NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, August 22, 2022
Dante akanyora nhetembo dzinoshamisa uye dzine simba pamusoro peGehena neDenga dzakabatanidza maItalian kutenderedza mutauro usiri wechiLatin uye nyika dzekuMadokero dzakatenderedza mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana uye zvisizvo maererano neanorongerwa denderedzwa ripi.
Akanyorawo bhuku muchiLatin achidzivirira nekurumbidza humambo, hwaive achangobva kurumbidzwa as inobatsira muna 2022 nekugadzira mubatanidzwa wehurumende wepasi rose une mutsa uye rugare rwepasi rose. Dambudziko nderekuti izvi zvakakwana uye zvakazara bollocks. Mumwe anogona kuwana mabheti apo Dante anoratidza kuti matunhu akakundwa anoda yakasarudzika mitemo yenzvimbo, uye zvichingodaro, asi hapana kwainonongedza kuremekedza kuzvitonga kana demokrasi. Ibhuku rinorumbidza humambo, uye kunyanya Humambo hweRoma, uye kuratidza mapoinzi ayo nemvumo yengano uye nhetembo naVirgil.
Chinhu chinonyanya kufadza pamusoro pebhuku rese pamusoro pehumambo mubvunzo waunomutsa wekuti Dante aifunga kuti nhetembo yake inonakidza yaive isiri yengano, kana kuti yaVirgil chete. Iri bhuku rinonakidzawo sechinyorwa chenhoroondo, asi sechirongwa chekuita muzana remakore rechi21 hazvina maturo uye harina kana hurongwa hwekuita muzana remakore rechi14 kunze kwekubuda kunorwa.
Hapana kuedza kukuru kunodiwa kuverenga 700-year-old musings sezvisina maturo. Dambudziko nderekuti vangani vanhu vachiri kufunga nenzira dzakafanana kunyange sezvo nyika ine zvombo zvenyukireya.
Dante anotanga nekutumidza rugare seyakanyanya kunaka. Asi avo vedu vanotofunga izvozvo, vanozvifunga nemhaka yezvinotyisa zvehondo: rufu, kukuvara, nhamo, kushaya pokugara, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, ruvengo, kupatsanurana, uye kutsauswa kwezviwanikwa kure nezvinodikanwa zvokukurumidzira. Kuwedzera kwaDante mamwe akatorwa mumagwaro akasarudzwa hakusi kuzosimbisa zvatinotenda kana kunyengetedza chero munhu kuti abatane nesu.
Dante - mukufamba kwakakodzera kupihwa basa kubva kuStanford University - anozivisa chishandiso chikuru cherunyararo kuve "humambo hwenguva pfupi / humambo." Anobva aratidza kuburikidza nemasyllogisms ayo anoseka kubva mukirasi yegiredhi rechipiri, kuti hurumende yakanaka inofanirwa kuve yehumambo - zvakanyanya nekuti zvinogoneka kutora mashoko ehupenzi zvakataurwa naAristotle naHomer nezvemhuri uye kudhirowa fananidzo. Mudzvanyiriri ane hupfumi hwepamusoro chete ane simba rakazara anogona kutonga asina udyire, Dante anotivimbisa, sezvakavimbiswa nevatsigiri vaTrump kuti munhu wenhema bhiriyoni anogona kuita hanya newe nekuti vamwe vese vane huwori.
Muenzaniso waDante hausi Trump hongu; ndiAugusto (mukutonga kwake, “umambo hwakakwana hwakanga huripo. Kuti rudzi rwomunhu panguva iyeyo rwakanga rwuchifara mukudzikama kworugare rwapose pose kunopupurirwa navezvenhau vose”). Ndinofungidzira kuti vakatapwa uye vakatambudzwa uye vakakuvadzwa uye vane nzara vangave vakataura zvichemo zvishoma zvisingakoshi, hongu, asi hapana kupikisa kumwe chete kwakambonzwika kubva kune umwe wevakafa.
Dante anovhura Bhuku II rechinyorwa chake achirondedzera kunzwira tsitsi kwaaiita vanhu vanoda kuzvisarudzira, asi aive nekutaura mukati memusoro wake neshamwari yekufungidzira uye akasvika pakunzwisisa kuti vanhu vakadaro vanofanira kunyarara uye kuteerera, sezvazvingaita. simbisai rugare rwechokwadi nerutsvene.
Sokunge ikoko kwakanga kusiri ufakazi hwakakwana hwokudikanwa kwokutangazve Umambo hweRoma, Dante anowedzera chibvumikiso kupfurikidza norusarura: “[Ini] zvakakodzera kuti dzinza rinokudzwa zvikuru ritonge mamwe ose.” Asi tinoziva sei kuti vaRoma ndivo vaikudzwa zvikuru? Sei, nokuti vakanga vachitonga vamwe vose, Dante anotsanangura nenzira inobatsira. Haambotsananguri kuti sei kana kuti vakarega sei kuva vanokudzwa, kana kuti munhu angaziva sei kuti nderipi rudzi ruchava rwakanaka mune ramangwana, kana kuti nei uchifanira kunetseka nekubatsira imwe dzinza kukunda vamwe sezvo zvichizozviita otomatiki kana iri iyo yakanakisa uye. hazviiti kana zvisiri.
Uyezve, kune vaverengi vanononoka kubata, Dante anozodzokera kunharo-kubva-rusarura kuti atsanangure kuti Mwari akatongera mamwe marudzi kuti atonge, izvo zvatinoziva nokuti Aristotle akadaro, kunyange zvazvo Mwari asina kumbonetseka kuti azvizivise. kuna Aristotle.
Sokunge IYO yaisagutsikana zvakakwana, Dante anowedzera nharo-kubva-nekuti-Virgil-akadaro-saka.
Uye kungounganidza humbowo husina basa, Dante anotsanangurawo kuti Roma yakabatsirwa mukusimuka kwayo kutonga zvishamiso zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinosanganisira kurira kwegeese, izvo zvatinoziva tese kuti hanzi haamboiti semazuva ese asi chete pavanenge vachipa mvumo yaMwari kukuuraya kwehumambo. .
Zvakanaka, kwete kuuraya, chaizvo, nokuti Roma yaingova nehondo dzakanaka chete, chokwadi chatinoziva nokuti, sezvatinoyeuchidza Dante, Cicero akadaro. Zvakare, tinoziva kuti Cicero akataura naEnnius uyo mumitsara mipfumbamwe mapfupi akataura kuti hondo inofanira kunge iri yekupedzisira uye kuti nhaurirano dzinofanira kurambwa nekuda kwehondo nekuti ingori kuburikidza nekuyedzwa-ne-kutambudzika kwehondo kwatinogona kuwana. kuda kwaMwari, kunoitika kuti ani naani anokunda muhondo anofanira kutonga ani naani asingakundi. Dante anotivimbisa kuti Roma yakaita izvi, ichisarudza hondo zvine hungwaru uye nehutsvene, zvinoratidza kuti zvakanga zvakanaka kuti Roma itonge (kodzero yakaitwa nesimba uye kusimbirira pakushandisa simba).
Dante anopfuudza hukama hweRoma kumaKristu, asi nemoyo wakazaruka anoturikira kuti “Hera” mumitsara inobva Ennius se“kutarisira kwoumwari” zvichireva zvose zviri zviviri kuda kwaMwari uye kuti kwaiva kuda kwaMwari kuti vanhu vatadze zita rake. Izvi zvinoteverwa, zvisinei, netsananguro refu yekuti "Mwari anoda sei zvaasingadi" iyo yandinokurudzira kusaverenga.
Pamusoro pazvo - ichi ndicho chikiribidi chaicho - vanhu vakafa muhondo. Iyi nharo-inogutsa ichiri kushandiswa nhasi, hongu. Haufanire kupikisa hondo nekuti vanhu vakafira muhondo. Chii chinoita kuti Dante atende kuti ari kutiudza chero chinhu chitsva pano kubva mumazana emakore apfuura chinondipfuura, asi ndinofunga ndinogona kumugura zororo rakakura kupfuura vaverengi vake sezvo afa.
Anyatsoratidza nyaya yake, Dante anobva ativimbisa kuti vanhu vese vanopokana naye, kusanganisira Pope uye vakapfura pfuti huru dzakagadzirirwa chero denderedzwa reGehena ravangave vakarongerwa, havagone kutaura kuti hutsinye hwavo husina hwaro hunopfuura hupenzi hwaDante. nekuti, zvakanaka, nekuda kwemapeji ekuwedzera ezvisina maturo.
“Zvinonetesa,” anonyora kudaro Dante, “kupa humbowo muzvinhu zvinobuda pachena” - apa pedyo nekupera kwebhuku risina chero chinhu chingave chiri pachena kana kuti chisingafiriri.
Bva, mukupedzisa, Dante anotizivisa kuti mambo anofanira kuzviisa pasi papapa—kunyange zvazvo upi noupi anorova namambo aifanirwa nazvo, uye kunyange zvazvo papa nenzira youpenzi asingatendi murango utsvene hwechipi kana chipi chinoitwa namambo. Ndinofunga chirahwe ichi hachina kunetesa.
