NaMarc Pilisuk, Gumiguru, 24, 2017
Munguva yekuchema kana kutya kwekutyisidzira kunovapo, psyche yemunhu inokwanisa kwazvo kuramba nekuregeredza njodzi dzinogona kuitika. Mutungamiri Trump vakasimudza tarisiro yekupinda muhondo yenyukireya neNorth Korea. Izvo zvakakosha kuti vamwe vedu vapikisane neiyi ratidziro. Muhondo yenyukireya mune kuputika, dutu remoto uye mhedzisiro yemagetsi uye hapana vekutanga kupindura kana zvivakwa zvekubatsira vakapona. Ino ndiyo nguva yekutarisana nekudzivirirwa kwezvinhu zvisinga fungidzike.
Nyukliya Weapons
Kusvikira pakuuya kwebhomba reatomiki, hondo yanga isina simba rekupedza, kwenguva dzese, kuenderera kwevanhu kana kutyisidzira kuenderera kwehupenyu pachahwo. Iwo mabhomba eatomiki akadonhera paHiroshima neNagasaki akaburitsa kufa kukuru kwekukurumidza kubva kune imwe nhumbi zvombo zvichizivikanwa. Mukati memwedzi miviri kana mina yekutanga kubhomba, kwakakomba kwemabhomba eatomiki kwainge kwauraya vanhu zviuru mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mana nevatanhatu muHiroshima uye 90,000-146,000 muNagasaki; dzinenge hafu yerufu muguta rega rega rakaitika pazuva rekutanga.
Kutyisidzira kwezvombo zvenyukireya kwawedzera. Chokwadi ichi chakaratidzwa neMutungamiri Kennedy:
Nhasi, vagari vese vepasi rino vanofanirwa kufunga nezvezuva iro pasi rino parinenge pasisina pekugara. Wese murume, mukadzi, uye mwana anogara pasi pebakatika renyika reDamocles, akarembera neane hushoma hwemachira, anokwanisa kutemwa chero nguva netsaona kana miscalculation kana kupenga.[I]
Aimbova Secretary wezveDziviriro William J. Perry akati, "Handina kumbobvira ndatya zvakanyanya kubviswa kwenyukireya kupfuura izvozvi - Pane mukana unopfuura makumi mashanu muzana wekurwisa kwenyukireya kunangwa dzeUS mukati memakore gumi."[Ii] Apocalyptic njodzi dzakadai, iyo yatinoziva iripo asi zvakadaro tisingateerere, rambai muchive nechidimbu patiri. Ivo vanotisundira kure nekubatana kwenguva yakareba kuenda kupasi redu, vachitimanikidza kuti tirarame kwenguva pfupi sekunge chinguva chega chega chingave chekupedzisira.[Iii]
Parizvino kutarisisa kwevanhu kwakanangana nekugona kwekurwiswa kwechombo chenyukireya nemagandanga RAND mubatanidzwa wakaita ongororo kuti uongorore zvakakonzerwa nekurwiswa nemagandanga kunosanganisira kuputika kwenyukireya gumi-kiloton muPort yeLong Beach, California.[Iv] Seti yezvigadziriso zvekushandisa maturusi zvakashandiswa kuongorora mhedzisiro nekukurumidza kwenguva. Yakagumisa kuti chero nzvimbo yemuno kana nyika havana kugadzirira kutarisana nekutyisidzira kwechigadzirwa chenyukireya chakaunzwa kuUS muchikepe chemidziyo. Long Beach ndiyo chiteshi chechitatu chakabatikana kwazvo pasi rose, iine angangoita makumi matatu muzana ezvese zvinounzwa kunze kwenyika uye zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvinopfuura napo. Chirevo chacho chakataura kuti chombo chepasi-chinoputika chabviswa mumudziyo wekutakura chingaita mazana emazana mamaira enzvimbo yekudonha kusagarika Kuputika kwakadai kungave kwakakanganisa zvisati zvamboitika munyika nepasi rose. Semumwe muenzaniso, chirevo chakacherekedza kuti nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuchenesa mafuta dzaizoparadzwa zvichipedza kuwanisa peturu kuWest Coast mumazuva mashoma. Izvi zvaizosiya vakuru veguta kuti vatarisane nekushomeka kwemafuta nekukurumidza uye mukana wakasimba wemhirizhonga yevagari vemo. Blast mhedzisiro yaizoperekedzwa nedutu remoto uye nekugara kwenguva refu radioactive kudonha, zvese zvichikonzera kudonha kwenzvimbo dzemuno. Zvinokanganisa hupfumi hwepasirese zvinogona zvakare kuva nenjodzi nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri: chekutanga, kukosha kwehupfumi hwenyika yekutakura zvinhu, izvo zvinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekurwiswa uku, uye chechipiri, hunyoro hwakanyorwa hwesisitimu yemari yepasirese.[V]
Nematanho azvino uno gumi-kiloton kuputika kwenyukireya kunomiririra samuenzaniso yemauto esimba rezvombo zvikuru zvenyukireya izvozvi muzvivakwa zvenhamba iri kukura yenyika. Zvakaoma kunyangwe kufungidzira kuti kukura kukuru kwenyukireya kungarevei. Mumwe aimbova Secretary wezveDziviriro, Robert McNamara anoyeuka zvaakasangana nazvo panguva yedambudziko remakombi eCuba apo nyika yakauya pedyo nekuchinjana zvombo zvenyukireya zvakatangwa neUS neSoviet Union vachipesana. Mukuyambira kwake kwakadzikama Makore mazhinji gare gare McNamara akataura chirevo cheInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, achitsanangura mhedzisiro yechombo chimwe chete-megaton:
Pane zero zero, kuputika kunogadzira crater 300 tsoka dzakadzika uye 1,200 tsoka pakadzika. Mukati mehafu imwe chete, iwo mamiriro ekunze anopinda mubhora remoto anopfuura hafu mamaira pakiromita. Kumusoro kweiyo mota yemoto kunopenya kanenge katatu kupisa uye kupisa kwenzvimbo inoenzaniswa nepamusoro pezuva, kudzima nemasekondi ese hupenyu huri pasi uye kupenya kwekunze nekumhanya kwechiedza, zvichikonzera kupisa kukuru pakarepo kune vanhu vari mukati memamita imwe kusvika matatu. . Mhepo inoputika yemhepo yakamanikidzwa inosvika kure kwemakiromita matatu mune anenge 12 masekondi, mafekitori anobata kumeso uye zvivakwa zvekutengesa. Dhivha inotakurwa nemhepo ye250 mph inokuvadza zvinokuvadza munzvimbo yese. Anenge 50 muzana yevanhu vari munharaunda vanofa nekukasira, chero kukuvara kubva kumagetsi kana dhayeti remoto riri kukura.ii
Dai kurwiswa kweTwin Towers kwaisanganisira bhomba renyukireya re20-megaton, mafungu anoputika angadai akatakura kuburikidza nepasi pevhu pasi pehurongwa. Kusvikira gumi nemashanu mamaira kubva pasi zero zero marara anobhururuka, anokurudzirwa nekudzingwa madhara, angadai akawedzera nyatwa. Chinenge 200,000 moto unoparadzanisa ungadai waburitsa kuburitsa motoji unodziya kusvika ku1,500 degrees. Bhomba renyukireya rinoparadza machira emidziyo yemvura, chikafu, uye mafuta ekufambisa, mabasa ekurapa, uye magetsi emagetsi. Radiation inokuvadza inoparadza uye inoshatisa zvinhu zvipenyu zve240,000 makore.[vi]
Hapana chikonzero chekutenda kuti kurwiswa kwenyukireya kwaizosanganisira chete chombo chakadaro. Uyezve, iyo mifananidzo iri pamusoro ndeye bhomba renyukireya rakadzika kwazvo mukuparadza kupfuura mabhomba mazhinji aripo pane yakagadzirira-yekuzivisa mamiriro. Izvi zvombo zvakakura zvinokwanisa izvo zvakafambirwa naGeorge Kennan kuve akakurisa sekuparadza zvekuti nekusvibisa kunzwisisa.[vii] Mabhomba akadaro, uye mamwe achiri kuparadza zvakanyanya, arimo muhondo dzehondo dzekupotsera, mazhinji anokwanisa kuburitsa akawanda mauto ehondo.
Kutevera kupunzika kweSoviet Union, zvombo zvenyukireya zvakachengeta zvakawandisa pane izvo zvaizodiwa kuti zviparadze vanhu vese venyika zvadzikiswa. Zvisinei, 31,000 zvombo zvenyukireya zvinoramba zviri munyika-mazhinji acho ari maAmerican kana maRussia, nenhamba shoma dzakabatwa neUnited Kingdom, France neChina, India, Pakistan neIsrael. Kukundikana kupedza Cold War kukakavara kwenyukireya pakati peRussia neUS kunosiya nyika mbiri dziine dzinopfuura zviuru zviviri zvehondo zvehondo yenyukireya pakakwirira-kungwarira. Izvi zvinogona kuvhurwa mumaminetsi mashoma uye basa ravo rekutanga rinoramba riri kuparadzwa kwemauto enyukireya, zvivakwa zveindasitiri, uye hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika / hwemauto.[viii] Isu tine ikozvino kugona kwekuparadza, kwenguva dzese, munhu wese, gwenzi rega rega reuswa, uye chimwe chinhu chipenyu chakashanduka kubva pano pasi. Asi kufunga kwedu kwakavapo here kutigonesa kudzivirira izvi kubva kuitika?
Mazwi edu anoda kunzwiwa. Chekutanga, tinogona kukurudzira vatungamiriri vedu kuti vatore Trump kuti adzore kutyisidzira kwehondo yenyukireya, kungave kuburikidza nekushandisa kumeso kana nekumanikidza kubva kune ake aapiira vemauto. Chechipiri, kana isu tikapona panguva imwe yebasa rakakosha kwazvo ndeyekuvhara zvombo zvenyukireya. Nukes haidi kuedzwa kuti ive nemhedzisiro yemubhadharo kuitira kuti ishumire. Iko kuvandudzwa kwekukwanisa kuparadza kwaunza mujaho wenyukireya.
Kuvandudza, maererano neCBO kuchada $ 400 bhiriyoni nekukurumidza uye kubva ku $ 1.25 kusvika kumadhora 1.58 trillion pamakumi matatu emakore. Kuwedzerwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvakagadzirirwa kushandiswa muhondo kunoshungurudza dzimwe nyika kuti dzivatenge uye kukoka chikumbaridzo chekushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya kutyorwa. Ino ndiyo nguva yekumanikidza kuCongress yedu kuti kuvandudza zvombo zvenyukireya kwakaregedzwa kubva kubhajeti renyika. Izvi zvinotenga imwe nguva yekuporesa pasi uye nharaunda yevanhu pasi pekunetseka kwakadzika.
References
[I] Kennedy, JF (1961, Gunyana). Kero kune iyo UN general gungano. Iyo Miller Center, iyo Yunivhesiti yeVirginia, Charlottesville, Virginia. Retrieved from http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/5741
[Ii] McNamara, RS (2005). Apocalypse Munguva pfupi. Kunze Kwepolisi Magazini. Yakadzorerwa kubva http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2829
[Iii] Macy, JR (1983). Kushungurudzika uye simba pachako muzera renyukireya. Philadelphia, PA: New Society.
[Iv] Meade, C. & Molander, R. (2005). Kuongorora kukanganisika kwehupfumi kwenjodzi yekuvhundutsa kwehugandanga pachiteshi cheLong Beach. RAND Corporation. W11.2 Yakatorerwa kubva http://birenheide.com/sra/2005AM/program/singlesession.php3?sessid=W11
http://www.ci.olympia.wa.us/council/Corresp/NPTreportTJJohnsonMay2005.pdf
[V] Ibid.
[vi] Masayendisiti Komiti yeRadiation Ruzivo (1962). Mhedzisiro yeBhomba makumi maviri Megaton. New University Mufungo: Chitubu, 24-32.
[vii] Kennan, GF (1983). Kunyengedzera kwenyukireya: Ukama hweSoviet America muzera renyukireya. New York: Pantheon.
[viii] Starr, S. (2008). Yakakwirira-Yambiro Nenyukireya Zvombo: Iyo Yakakanganikwa Njodzi. SGR (Masayendisiti Ekuremekedza Pasi Pose) Tsamba, No.36, Retrieved from http://www.sgr.org.uk/publications/sgr-newsletter-no-36
* Zvikamu zvakapetwa kubva Iyo Yakavanzika Yakagadzwa YeMhirizhonga: Ndiani Anobatsira Kubva Kumhirizhonga Yenyika neHondo naMarc Pilisuk naJennifer Achord Rountree. New York, NY: Kuongorora Kwemwedzi, 2015.
Marc Pilisuk, Ph.D.
Purofesa Emeritus, Iyo Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia
Kitsi, Saybrook University
Ph 510-526-1788
Kutenda Kelisa Bhora nekubatsira nekugadzirisa uye kutsvagisa
http://marcpilisuk.com/bio.html
