupu, kuti gweta rezvemhosva rinogona kuitwa, uye mumiririri anogona kudana zvaakawana kuChirangaridzo. Nyaya yakadaro yakabudirira kugadziriswa neaipomerwa muC2014 uye nyaya yacho yakadonha. Zvisinei, zvingava zvakakosha kufunga nezvekusika kwekukumbira dare kunze kweCIC.

Chechitanhatu, pane zvikomba zvinokodzera pamusoro pokushaikwa kwekunze. Zvizhinji zvezvikamu zveMatare uye zvinenge zvichiitwa zvinotorwa muchivande. Nepo kune zvingava nezvikonzero zvepamutemo zvezvimwe zvezvi (kudzivirirwa kwezvapupu, pakati pezvimwe), chikamu chepamusoro chekujekesa chinokwanisika chinodiwa uye Dare rinofanira kuongorora maitiro aro munyaya iyi.

Chechipiri, vamwe vatsoropodzi vave vachikakavadzana kuti mitemo yekutongwa kwakakodzera haisi yepamusoro pemitemo yekuita. Kana izvi zviri izvo, zvinofanira kururamiswa.

Hwepfumbamwe, vamwe vakakavhiringidza kuti Dare rawana zvishoma kudarika mari yakashandisa, yawana chivimbo chimwe chete kusvika zvino. Izvi, zvisinei nharo dzekuremekedzwa kweDare kwekuita uye iyo inowanzochengetedza zvakasikwa. Zvave pachena kuti hazvina kupera mukuvhima kwouroyi kune munhu wese anonyadzisa munyika asi akaratidza kuzvidzora kunofadza. Ichowo uchapupu hwekutambudzika kwekuunza kutambudzwa uku, kuunganidza uchapupu dzimwe nguva makore shure kwekuuraya uye dzimwe hutsinye, kunyanya mumutauro wakasiyana-siyana.

Pakupedzisira, kutsoropodza kwakanyanya kunopesana neDare ndiyo huripo huri sehutano hwemasango. Vamwe havadi kana kuti vachichida nokuda kwezvazviri, kureva kunoratidzirwa pamusoro pekusaziva hurumende yeHurumende. Asi zvakadaro, zvakare, chibvumirano chose, uye ivo vose, kusanganisira Rome Statute, vakapinda nokuzvidira uye nokuda kwezvakanaka. Kupedza hondo hakugoni kuitwa nemauto ega oga. Nhoroondo yezviuru zvemakore hairevi chinhu kunze kwekukundikana munyaya iyi. Transnational magweta ehurumende ndiwo chikamu chakakosha cheA Alternative Global Security System. Zvechokwadi Dare rinofanira kunge richizviisa pasi pemitemo imwechete yavanenge vachitsigira kune imwe nzvimbo yepasi rose, kureva, kuve pachena, kubvunzurudza, kukurumidza uye kukodzera, uye avo vanoziva zvakakwana. Kubatanidzwa kweInternational Criminal Court kwaive danho guru mukufambira kwehutano hwehutano hunoita.

Inofanira kusimbiswa kuti ICC inzvimbo yakatsva-sha, iyo inotanga kushandiswa kwevanhu vemunharaunda yose yekuedza kuvimbisa kuti mhombwe dzepasi pose dzinonyadzisa hazvibvumi nemhosva dzavo dzakawanda. Kunyange IUnited Nations, iyo ndiyo yechipiri iteration of collective security, ichiri kuenderera mberi uye ichiri kudiwa kwekuchinja kukuru.

Masangano evanhu vezvematongerwo enyika ari pamberi pekushandura kwehutano. The Coalition for International International Criminal Court inosanganisira hurumende dzeHNUMX dzehurumende dziri munyika ye2,500 dzinotsigira ICC yakanaka, inoshanda, uye yakasununguka uye yakagadziridzwa kuwana rusununguko kune avo vakaurayiwa, kuparwa kwemhosva uye kuparwa kwevanhu. IAmerican Non-Governmental Organisations Coalition ye International International Criminal Court inobatanidza hurumende dzisiri dzehurumende dzakagadzirirwa kupedza kuburikidza nedzidzo, ruzivo, kukurudzira uye nhaurirano yehurumende yakazara yeUnited States kutsigira kweInternational Criminal Court uye kugadziriswa kwekutanga kweUnited States Dare reRoma Rute.56

Kusapindira Kunopindira: Mauto Evanhu Vanodzivirira Rugare

Vakadzidziswa, vasina simba uye vasina kusimbisa masimba ehurumende vane makore anopfuura makumi maviri vakadanirwa kupindira mukurwisana munyika yose kuti vadzivirire kuvadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu nevashandi vekuchengetedza kuburikidza nekuchengetedza hukama hwepamusoro hwepamusoro hunoenda nevanhu vanotyisidzira nemasangano. Sezvo masangano aya asingabatanidzi nehurumende chero ipi zvayo, uye sezvo vashandi vavo vanobva kune dzimwe nyika uye havana chavanoita kunze kwekugadzira nzvimbo yakachengeteka iyo kukurukurirana kunogona kuitika pakati pemapoka anokakavadzana, vane kuvimbika iyo hurumende dzenyika hadzina.

Nokuva vasinaviolent uye vasina kusununguka havapei ngozi kune vamwe uye vanogona kuenda apo varwi vehondo vanozvigadzirira vanogona kukurudzira kupesana kwechisimba. Vanopa nzvimbo yakazaruka, kukurukurirana nevatungamiriri vehurumende uye mauto ehondo, uye kugadzira kuwirirana pakati pevashandi vemunharaunda vemunharaunda uye nharaunda yepasi rose. Yakatangwa neRugare Brigades International mu1981, PBI ine mapurogiramu ezvino muGuatemala, Honduras, New Mexico, Nepal neKenya. The Nonviolent Peaceforce yakatangwa mu2000 uye inowanikwa muBrussels. NP ine zvinangwa zvina zvebasa rayo: kuumba nzvimbo yekugara kwenguva refu, kuchengetedza vagari vemo, kukudziridza uye kukurudzira mazano uye tsika dzekusachengetedzwa kwevasungwa vasina kuchengetedzwa kwehukama kuitira kuti igozogamuchirwa sechisarudzo chekuita nevasarudzo uye masangano ehurumende, uye kuvakira dziva revashandi vakakwanisa kubatana nemapoka ehupenyu kuburikidza nemabasa emunharaunda, kudzidziswa, nekuchengetedza boka revanhu vakadzidziswa, varipo. NP iye zvino ine maqembu muPhilippines, Myanmar, South Sudan, neSiria.

Semuenzaniso, Nonviolent Peaceforce ikozvino inoshanda basa rayo guru mukurwisana kwehurumende yeSouth Sudan. Vasungwa vasina kuchengetedzwa nevasununguko vehurumende vanobudirira kuburikidza nevakadzi vanounganidza huni huri munzvimbo dzinopesana, apo mapoka ekurwa anoshandisa chibharo sechimbo chehondo. Vanodzivirira vatatu kana vana vasina kuchengetedzwa kwehurumende vakaratidza kuva 100% kubudirira mukudzivirira iyo maitiro ekubata chibharo munguva yehondo. Mel Duncan, mutevedzeri weVaNeviolent Peaceforce anorondedzera mumwe muenzaniso weSouth Sudan:

[Derek naIt Andreas] vaiva nevarume veC14 nevana, apo nzvimbo yavakanga vaine vanhu ava yairwiswa neuto revanhu. Vakatora vakadzi vechi14 nevana mutende, asi vanhu vari kunze vakadhindwa mufananidzo pasina. Kaka katatu, varwi vevapanduki vakauya kuna Andreas naDerek uye vakataura AK47s pamisoro yavo ndokuti 'unofanira kuenda, tinoda vanhu ivavo'. Uye pamatatu ose, akanyarara kwazvo, Andreas naDerek vakasimudza mavoti avo eVe Nonviolent Peaceforce identity badges ndokuti: "hatina kusarudzwa, tiri pano kuzochengetedza vagari vevanhu, uye hatisi kuzosiya '. Mushure mechipiri chechitatu mauto akasimuka, uye vanhu vakasunungurwa. (Mel Duncan)

Nyaya dzakadai dzinounza mubvunzo wenjodzi kune vasina zvombo vanochengetedza runyararo. Mumwe zvirokwazvo haakwanise kugadzira mamiriro anotyisidzira kupfuura apfuura. Asi Nonviolent Peaceforce yakave nekukuvara kashanu kwakanangana nemakakatanwa - matatu acho netsaona - mumakore gumi nematatu ekushanda. Zvakare, zvakachengeteka kufunga kuti dziviriro yezvombo mumuenzaniso wakatsanangurwa ingadai yakakonzera kufa kwaDerek naAndreas pamwe neavo vavaitsvaga kuchengetedza.

Aya nemamwe masangano akadai semasangano echiKristu anoita kuti vanhu vave nehutano anopa muenzaniso unogona kuenzaniswa kuti utore nzvimbo yevarindi vehondo vanochengetedza uye mamwe maitiro ekupindira kwechisimba. Ndivo muenzaniso wakakwana webato revanhu vevanhu vari kutotamba mukuchengetedza runyararo. Kupindira kwavo kunopfuurira kupfurikidza nekupindira kuburikidza nehupo nehutano maitiro ekushanda pakugadzirisa kwehutano hwevanhu munharaunda dzenharo.

Kusvika iye zvino, izvi zvakaoma miedzo iri pasi pekuzivikanwa nekubhadhara mari. Vanofanira kunge vakanyatsorongedzwa neUN uye mamwe masangano uye nemitemo yenyika. Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvivimbiso zvakasimba zvekudzivirira vagari venyika uye kugadzira nzvimbo yemasangano evanhu uye vanoita kuti pave norugare rusingaperi.

International Law

Mutemo Wenyika Yose hauna nzvimbo yakatsanangurwa kana sangano rinodzora. Inoumbwa nemitemo yakawanda, mitemo, uye tsika dzinodzora hukama pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, hurumende dzavo, mabhizinesi, uye masangano.

Inosanganisira chikwata chekutengesa tsika; zvibvumirano; zvibvumirano; magwaro, mabhuku akadai seUnited Nations Charter; protocol; tribunals; memorandums; mitemo yepamutemo yeInternational Court of Justice nezvimwe. Sezvo pasina hurumende, kusungira sangano, inonyanya kuedza kuedza. Inosanganisira zvose zviripo mutemo uye mutemo wemhosva. Mitemo mitatu inokosha inodzora mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Izvo Zvose (apo nyika mbiri dzinowirirana mazano ehurumende, mumwe achazviisa pasi pekutonga kweimwe); Chiito cheHurumende Dzidziso (yakabva kune uchangamire-hurumende imwe yematare edzimhosva haichazobvumi nemitemo yeimwe hurumende kana inopesana nemitemo yayo yekunze); uye Dzidziso yeChinamire Inosunungura (kudzivisa hurumende yehurumende kuti iedzwe mumatare eimwe hurumende).

Dambudziko guru remitemo yenyika yose ndeyokuti, kuburikidza nedzimwe nheyo dzehutongi hwehurumende, hazvikwanisi kushanda zvakanaka nehuwandu hwepasi pose, sezvo kukundikana kuunza chiito chekutarisana nemamiriro ekushandura kwemamiriro ekunze kunoratidza. Kunyange zvazvo yakave yakajeka maererano nerugare rwemagariro uye njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza isu isu tiri vanhu vanomanikidzirwa kugara pamwe pamwe nepaduku duku, purogiramu isina simba, hapana sangano repamutemo rinokwanisa kugadza mutemo wemitemo, uye saka tinofanira kutenderera pakukurukurirana zvibvumirano zvedhu kutarisana nezvinetso zvakarongeka. Tichifunga kuti hazvigoneki kuti sangano rakadaro richakurumidza munguva yemberi, tinofanira kusimbisa hurumende.

Kurudzira Kuwirirana Nemitemo Iripo

Zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvekutonga hondo izvo zvino zviri kushanda hazvizivikanwi nemarudzi mashomanana akaoma. Kunyanya, Chibvumirano Chekudziviswa kweKushandiswa, Kutengesa, Kugadzira uye Kudhinda kweVashambadziri Minesheni uye pakuparadzwa kwavo hakuzivikanwi neUnited States, Russia neChina. Iro Roma Statute yeInternational Criminal Court haina kuzivikanwa neUnited States, Sudan, uye Israel. Russia haina kubvumirana nayo. India neChina vane maitiro, sezvakaita dzimwe nhengo dzeUnited States. Kunyange zvazvo hurumende inobvuma kuti dare rinogona kunge rakanyanyisa kurwisana navo, chikonzero choga chekuti chikonzero chekuti nyika isati ive chikamu cheState ndeyokuti ine kodzero yekuita mhosva dzehondo, kurwisana, mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu kana kuti kushungurudzwa, kana kutsanangura mabasa akadaro sekusauya pasi pezvinotsanangurwa zvakafanana zvezviito zvakadaro. Idzi Nyika dzinofanira kunge dzakamanikidzwa nevanhu vepasi rose kuti vauye patafura uye vachitamba nemitemo yakafanana neyevanhu vose. Nyika dzinofanirawo kuomeswa kutevedzera mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu uye nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana eGeneva. Izvo zvisingateereri nyika, kusanganisira US, dzinoda kubvumirana neComprehensive Test Ban Treaty uye dzosimbisa kuvimbika kwechiri-chiri kushanda Kellogg-Briand Pact iyo inoparadza hondo.

Shandisa Miti Mitsva

Mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuitika achagara achida kubvunzurudzwa kwemasungano matsva, hukama hwepamutemo pakati pemapoka akasiyana. Zvitatu zvinofanira kuendeswa pakarepo ndezvi:

Kudzora Gorofu Gasi

Sungano itsva dzinodiwa kutarisana nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwenyika uye migumisiro yaro, kunyanya chibvumirano chinodzora kubudiswa kwemafuse emagetsi ose anosanganisira rubatsiro kune nyika dziri kusimukira.

Iva Nzira YeKuteerera Kwemamiriro Ezemhepo

Chibvumirano chakabatanidzwa asi chakaparadzana chinofanira kutarisana nekodzero dzevapoteri vepamamiriro ekunze kuti vaende kune dzimwe nyika uye kune dzimwe nyika. Izvi zvinoshanda mukukurumidzira kwekare ikozvino kuenderera mberi kwemigumisiro yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, asiwo mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino yevapoteri anobva kuMiddle East neNorth Africa, uko nhoroondo uye yezvino kuWestern mitemo yakapa zvikuru kuhondo uye chisimba. Chero bedzi hondo iripo, pachava nevapoteri. IUnited Nations Convention pamusoro pevapoteri inosunungura zviri pamutemo vasaini kuti vatore vapoteri. Iyi urongwa inoda kukuteerera asi kupa huwandu huwandu huchazobatanidzwa, hunofanirwa kusanganisira zvigadziro zvekubatsira kana kukakavadzana kukuru kuchidziviswa. Iyi rubatsiro inogona kuva chikamu cheGlobal Development Plan sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa.

Ita Ichokwadi neKuyananisa Komisheni

Pakati penzira kana hondo yevagari vemo inoitika pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda iyo Alternative Global Security System inokanda, nzira dzakasiyana dzakataurwa pamusoro apa dzichashanda nokukurumidza kuti dzipedze kupedzisira kudarika hondo, kudzorera kurongeka. Kutevera izvozvo, nzira dzekuyananisa dzinodiwa kuti uone kuti hapana chekudzoka zvakare kune chisimba chairo uye chisina kukodzera. Izvi zvinotevera zvinonzi zvinokosha pakuyananisa:

• Kufumura chokwadi chezvakaitika
• Kuyekwa neanokanganisa (s) kwekukuvadza kwakaitwa
• Kuzvidemba kwakaratidzwa mukukumbira ruregerero kune vakaurayiwa (s)
• Forgiveness
• Kururamisira mune imwe nzira
• Kuronga kudzivirira kudzokorora
• Kudzokorora zvinhu zvinovaka zvehukama
• Kuvakazve kuvimba kwenguva57

Chokwadi uye Kuyananisa Komisheni inzira yekutonga kwepakati pezvekutsvaga uye inopa nzira yakasiyana yekutambudzwa uye kurwisa tsika dzekuramba.58 Ivo vakagadzwa mune dzimwe nyika dze20. Makomisheni akadaro akatoshanda mumamiriro mazhinji eEcuador, Canada, Czech Republic, nezvimwewo, uye kunyanya muSouth Africa pamagumo ehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika.59 Makomisheni akadaro anotora nzvimbo yekutongwa kwemhosva uye kuita kuti atange kudzorera kuvimba kuitira kuti rugare rwechokwadi, pane kungopedzisira kusagadzikana kwemhirizhonga, kunogona kutanga. Basa ravo nderokusimbisa chokwadi chekukanganisa kwakapfuura nevose vanoita, vose vakakuvara uye vanoita zvakaipa (avo vanogona kubvuma mukudzoka kwekunzwisisa) kuti vadzivise chero upi zvake hwezvezvezvemamiriro ezvinhu ezvekare uye kubvisa chero zvikonzero zvekuparara kwechisimba chitsva chinokonzerwa nokutsiva . Zvimwe zvinogona kubatsira ndezvi: kusununguka kwehupfumi nehupfumi hwechokwadi kunobatsira pakugarisana nevamwe nekuporesa; vanobatanidza vanhu vose munharaunda yenyika; tarisa pamatambudziko evanhu avo vakashandisa utsinye; uye pfungwa yehuwandu huri munharaunda.60

Gadzira Simba, Rakanaka uye Rinosimudzika Pfuma Yepasi Rose seSheyo Yorugare

Hondo, kusaruramisira mune zvezvemari uye kukundikana kwekusimudzira zvakasunganidzwa pamwe nenzira dzakawanda, kwete zvishoma zvayo ndeyehutachiona hwehutano hwemabasa munzvimbo dzakashata dzakadai seMiddle East, uko inogadzira mbeu yekubereka kukura. Uye pasi rose, hupfumi hwehupfumi ndeye chikonzero chakajeka chekurwisana kwemauto uye chido cheumambo kune simba rekujekesa uye kuchengetedza US kuwana kune dzimwe nyika mari. Kuve nekusawirirana pakati pezvinhu zvakashata zvekuchamhembe uye urombo hwepasi rose kumaodzanyemba zvinogona kurongedzerwa ne Global Aid Plan iyo inofunga kudiwa kwekuchengetedza zvisikwa zvepasi apo hupfumi hunozorora uye nekutonga democrat masangano ezvematongerwo enyika kunze kweWorld Trade Organization, Mari yeMari uye Bhizimusi reNyika Dzekugadziriswa uye Kubudirira.

Ikoko hakuna nzira yakanaka yekureva kuti bhizinesi iri kuparadza nyika.
Paul Hawken (Environmentalist, Author)

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika Lloyd Dumas anoti, "hupfumi hwemagariro hunokanganisa uye huchapedzisira hunoodza hurumende". Anotsanangura mazano ezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza runyararo.61 Izvi ndezvi:

Ita hukama hwakanaka - munhu wese anowana zvakabatsirwa zvishoma nezvakaenzana nemupiro wavo uye pane zvishoma zvingakonzera kukanganisa ukama. Muenzaniso: European Union - vanokakavadzana, kune mhirizhonga, asi hapana kutyisidzira kwehondo pakati peEU.

Simbisa hutungamiri - Nyaya yehondo kubva kuWWII yakarwiwa munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Urombo uye mikana isiripo ndeyekudzivirira kwechisimba. Kubudirira inzira inopesana nehugandanga, sezvo inowedzera rutivi rwekutsigira mapoka emagandanga. Muenzaniso: Kuchengetwa kwevechiduku, vakadzi vasina kudzidza mumaguta ekuita masangano anotyisa.62

Deredza kudengenyeka kwezvinhu zvakasikwa - Mupikisano wezvakawanda zvinowanikwa ("kushungurudza-zvinobatsira") - kunyanya mafuta uye mvura-inokonzera kukakavadzana kunokonzera pakati pemarudzi nemapoka mukati memarudzi.

Zvinoratidzwa kuti hondo inowanzoitika kune mafuta.63 Kushandisa zvisikwa zvepanyika zvakanyatsobudirira, kusimbisa uye kushandiswa kwekusvibiswa kwekombiyuta uye maitiro uye kuchinja kukuru kune hutano pane kuwanda kwehupfumi hwekuwanda kunogona kuderedza kudengenyeka kwenyika.

Democratize International Economic Economic Institutions
(WTO, IMF, IBRD)

Imari yepasi rose inotarisirwa, inobhadharwa uye inotungamirirwa nemasangano matatu - World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), uye International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; "Bank World"). Dambudziko nemitumbi iyi ndeyokuti havasati vatsigiri uye vanofarira nyika dzakapfuma dzichirwisana nemarudzi ari varombo, kusingabvumirwi kudzivirira zvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzwa kwebasa, uye kusava pachena, kudzivisa kusimbiswa, uye kukurudzira ruzivo rwekuwedzera uye kuvimba.64 Dare rinodzora risina kukwana uye risingaverengeki reWTO rinogona kudarika mitemo yebasa uye yezvakatipoteredza yemarudzi, zvichiita kuti vanhu vagone kushungurudzwa kushandiswa uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana.

Nzira yemazuva ano yekutengeserana kwekutengeserana kwenyika iri kuwedzera kupamba kwenyika yeupfumi, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwevashandi, kuwedzera mapurisa nekudzvinyirira zvechiuto uye kusiya urombo mune zvahwo.
Sharon Delgado (Munyori, Mutevedzeri weNyika Justice Ministries)

Kudyidzana kwenyika yose pachako hakusi kukonzera-iko kushandiswa kwemahara. Izvo zvakaoma zvehurumende dzehurumende uye masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ayo anotonga masangano aya anotungamirirwa nechinangwa cheMutengo Wekutengeserana kana "Free Trade," kusagadzikana kwekutengeserana kwemaoko maviri umo hupfumi huchibva kune varombo kune vapfumi. Nzira dzepamutemo uye dzezvemari zvirongwa izvi zvinogadzirisa uye zvinomiririra kubvumira kutengeserana kwemabhizimisi kune zvivako zvekusvibiswa mune nyika dzinodzvinyirira vashandi vanoedza kuronga mubhadharo wakanaka, hutano, kuchengeteka uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinotengeswa zvakare kunyika dzakabudirira sezvinhu zvevatengi. Izvo zvinodhura zviri kunze kune varombo uye pasi rose. Sezvo nyika dzisina kusimba dzakapinda mukati mechikwereti pasi pehurumende iyi, dzinofanirwa kubvuma IMF "zvirongwa zvekutsvaga," iyo inoparadza rusununguko rwemagariro ehutano hunoita chikwata chemasimba asina simba, varombo vashandi vezvikwata zvekuchamhembe. Hurumende iyi inobatsirawo zvekurima. Minda iyo inofanira kunge iri kukura kudya kwevanhu panzvimbo ino inokura maruva emabhizimisi akacheka-maruva muEurope uye neU.S. Kana ivo vakatorwa nevakuru, varimi vanochengetedza varidzi vakadanidzira, uye vanokura zviyo kana kusimudza mombe kuti vaende kune dzimwe nyika pasi rose. Varombo vanopinda mukati mega-maguta apo, kana vane nhamo, vanowana basa mumakambani anodzvinyirira kuumba kunze kwezvinhu. Kusaruramisira kwehurumende iyi kunokonzera shungu uye inoshevedza kurwisana kwechisimba chinodana mapurisa nekudzvinyirira zvehondo. Mapurisa nemasoja vanowanzodzidziswa mukuderedzwa kwevanhu vazhinji neuto reUnited States pa "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation" (raimbova "Chikoro cheAmericas"). Pachikoro ichi kudzidziswa kunosanganisira kukunda mauto, maitiro epfungwa, mauto ehondo uye commando tactics.65 Zvose izvi zvinokanganisa uye zvinokonzera kusachengeteka kukuru munyika.

Mhinduro yacho inoda kushandurwa kwematongerwo enyika uye kusimudzira tsika mumusoro. Icho chiito chekutanga chekufamba ndechekurega kudzidzisa mapurisa neuto rehurumende yekutonga. Chechipiri, mapurisa anodzora ematongerwe enyika emarudzi ose anoda kuve democratized. Iko zvino inotungamirirwa neZimbabwe Industrial North. Chechitatu, izvo zvinonzi "hurumende yekutengeserana" mitemo inofanira kuchinjwa nehutano hwematongerwo enyika. Zvose izvi zvinoda kuchinja kwetsika, kubva kune udyire kune chikamu chevatengi vokuNorth vanowanzotenga zvigadziriswa zvingatengesa zvinhu zvisinei kuti ndiani anotambura, kuti ave nehutano hwehutano hwepasi pose uye kuziva kuti kukuvadza kune zvisikwa zvipenyu kune chero kupi zvayo kune zvakakosha pasi rose, kune kuchamhembe, zvakajeka maererano nemamiriro ekudengenyeka kwemamiriro okunze uye zvinetso zvekuenda kune dzimwe nyika zvinotungamirira kumiganhu yehondo. Kana vanhu vachigona kuvimbiswa nehupenyu hwakanaka munyika dzavo, havazove vachiedza kutamira kune zvisiri pamutemo.

Ita Ikuchengetedzwa Kwezvakagadzikana Munyika Yose

Uku kusimbiswa kunotsigira dhipatimendi nekudzivirira, kuderedza kutyisidzira kwenguva refu kuhuviriro hwenyika kuburikidza nekubatsira kuvaka hukama hwakasimba, hunobudirira uye runyararo.
2006 United States National Security Strategy Plan.

Chimwe chikonzero chakafanana chekutonga demokrasi yezvematongerwe enyika emarudzi ose ndechokuisa Global Aid Plan kuti ibudirire kugadzirisa hutungamiri hwehupfumi nehupenyu hwepasi pose.66 Zvinangwa izvi zvaizova zvakafanana neUnited Millennium Development Goals kugumisa urombo nenzara, kusimbisa kuchengetedza kwekudya kwekudya, kupa dzidzo uye kuchengetwa kwehutano, nekuzadzisa zvinangwa izvi nokusika zvakagadzikana, zvinobudirira, kubudirira kwehupfumi zvisingagadziri kuderedza kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Inofanirawo kupa mari yekubatsira nekugadzirisa kwevapoteri. Izvo Zvirongwa zvaizotungamirirwa nehurumende itsva, yepasi rese isiri yehurumende yekudzivirira iyo kuti irege kuva mutemo wekunze kune dzimwe nyika yevepfumi nyika. Inogona kubhadharwa nekutsaurira kwe2-5 muzana yeGDP kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakashambadzirwa kwemarudzi makumi maviri. KuUnited States iyi mari inenge iine mashoma mabhiriyoni emadhora emadhora, zvakaderera kupfuura iyo $ 1.3 trillion ikozvino inoshandiswa pahurumende yakakundikana yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Chirongwa chacho chaizotarisirwa pasi pasi neRugare Rwenyika Yose uye Justice Corps rakaumbwa nevazvipiri. Icho chinoda kuverenga kwakanyatsonaka uye kujekesa kubva kune hurumende dzinogamuchirwa kuti ione kuti rubatsiro rwechokwadi rwakasvika kune vanhu.

Chirongwa Chekutangira: A Democratic, Citizens Global Paramende

IUnited Nations pakupedzisira inoda kushanduka kwakajeka kwakadaro kunogona kuva kwakakosha kuifunga nezvavo maererano nekutsiva kweUnited Nations nemumwe muviri unoshanda, iyo inokwanisa chaizvoizvo kuchengeta (kana kubatsira kubatsira) rugare. Uku kunzwisisa kunobva mukukundikana kweUUN iyo inogona kubva pamatambudziko ehupenyu pamwe nekuchengeteka pamwe chete semuenzaniso wekuchengeta kana kudzorera rugare.

Zvinokonzera Matambudziko Nekuchengetedzwa Kwekuunganidza

Sangano reUnited Nations rinotarisana nemutemo wekuchengetedzwa pamwe chete, ndiko kuti, kana nyika inopisidzira kana inotanga utsinye, dzimwe nyika dzichaunza hutsika husingaiti shanduko sechinhu chinodzivisa, kana sechigadziriso chekutanga chekupinda kwekukunda kukunda pahondo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi, kugadziriswa kwemasimba, kutyisidzira kana kuita hondo yakawanda kudzivisa kana kudzivirira hondo shoma. Imwe muenzaniso mukuru - Hondo yeKorea - yakanga isiriko. Hondo yakakonzerwa kune kwemakore uye muganhu unoramba uchirwisana zvikuru. Ichokwadi, hondo haina kumbobviswa zvachose. Kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu pamwe chete kunongogadziriswa kwehurongwa huripo hwekushandisa chisimba kuedza kurwisa chisimba. Ichokwadi inoda nyika yakasungwa kuitira kuti mutumbi wenyika uine mauto ayo anogona kushevedza. Uyezve, nepo UN inotarisirwa pane ino, haisi yakagadzirirwa kuitakura, sezvo isina basa rekuita saizvozvo pamakakatanwa. Inongova nemukana wekuita uye izvo zvakakonzerwa zvikuru neS Security Council veto. Nhengo dzechishanu dzakabvumirwa nedzimwe nyika dzinokwanisa, uye kazhinji, dzakashandisa zvinangwa zvavo zvepanyika kunze kwekubvumirana kushanda pamwe chete kuti zvive zvakanaka. Izvi zvinotsanangura zvishoma kuti nei UN yakakundikana kumisa hondo dzakawanda kubva pakusikwa kwayo. Izvi, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvishoma zvishoma, zvinotsanangura kuti sei vamwe vanhu vachifunga kuti vanhu vanofanira kutanga nechekare yakawanda iyo ine simba rekugadza nekusimbisa mutemo wepamutemo uye kuunza kugadzirisa kugadzirisa kwekukakavadzana.

The Earth Federation

Izvo zvinotevera zvakabva pane nharo yokuti kuchinja kune dzimwe nyika dziripo dzakakosha zvakakosha, asi kwete zvakakwana. Icho nharo yokuti nheyo dziripo zvekutarisana nemakakatanwa emarudzi ose uye matambudziko makuru evanhu hazvina kukwana zvachose uye kuti nyika inotanga kutanga ne sangano rose repasi rose: "Nyika Federation," inotungamirirwa neParamende yepasi rose yakasarudzwa uye ine Bhuku reHurumende reHurumende. Kukundikana kweUnited Nations kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ayo chaiwo sehurumende yemasimba enyika; haikwanise kugadzirisa matambudziko akawanda uye matambudziko epasiro ayo vanhu vari kutarisana nawo zvino. Panzvimbo yekuda kubvisa zvombo zvehondo, UN inoda kuti nyika iite kuti ichengetedze hondo yehondo iyo inogona kukweretesa kuUn inoda. Sangano rekupedzisira reUnited Nations nderokushandisa hondo kurambidza hondo, pfungwa ye oxymoronic. Uyezve, UN haina masimba emitemo-haigone kuita mitemo inosunga. Inogona kungozvisunga nyika kuti iende kuhondo kunomisa hondo. Hazvina kukodzera zvachose kugadzirisa zvinetso zvepakati pezvakatipoteredza (United Nations Environment Programme haina kumisa kudyara kwemvura, kukonzera, kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kushandiswa kwemafuta, kudengenyeka kwenyika yose, kusvibiswa kwegungwa, nezvimwewo). UN inokundikana kugadzirisa dambudziko rekufambira mberi; hurombo hwepasi rese hunoramba hwakanyanya. Mamiriyoni ehurumende anosimudzira, kunyanya International Monetary Fund uye International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ("Bank World") nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehurumende "akasununguka," akangoita kuti vapfumi vabve varombo. Dare renyika harina simba, harina simba rekuunza nharo pamberi payo; vanogona kuunzwa chete nokuzvidira nemapato pachavo, uye hapana nzira yekusimudzira zvisarudzo zvayo. The General Assembly haina simba; inogona kungodzidza nekukurudzira. Haina simba rekuchinja chero chinhu. Kuwedzera mutumbi weparamende kwairi kungova kuumba muviri unogona kukurudzira kune muviri unorumbidza. Zvinetso zvenyika zvino zviri mumatambudziko uye hazvikwanise kugadziriswa nehutsinye hwemakwikwi, nyika ine simba yakashonga inoti mumwe nomumwe anongoda mukutsvaga kufarira kwayo nyika uye asingakwanisi kuita chimwe chinhu chakanaka.

Nokudaro, kuchinja kweUnited Nations kunofanirwa kuenda kune kana kuteverwa nekusikwa kwevasina kusarwisana, kusati kwemauto Ehurumende Yenyika, yakaumbwa neParamende yepasi rose yakasarudzwa ine simba rekuita mutemo unosungira, World Judiciary, uye World Executive se boka rehutungamiri. Sangano guru revagari venyika rakawana kakawanda seParamende yePasi Pasi uye vakanyora gwaro reMitemo yeNyika rakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza rusununguko, kodzero dzevanhu, uye nzvimbo yepasi rose, uye kupa hupenyu hwevose.

Basa reMagariro Evanhu Munyika Yose uye Misangano Dzepasi Pose Dzisina Hurumende

Nzanga inowanzowanzobatanidza vateereri mumasangano anyanzvi, masangano, masangano, masangano-echitendero, masangano asina hurumende, mhuri, uye mamwe mapoka emagariro.67 Izvo zvinowanzowanikwa munzvimbo yepamunharaunda / nyika uye pamwe chete nemasangano ehurumende yepasi rose nemishandirapamwe, vanoumba zvivako zvisati zvamboitika zvekutsvaga hondo nehondo.

MuC1900 maiva nemaoko mashoma emasangano ehurumende akadai se International Intern Union uye Red Cross. Muzana remakore uye vamwe kubva panguva iyoyo, kune kuwedzera kunoshamisa kwemasangano ehurumende asiri ehurumende akazvipira kugadzirisa rugare uye kuchengetedza rugare. Ikozvino kune zviuru zvezviNGO zvakasanganisira masangano akaita se: Nonviolent Peaceforce, Greenpeace, Servicio Paz y Justicia, Peace Brigades International, Women's International League for Runyararo neRusununguko, Veterans for Runyararo, Kubatana kweKuyananisa, Hwokufuratira kweHaan for Peace , International Peace Bureau, VaMuslim Peacemaker Teams, Jewish Voice for Peace, Oxfam International, Doctors Without Borders, Pace e Bene, Plowshares Fund, Apopo, Citizens for Global Solutions, Nukewatch, Carter Centre, Conflict Resolution Center International, the Natural Nhanho, Kudhindwa Kwemaguta, United Nations Association, Rotary International, Chiito chevakadzi kuNzira Maitungamiri, Rugare Rwenyika, American Association Service Committee, nezvimwe zvisingaverengeki zviduku uye zvisingazivikanwi zvakadai seBlue Mountain Project kana kuti War Prevention Initiative. Bhuku reNobel Peace Committee rakagamuchira kukosha kwemasangano emasangano ehurumende, achipa vakawanda vavo neNobel Peace Prize.

Muenzaniso unonyaradza ndekugadzwa kweVokurwisana kweRugare:

Sangano re "Vachirwisana neRugare" rakatangwa pamwe chete nePalestina neVaIsrael, avo vakatora chikamu chekushingaira mukurwisana kwechisimba; VaIsrael sevarwi muuto reIsrael (IDF) nePalestine sechikamu chehondo yechisimba yekusununguka kwePalestina. Mushure mekuisa zvombo zvemakore kwemakore akawanda, uye tichiona mumwe chete kuburikidza nehurongwa hwezvombo, takasarudza kuisa pasi pfuti dzedu, uye kurwira rugare.

Tinogonawo kutarisa kuti vanhu vakadai saJody Williams vakashandisa sei simba revanhu vese-nhaurirano yekubatsirana kuti vabatsire mhirizhonga yepasi rose kubvumirana pamusoro pekudzivirirwa kwenyika kumigodhi yemvura kana kuti nhume dzevagari-vamiririri vari kuvaka vanhu-kune-vanhu mabhiriji pakati peRussia uye veAmerica vari pakati pemakakatanwa enyika yose mu2016.68

Vanhu ava nemasangano vakabatanidza nyika pamwe chete muhutano hwekutarisira uye kunetseka, hondo inopesana nekusaruramisira, kushandira rugare neruramisiro uye hupfumi husingaperi.69 Aya masangano haasi kungotsigira rugare, vanoshanda pasi kuti vabudirire kupindirana, kugadzirisa, kana kugadzirisa kukakavadza uye kuvaka rugare. Ivo vanozivikanwa senhare yepasi rose yezvakanaka. Vakawanda vakagamuchirwa kuUnited Nations. Kubatsirwa neWestern Web World, ivo ndivo uchapupu hwekubuda kwekuziva kwenyika yekuva vagari venyika.

 

Dzokera kuTeri Mukati ye2016 A Global Security System: An Alternative to War.