Chokwadi: Kudzivirira rusununguko, democracy, uye hupenyu pachahwo, zviri nani kubudirira nemasimba asina simba. Kutonga kusingabatsiri kune vamwe kunoda chisimba uye hondo.
Zvave zvisiri zvisinganzwisisiki kuti vashandi vehondo vazivise hondo dzavo sevanoda, uye mutemo wakazara wokuti hondo yose inopindirwa sechisarudzo chekupedzisira. Izvi zvinofambira mberi kuti zvifadze zvikuru uye kuvakira. Zvinokwanisika kuratidza kuti kutanga kwehondo chero ipi zvayo yakanga isiri, zvechokwadi, kushandiswa kwekupedzisira, kuti dzimwe nzira dzakakwirira dzaivepo. Saka, kana hondo ichidzivirirwa chete sechisarudzo chekupedzisira, hondo haigoni.
Kune hondo chero ipi zvayo inoitika, uye kunyange yakawanda isingaiti, inogona kuwanika vanhu vanotenda panguva iyoyo, uye shure, kuti hondo imwe neimwe iripo kana kuti yaidiwa. Vamwe vanhu havana kugutsikana nekutaura kwekudikanwa kwehondo dzakawanda, asi vanomiririra kuti rimwe kana maviri hondo mumakore akapfuura zvakange zvakadikanwa. Uye vazhinji vanochengetedza kuti dzimwe hondo mune ramangwana inogona kunge inofanirwa - zvichida kune rumwe rutivi rwehondo, saka zvinoda kugadziriswa kwechigarire chemauto akagadzirira kurwisana.
Hondo Haisi "Kudzivirirwa"
Dhipatimendi reHondo yeUS rakatumidzwa zita rekuti Dhipatimendi reDziviriro muna1947, uye zvakajairika munyika zhinji kutaura nezvemadhipatimendi ehondo ako uye nemamwe marudzi se "kudzivirira." Asi kana izwi iri riine chero zvarinoreva, harigone kutambanudzwa kuti rivhare kuita kwehondo kunogumbura kana chiuto chine hukasha. Kana "kuzvidzivirira" kuchireva chimwe chinhu kunze kwe "mhosva," uye kurwisa imwe nyika "kuitira kuti vatange kutirwisa isu" kana "kutumira meseji" kana "kuranga" mhosva haina kuzvidzivirira uye haina basa.
Muna 2001, hurumende yeTaliban muAfghanistan yakagadzirira kutsvaga Osama bin Laden kune rumwe rudzi rwechitatu kuzotongwa nekuda kwemhosva iyo United States yaireva kuti yainge yaita. Panzvimbo yekutsvaga kutongwa kwemutemo nekuda kwemhosva, United States neNATO vakasarudza hondo isiri pamutemo yakaita zvakanyanya kukuvadza kupfuura mhosva, yakaramba mushure mekunge bin Laden ainzi akasiya nyika, akaenderera mberi nekufa kwaBad Laden kwakaziviswa, uye akaita zvakasimba nguva kukanganisa kuAfghanistan, kuPakistan, kunyika dzeUnited States uye NATO, uye kutonga kwemutemo.
Maererano neshoko remusangano munaFebruary 2003 pakati peMutungamiri weUnited States George W. Bush uye Prime Minister weSpain, Bush akati Mutungamiri Saddam Hussein akanga ataura kuti abve muIraq, uye kuti aende kuutapwa, kana aigona kuchengeta $ 1 bhiriyoni. Mumwe mutongi ari kubvumirwa kutiza ne $ 1 mabhiriyoni haisi mhinduro yakanaka. Asi chipo chacho chakanga chisina kuziviswa kuvanhu veUnited States. Pane kudaro, hurumende yeBush yakati hondo yaidiwa kuti dzivirire United States pamusoro pezvombo zvisina kumbovapo. Panzvimbo pokurasika mabhiriyoni emadhora, vanhu veIraq vakaona kurasikirwa kwemazana ezviuru zvehupenyu, mamiriyoni akaita vapoteri, ruzivo rwenyika yavo uye dzidzo uye hurongwa hwehutano hwakaparadzwa, hurumende dzakasununguka dzakasara, kuparadzwa kwemazingira, uye zvirwere zvezvirwere uye kuora kwekuzvarwa - iyo yose yakabhadhara United States $ 800 bhiriyoni, kwete kuverenga mabhiriyoni emadhora ekuwedzera kwemafuta emafuta, kudiwa kwekuuya kwemazuva ano, veterans 'kutarisira, uye kurasika mikana - kusataura nezvevakafa nekukuvadzwa, kuwedzera hurumende dzekunze, kuregerera rusununguko rwevanhu, kukanganisa pasi uye mumhepo yaro, uye kukanganisa kwetsika kwekugamuchirwa kwevanhu kubatwa, kutambudzwa, uye kuuraya.
Verenga zvakare: Nhema: China Inhu Dhiyabhorosi
Kugadzirira Hondo Hakusiwo "Kudzivirirwa"
Pfungwa imwechete iyo ingati kurwisa rumwe rudzi "kuzvidzivirira" inogona kushandiswa kuyananisa kumisikidzwa kwechiuto kwemauto mune imwe nyika. Mhedzisiro yacho, mune ese zviitiko, haina maturo, inounza kutyisidzira pane kuvabvisa. Pakati pedzimwe nyika makumi matanhatu neshanu pasi pano, United States ine mauto mukati dzinosvika zana nemakumi manomwe nenomwe. Mamwe mashoma emamwe marudzi anewo mashoma mashoma masoja akamisirwa kunze kwenyika. Ichi hachisi chiitiko chekudzivirira kana chinodiwa kana mari.
Mauto anodzivirira angave nechengetedzo yemahombekombe, patrol patrol, anti-ndege zvombo, uye mamwe mauto anokwanisa kuzvidzivirira pakurwisa. Iyo yakawanda yekushandisa kwemauto, kunyanya nenyika dzakapfuma, inosemesa. Zvombo kunze kwenyika, mumakungwa, uye munzvimbo yekunze hazvidziviriri. Mabhomba uye zvombo zvinokomba kune mamwe marudzi hazvidziviriri. Nyika zhinji dzakapfuma, kusanganisira idzo dzine zvombo zvakawanda dzisingashandisi chinangwa chekuzvidzivirira, dzinoshandisa zvakanaka pasi pemadhora zana emabhiriyoni pagore kumauto avo. Mari yekuwedzera inosvika mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora inounza mari yemauto eUS kusvika kungangoita $ 100 tiririyoni pagore haisanganisi chinhu
Kudzivirirwa hakufaniri kusanganisira kurwisana
Mukurondedzera hondo yemazuva ano muAfghanistan neIraq sevasingadziviriri, takasiya maonero eAfghans neAraqis? Zvinodzivirirwa kurwisana pakurwiswa here? Zvechokwadi, ndizvo. Iyo ndiyo tsanangudzo yekudzivirira. Asi, ngatirangarirei kuti ndivo vanosimudzira hondo avo vanoti kuzvidzivirira kunoita kuti hondo ive yakarurama. Uchapupu hunoratidza kuti nzira yakanakisisa yekudzivirira ndeyekuti, nguva yakawanda kupfuura kwete, kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana. Nhema dzevanhu vemhare dzinoratidzira kuti kusaita chisingaiti chinhu chisina simba, chisingaiti, uye chisina maturo mukugadzirisa matambudziko makuru evanhu. Ichokwadi kuratidzira zvakasiyana. Saka zvinogoneka kuti chisarudzo chakanaka kupfuura zvose zveIraq kana Afghanistan chakanga chisingarevi kurwisana, kusina kubatanidzwa, uye kukumbira kururamisiro rwepasi rose.
Sarudzo dzakadai dzinonyanya kukurudzira kana tichifungidzira nyika yakaita seUnited States, iine masimba makuru pamusoro pemitumbi yepasi rose senge United Nations, ichipindura kurwisa kunobva kunze kwenyika. Vanhu veUnited States vaigona kuramba kugamuchira masimba ekunze. Runyararo zvikwata zvinobva kunze kwenyika zvinogona kujoinha kusagadzikana. Zvirango zvakanangwa uye kutongwa zvinogona kusanganiswa nedzvinyiriro yenyika dzese. Kune dzimwe nzira dzekuita zvechisimba.
Heino runyorwa rwekushandisa kwakabudirira kweasina chisimba chiito chechisimba panzvimbo yehondo.
Hondo Inoita Kuti Munhu Wese Ade Akachengeteka
Mubvunzo unokosha, zvisinei, hausi iyo rudzi rwacho rwakarwiswa runofanira kupindura, asi sei kudzivirira rudzi rune utsinye kurwisa. Imwe nzira yekubatsira kuita izvo zvingave kuparadzira kuziva kuti hondo inoita kuti vanhu vangovadza vanhu pane kuvadzivirira.
Kuramba hondo iyoyo inokosha haisi yakangofanana nekukundikana kuona kuti kune zvakaipa munyika. Ichokwadi, hondo inofanira kuverengwa seimwe yezvinhu zvakashata zvikuru munyika. Hapana chakaipa chakaipa iyo hondo inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira. Uye kushandisa hondo kurambidza kana kuranga kushandiswa kwehondo kwakaratidza kukanganisa kunotyisa.
Hondo dzenhema dzingaita kuti titende kuti hondo inouraya vanhu vakaipa avo vanoda kuurayiwa kuti vatidzivirire uye rusununguko. Muzvokwadi, hondo dzekupedzisira dzinobatanidza nyika dzakapfuma dzave dzakaparadzaniswa nevana, ivo vakwegura, uye vagari vemo vanogara munyika dzakashata dzakarwiswa. Uye apo "rusununguko" rwakashanda sechikonzero chehondo, hondo dzakashanda se ruramisiro yekuvhara rusununguko rwechokwadi.
Iko pfungwa yokuti iwe unogona kuwana kodzero nekupa simba hurumende yako kushanda muchivande uye kuuraya vanhu vakawanda mazwi anongonzwisisika kana hondo isiri chinhu chedu chete. Apo zvose zvaunazvo nyundo, dambudziko rose rinoratidzika semisungo. Nokudaro hondo ndeye mhinduro kumakakatanwa ose emamwe marudzi, uye hondo dzinotyisa dzinokonzera kwenguva yakareba dzinogona kupera nekudziwedzera.
Zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa, tsaona, kuzviuraya, kudonha, kunyura, uye kupisa kwemamiriro ekunze kunouraya vanhu vazhinji muUnited States nedzimwe nyika zhinji kupfuura kuita hugandanga. Kana ugandanga ukaita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuisa $ 1 tiririyoni pagore mukugadzirira zvehondo, chii chinopisa mamiriro ekunze chinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha kuita?
Nhema yehukuru hwehugandanga inopesana nemasangano akaita seFBI anogara achikurudzira, mari, nekubatanidza vanhu vasingazombokwanisi kuva mitezo yegandanga pachavo.
A kudzidza zvichinyatsokurudzira nokuti hondo dzinojekesa kuti izvo zvinodiwa hazvikwanisi kuenzanisira mukugadzira chisarudzo, zvimwe kunze kwekuparidzira kwevanhu.
"Kudzora Kwevanhu" neMisa-Kuuraya Hakusi Sarudzo
Pakati peavo vanoziva kuti hondo inokuvadza zvakadii, kune imwezve dzidziso yekufungidzira yeiyi yakasarudzika institution: hondo inodiwa mukutonga kwevanhu. Asi kugona kwepasi kudzikamisa huwandu hwevanhu kuri kutanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekushanda pasina hondo. Mhedzisiro yacho ichave inotyisa. Mhinduro inogona kunge iri yekudyara imwe yehupfumi hwakawanda hwakakandirwa muhondo mukuvandudzwa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu panzvimbo. Pfungwa yekushandisa hondo kubvisa mabhiriyoni evarume, vakadzi, nevana inoda kushandura mhando dzinogona kufunga idzo dzinofunga kuti hadzina kufanira kuchengetedza (kana kuti isingakodzere kushora maNazi); nerombo rakanaka vanhu vazhinji havagone kufunga chero chinhu chinotyisa kudaro.
- Hondo Yenyika II haigone kuitika kunze kweHondo Yenyika I, pasina upenzi hwekutanga Hondo Yenyika I uye kunyanya kushandiswa kwekuguma kweHondo Yenyika I iyo yakaita kuti vanhu vakangwara vagara vafanotaura Hondo Yenyika II panzvimbo iyo, kana pasina Rusvingo rweWall Street yeNazi Germany kwemakumi emakore (seanosarudza kumakomunisti), kana pasina shamhu yezvombo uye zvisarudzo zvakashata zvisingadi kuti zvidzoke munguva yemberi.
- Hurumende yeUS haina kurohwa nekushamisika kurwisa. Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt vaive vavimbisa chinyararire Churchill kuti United States yaizoshanda nesimba kumutsa Japan kuti irwisane. FDR yaiziva kuti kurwiswa kwaiuya, uye pakutanga yakanyora chirevo chehondo kurwisa vese Germany neJapan manheru ePearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor isati yasvika, FDR yakanga yavaka mabheseni muUS uye makungwa mazhinji, vakatengesa zvombo kuBrits mabhesheni, vakatanga dhizaini, vakagadzira rondedzero yemunhu wese wechiJapan American munyika, akapa ndege, varairidzi, uye vatyairi kuenda kuChina , akaisa masanction akakomba kuJapan, uye akaraira mauto eUS kuti hondo neJapan yakanga ichitanga. Akaudza vanachipangamazano vake vepamusoro kuti aitarisira kurwiswa musi waZvita 1, yaive mazuva matanhatu ekuzorora. Heino inopinda mubhuku raMunyori weHondo Henry Stimson dhayari zvichitevera musangano waNovember 25, 1941, kuWhite House: "Mutungamiri akati maJapan vane mukurumbira wekuita kurwisa pasina yambiro uye vakati isu tinogona kurwiswa, taura Muvhuro unotevera, semuenzaniso. ”
- Hondo yakanga isiri yerubatsiro uye haina kunyange kutengeswa zvakadai kusvikira yapera. United States yakatungamira global conferences panguva iyo sarudzo yakaitwa kusatambira vapoteri vechiJuda, uye nezvikonzero zvakajeka zvechisarura, uye kunyangwe hita yaHitler yekuti anozovatuma kwese kwese mungarava dzemhando yepamusoro. Pakange pasina poster inokukumbira iwe kuti ubatsire Sekuru Sam kuponesa maJuda. Ngarava yevapoteri vechiJuda kubva kuGerman yakadzingwa kubva kuMiami neCoard Guard. IUS nedzimwe nyika vakaramba kutambira vapoteri vechiJuda, uye ruzhinji rweveruzhinji rweUS rwakatsigira chinzvimbo ichi. Mapoka erunyararo akabvunza Prime Minister Winston Churchill nemunyori wake wezvekunze nezvekutumira maJuda kubva kuGerman kunovaponesa vakaudzwa kuti, nepo Hitler angagona kubvumirana nezano iri, raizove dambudziko rakawandisa uye raida ngarava dzakawandisa. IU.S. haina kuita zvemumiriri kana zvemauto kuponesa vakaurawa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi. Anne Frank akarambidzwa visa yeUS. Kunyangwe poindi iyi isina chekuita nenyaya yakakomba yemunyori WWII seHondo Yekururamisira, iri musimboti mungano dzeUS zvekuti ini ndichaisa pano chikamu chakakosha chinobva kuna Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, munyori wekuBrithani wokune imwe nyika, uyo aive akatarisirwa neChurchill nekubata mibvunzo nezvevapoteri, akataura nechisimba kune umwe wevanhu vazhinji vakakurudzira, achitaura kuti chero dhigiriro rekutsvaga kwekusunungurwa kwevaJudha kubva kuna Hitler raive 'risinganzwisisike.' Ari parwendo rwokuenda kuUnited States, Edheni yakatsanangurira Cordell Hull, munyori wehurumende, kuti kunetseka kwechokwadi nekukumbira Hitler kuvaJudha ndiko kuti 'Hitler angatitora kune chero ipi zvayo, uye ipapo hapana zvingarava zvakakwana uye nzira dzokufambisa munyika kuti dzigadzirise. ' Churchill akabvumirana. 'Kunyange dai taive nemvumo yekubvisa vaJudha vose,' akanyora kudaro achipindura tsamba imwe inokumbira, 'kutakura voga kunounza dambudziko rinenge rakaoma kugadzirisa.' Kwete kutumira uye kutakura zvakakwana here? Makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, vaBrithani vakanga vabuda varume vanenge 340,000 kubva kumahombekombe e Dunkirk mumazuva mapfumbamwe chete. IUnited Air Force yaiva nezviuru zve ndege itsva. Munguva yekutonga kwechidimbu, vaAllies vaigona kufamba ndege uye kutakura vapoteri vakawanda kwazvo kubva muGermany sphere. "[vii]
Zvichida inoenda kumubvunzo we "Kurudyi Chinangwa" icho "chakanaka" chikamu chehondo hachina kungopa demoni nezve icho chingave chiri chepakati muenzaniso wehuipi hwerutivi "rwakaipa" rwehondo.
- Hondo yakanga isiri kuzvidzivirira. FDR yakanyepera kuti yaiva nepupu yezvirongwa zveNazi yekuveza South America, kuti yakanga ine chirongwa cheNazi chokupedza chitendero, iyo ngarava dzeUnited States (dzichibatsiridza ndege dzehondo dzeBritain) dzakarohwa nemauto nemaNazi, kuti Germany yakanga iri kutyisidzira kuUnited States.[viii] Mhosva inogona kuitwa kuti US inofanira kupinda muhondo kuEurope kudzivirira dzimwe nyika, dzakanga dzakapinda kuti dzidzivirire dzimwe nyika, asi nyaya inogonawo kuitika kuti US inowedzera kukurudzira kwevanhu, kuwedzera hondo, uye zvakakonzera kukanganisa kudarika zvingave zvakaitika, dai US asina kuita chinhu, akaedza kuita dhizimano, kana kuiswa mune zvekusagadzikana. Kutaura kuti umambo hweNazi hwakanga huri kukura pane rimwe zuva hunosanganisira basa reUnited States rakanyanyisa kubatwa uye risingabhadharwi nemamwe emangwana kana emamwe mienzaniso kubva kune dzimwe hondo.
- Iye zvino tava kuziva zvakawanda zvakanyanya uye nedzimwe nhepfenyuro isingaiti kusagadzikana kwebasa uye kusaruramisira zvinowanzobudirira-uye kubudirira ikoko kunogona kupedzisira-kudarika kushorwa kwechisimba. Nezivo iyi, tinogona kutarisa shure kubudirira kunoshamisa kwezviito zvisingaiti zvekupikisana nevaNazi zvakanga zvisina kurongeka zvakanaka kana kuvakwa kunze kwekubudirira kwavo kwekutanga.[ix]
- Hondo Yakanaka yanga isina kunaka kumauto. Vachishaya kudzidziswa kwakanyanya uye kugadzikana kwepfungwa kugadzirira masoja kuita chiito chisiri chechisikirwo chekuuraya, makumi masere muzana eUS nemauto muHondo Yenyika II havana kupfura "muvengi" wavo zvombo.[x] Ichokwadi chokuti veterans veWWII vakarapwa zviri nani mushure mehondo kupfuura mamwe mauto kare kana kuti, kubva pamusana wekushungurudzwa kwakaitwa neBonus Army mushure mehondo yapfuura. Veterans ivavo vakapiwa yekoroji yekusununguka, utano hwehutano, uye pensions yakanga isingakonzerwi nekodzero yehondo kana kuti neimwe nzira chikonzero chehondo. Pasina hondo, munhu wose aigona kupiwa koreji yekusununguka kwemakore mazhinji. Kana tikapa hureji yekusununguko kune vose nhasi, zvingadai zvinoda zvakawanda kupfuura Hollywoodized World War II nyaya kuti vanhu vakawanda vauye kunzvimbo dzekudzidzira zvechiuto.
- Nenguva dzakawanda nhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa mumisasa yeGermany vakaurayiwa kunze kwavo muhondo. Ruzhinji rwevanhu ivavo rwakanga ruri vanhu. Chiyero chekuuraya, kukuvadza, uye kuparadza kwakaita kuti WWII ive chinhu chakaipisisa chakaitwa nevanhu pachavo munguva shoma kwenguva. Isu tinofungidzira zvibatanidzwa zvaive "zvakapesana" nekuuraya kuduku kuduku mumisasa. Asi izvozvo hazvikwanise kururamisa mushonga waive wakaipa kudarika chirwere.
- Kuwedzera kwehondo kunosanganisira kuparadzwa kwevanhu vese nemaguta, kusvika pakuguma kusinganzwisisiki kwemaguta kwakatora WWII kunze kwemamiriro emapurogiramu anodzivirirwa kune vakawanda vakange vadzivirira kutangwa kwayo-uye zvakakodzera kudaro. Kurayira kusazvipira kusingagumi uye kutsvaka kuwedzera kufa uye kutambura kwakaunza kukuvara kukuru ndokusiya nhaka yakaipa uye inotyisa.
- Kuuraya huwandu hukuru hwevanhu kunofungidzirwa kuti kunodzivirirwa kune "yakanaka" divi muhondo, asi kwete kune "yakaipa" divi. Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri hauna kumbobvira wajeka sekufungidzira. IUnited States yaive nenhoroondo yakareba sehutongerwe enyika. Tsika dzeUS dzekudzvanyirira vanhu vemuAfrica vekuAmerican, kuuraya vanhu vemuAmerican maAmerican, uye iko zvino kuvhiringidza maJapan American kwakapawo zvirongwa zvakasimudzira maNazi eGerman - izvi zvaisanganisira misasa yevaNative America, uye zvirongwa zveeugenics uye kuyedza kwevanhu kwakavapo kare, panguva, uye mushure mehondo. Chimwe chezvirongwa izvi chaisanganisira kupa syphilis kuvanhu vari kuGuatemala panguva imwechete miedzo yeNuremberg yaiitika.[xi] Hondo yeUnited States yakashandira mazana emaNazi makuru pakuguma kwehondo; ivo vanokodzera mukati.[xii] IU.America inotarirwa neumambo hwepasi rose, hondo isati yavapo, panguva iyo, uye kubvira ikozvino. ChiGermany neo-Nazi mazuva ano, asingabvumirwi kusunungura mureza weNazi, dzimwe nguva anozunguza mureza we Confederate States of America panzvimbo.
- Rutivi "rwakanaka" rwe "hondo yakanaka," bato rakauraya zvakanyanya nekufira iro rakakunda divi, raive koministi Soviet Union. Izvo hazviite kuti hondo ive kukunda kwecommunism, asi zvinokanganisa ngano dzeWashington neHollywood dzekukunda kwe "democracy."[xiii]
- Hondo Yenyika II haisati yapera. Vanhuwo zvavo muUnited States havana kuwana mari yavo yemitero kusvika Hondo Yenyika II uye izvo hazvina kumbomira. Yaifanirwa kunge iri yenguva pfupi.[xiv] WWII-nguva nheyo dzakagadzirwa pasi pose hazvina kumbovharwa. Mauto eUnited States haana kumbobva Germany kana Japan.[xv] Kune huwandu hwe100,000 US neBritish mabhomba achiri pasi muGermany, achiri kuuraya.[xvi]
- Kudzokera makore 75 kunyika yenyukireya-isina, nyika yekoloni yezvivako zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana, mitemo, uye tsika kuti aratidze kuti chii chave chiri mari yakawanda yeUnited States mumakore ose kubva ipapo kubva pane zvinoshamisa zvekuzvinyengera izvo zvisiri ' t akaedza mukururamisirwa kwechinhu chipi zvacho chakaitwa. Tifunga kuti ndine huwandu hwe1 kuburikidza ne11 zvakashata zvachose, uye iwe unotofanira kutsanangura kuti chiitiko chinobva kumavambo ekutanga anonzi 1940 chinokonzera kurasa madhora madzinesi triliyoni 2017 muhondo yekusungwa ingadai yakashandiswa kudyidzana, kupfeka, kurapa, uye pokugara mamiriyoni evanhu, uye kuchengetedza nyika.
[vii] Hondo Hachisipo: Mazana Mazana Emakore eAmerican Antiwar uye Runyararo Runyori, yakarongedzwa naLawrence Rosendwald.
[viii] David Swanson, Hondo Ndeye Nhema, Second Edition (Charlottesville: Just World Books, 2016).
[ix] Book and Film: Simba Rine Simba Rakawanda, http://aforcemorepowerful.org
[x] Dave Grossman, Pakuuraya: Maitiro ePfungwa nezvekudzidza kuuraya muHondo neSosaiti (Back Bay Books: 1996).
[xi] Donald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "US Inokumbira rutsigiro rweSylisiti Miedzo muGuatemala," Gunyana 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html
[xii] Annie Jacobsen, Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program yakaunza Masayendisiti eNazi kuAmerica (Little, Brown uye Company, 2014).
[xiii] Oliver Stone naPeter Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States (Gallery Books, 2013).
[xiv] Steven A. Bank, Kirk J. Stark, naJoseph J. Thorndike, Hondo uye Mitero (Urban Institute Press, 2008).
[xv] RootsAction.org, "Enda Kubva kuNewstop War. Vhura Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254
[xvi] David Swanson, "United States Yakangobhombwa Germany," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134
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