naDavid Vine, Politico, November 3, 2015
Husiku mumusasa weSongtan kunze kweOsan Air Base muSouth Korea, ndaidzungaira mumigwagwa yakanga ichiwedzera uye yakazara nevanhu sezvo zuva rakanga ranyura. Husiku pahwaifamba, hip-hop yakawedzera kubuda mumabhawa padhuze nenzvimbo huru yevanofamba netsoka uye kubva kumakirabhu euriri hwechipiri ane mazita anovheneka neon-light seClub Woody's, Pleasure World, Whisky a-Go-Go uye Hook Up Club. Mabhawa mazhinji ane zvikwiriso zvine matanda e stripper ekuti vakadzi vatambe kupenya kwemarambi edariro nemimhanzi inorira. Mune mamwe mabhawa, mapoka evakadzi vazhinji vekuPhilippines vakapfeka masiketi akasimba nemadhirezi aitaura kune mumwe nemumwe, akazembera patafura sezvavaipfura dziva. Vamwe vaikurukura nevashoma veGI, vadiki nevakuru. Mapoka evadiki maGI akafamba pamwechete kuburikidza nered-light-district-meets-pedestrian-mall scene, vachitarisa mumabhawa uye vachifunga zvavanosarudza. Zviratidzo zvinopenya zvehotera dzakachipa zvakakumbira. Pedyo nengoro diki yechikafu, pakanyorwa kuti, "man only massage prince hotel."
Kune ani zvake muuto reUS, zvingave zvakajairwa kuona. Chero bedzi mauto ave achirwa, uye kare vakadzi vasati vaonekwa zvakafara munhandare yehondo, kushanda kwevakadzi kwave kuchikosha mukushanda kwezuva nezuva kwemauto mazhinji. Asi madzimai haana kungogeza mbatya, kubika chikafu nekuyamwisa mauto akakuvara kuti ave mutano. Basa repabonde revakadzi ragara richishandiswa kubatsira kuti mauto echirume arambe achifara - kana kufara zvakakwana kuti varambe vachishandira mauto. Nhasi, nzvimbo dzekutengeserana dzepabonde dzinobudirira pamwe chete nemabhesi mazhinji eUS kutenderera pasirese, kubva kuBaumholder kuGermany kuenda kuFort Bragg kuNorth Carolina. Zvakawanda zvinotaridzika zvakafanana, zvakazadzwa nezvitoro zvinotengesa zvinwiwa, zvitoro zvinotengesa zvokudya zvinokurumidza, nyora, mabhawa nemakirabhu, uye chipfambi neimwe nzira.
Matambudziko ane chekuita nekutengesa pabonde anonyanya kutaurwa muSouth Korea, uko "mataundi emisasa" akatenderedza mabhesi eUS akadzika midzi muhupfumi hwenyika, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika. Kufambidzana nekugara kwe1945 US kuKorea, apo maGIs akatenga bonde nefodya shoma, macamptowns aya anga ari pakati peindasitiri yepabonde inoshungurudza uye inovhiringidza-iyo inoratidza uye inosimbisa mafungiro emauto pamusoro pevarume, vakadzi. , simba nokutonga. Mumakore achangopfuura, kufumurwa nekumwe kuferefetwa kwakaratidza kuti chipfambi chakashanda sei pachena munzvimbo dzeAmerica, zvichiita kuti hurumende yeUS irambidze kukumbira muchiuto uye hurumende yeSouth Korea kuti iparadze indasitiri iyi. Asi chipfambi hachisati chapera. Yakangowedzera kuvanza uye kugadzira muhunyengeri hwayo. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve izvo zviri pamudzi wekunetsana kwemauto nekushungurudzwa pabonde, usatarise kupfuura Songtan.
Sezvo Hondo Yenyika II yakasvika kumugumo, Vatungamiri vemauto eUS muKorea, sezvakangoita vamwe vavo kuGermany, vainetsekana nekudyidzana pakati pemauto eAmerica nevakadzi veko. “Vanhu vokuAmerica vanoita sokunge vokuKorea inyika yakakundwa panzvimbo pavanhu vakasunungurwa,” yakanyora kudaro hofisi yomukuru mukuru. Mutemo wakava "maoko kubva kuvakadzi veKorea" - asi izvi hazvina kusanganisira vakadzi mudzimba dzepfambi, dzimba dzekutamba uye avo vanoshanda mumigwagwa. Pane kudaro, nechirwere chevenereal uye zvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira zvakapararira, hurumende yemauto yeUS yakagadzira VD Control Section iyo yakatanga kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwe "vasikana vanovaraidza." Muchikwata ichi chaisanganisira pfambi dzine marezinesi, vatambi, “vasikana vemumabhawa” nevatambi. Pakati paMay 1947 naJuly 1948, vashandi vezvokurapa vakaongorora vanenge vakadzi 15,000 XNUMX.
Zviremera zvemauto eUS zvakatora Korea mushure mehondo yakatora dzimwe dze "nzvimbo dzekunyaradza" dzanga dziri pakati pemuchina wehondo yeJapan kubva muzana ramakore re19. Mukati mokukunda kwayo nharaunda mhiri kweEast Asia, mauto eJapan akamanikidza mazana ezviuru zvevakadzi vaibva kuKorea, China, Okinawa nokumaruwa Japan, uye mamwe mativi eAsia kupinda muuranda hwevatano, achigovera varwi “zvipo zvoumambo” kubva kuna mambo. Nerubatsiro rwevakuru vakuru veKorea, zviremera zveUS zvakaenderera mberi nehurongwa uhu husina huranda hwepamutemo, asi pasi pemamiriro esarudzo shoma yevakadzi vanobatanidzwa.
Urongwa uhwu hwakagadziridzwa zvakare mushure mekutanga kweHondo yeKorea muna 1950. "Vakuru vekanzuru vakatopa mvumo yekumisikidza zviteshi zvekunyaradza zveUN mukudzorera kushanda nesimba kweAllied Forces," akanyora kudaro. Pusan Daily. “Mumazuva mashoma, zviteshi zvishanu zvichatangwa munzvimbo dzepakati pedhorobha dzeMasan itsva nedzakare. Zviremera zviri kukumbira vagari kuti vashande pamwe chete mumazuva anouya. "
Mushure mekusainwa kwe1953 Korea-US Mutual Defense Treaty (ichiri hwaro hwepamutemo hwekupinda kwemauto eUS kumabhesi eUS neKorea), maguta emisasa akawedzera. Muma1950 chete, 18 misasa mitsva yemisasa yakagadzirwa. Sokutsanangura kunoita musayendisiti wezvematongerwo enyika uye nyanzvi yemusasa Katherine Moon, “dzakanga dziri nzvimbo yakarongwa apo uchangamire hweKorea hwakamiswa ndokutsiviwa nevakuru veuto reUnited States.” Hupenyu hwevaKorea mumisasa yemisasa hwaive hunoenderana zvachose nesimba rekutenga maGIs, uye kuita zvepabonde kwaive chikamu chakakosha chehupfumi hwemisasa. Mataundi emisasa akave "nzvimbo dzinoshorwa zvakanyanya" dzinozivikanwa nezvebonde, kuparwa kwemhosva uye mhirizhonga. Pakasvika 1958, makanga mune vateresi vanofungidzirwa kuva 300,000 22 munyika ine chiverengero chavagari vapasi chose chamamirioni 640 bedzi. Vanopfuura hafu vakashanda mumataundi emisasa. Pakati pedhorobha reSeoul, uko Mauto aigara XNUMX-acre Yongsan Garrison yakatanga kuvakwa nemaJapan colonizer, nharaunda yeItaewon yakazadzwa nemabhawa nedzimba dzepfambi. MaGI akaritumidza kuti "Hooker Hill."
Vakadzi vakaita seni ndivo vakanyanya kuzvipira mumubatanidzwa wenyika yangu neAmerica,” anodaro. "Ndichitarisa kumashure, ndinofunga muviri wangu wanga usiri wangu, asi wehurumende nemauto eUS."
“Kuroorana kwokugarisana,” kwakafanana nevarongo vokuEurope, kwakavawo kukurumbira. “Varume vakawanda vane tsika dzavo,” akadaro mumwe mufundisi wemauto. “Vamwe vacho pachake vasikana vavo, vakakwana nehochi [imba duku] nefanicha. Vasati vabva kuKorea, vanotengesa pasuru yacho kumurume ari kuuya.”
Mushure mekunge mauto emauto atora masimba muSouth Korea mukupidigura hurumende muna 1961, vakuru vakuru veKorea vakagadzira "matunhu akasarudzika" anozivikanwa zviri pamutemo emabhizinesi aitarisira mauto eUS uye asingabvumirwe maKorea. Mapurisa emauto eAmerica anogona kusunga vanhu vanoita zvebonde vasina makadhi ekuongorora hutano, uye vanachiremba vekuUS vaibata vakadzi vane zvirwere zvepabonde munzvimbo dzinovharirwa dzakapihwa mazita akadai se "imba yetsoko." Muna 1965, 85 muzana yeGIs yakaongororwa yakashuma "kuva" kana "kufambidzana" nepfambi.
Misasa yemisasa nehupfambi zvakava zvikamu zvakakosha zvehupfumi hweSouth Korea hwainetsekana kubuda mukuparadzwa kwehondo. Mapepa ehurumende yeSouth Korea anoratidza vakuru vakuru vechirume vari kuronga kukurudzira maGIs kushandisa mari yavo kuvakadzi muKorea pane kuJapan panguva yezororo. Vakuru vakapa makirasi echiRungu chakakosha uye etiquette kukurudzira vakadzi kuzvitengesa zvinobudirira uye kuwana mari yakawanda. “Vakatikurudzira kuti titengese nepese patinogona napo kuva GI, vachitirumbidza se‘vanhu vanoda nyika inotambira dhora,’” anorondedzera kudaro aimbova mutengesi wepabonde Aeran Kim. "Hurumende yedu yaive pimp huru yemauto eUS."
“Vakadzi vacho vaiwanika zviri nyore,” mumwe mukuru mukuru weUnited States paEmbassy muSeoul akandiudza, achitsanangura nguva yaakanga ashanda muKorea mukutanga kwema1980. "Paiva nemhando yejee" apo vakomana "vaibudisa $ 20 yebhadharo ndokuinanzva ndokuinamira pahuma yavo." Vaiti ndizvo chete zvaidiwa kuwana musikana.
Nhasi, vazhinji vevakadzi vakamboshanda muhurongwa vachiri kugara mumisasa yemisasa, saka kwakasimba kushorwa kwakabatanidzwa kwavari. Mumwe wevanoita zvechipfambi, aizvizivisa kumutori wenhau chete sa "Jeon," akatamira kune imwe musasa muna 1956 senherera yehondo ine makore gumi nemasere. Mukati mamakore mashomanene, akava napamuviri, asi akapa mwanakomana wake kuti arerwe kuUnited States, kwaaitarisira kuti aizova noupenyu huri nani. Muna 18, zvino ava musoja weUnited States, akadzoka kuzomutsvaga. Jeon airarama nerubatsiro rweveruzhinji uye achitengesa zvinhu kubva mumarara. Akaramba rubatsiro rwake akati aifanira kukanganwa nezvake. “Ndakakundikana saamai,” anodaro Jeon. "Ini handina kodzero yekuvimba naye izvozvi."
“Vakadzi vakaita seni ndivo vakanyanya kuzvipira kumubatanidzwa wenyika yangu nevaAmerica,” anodaro. "Ndichitarisa kumashure, ndinofunga muviri wangu wanga usiri wangu, asi wehurumende nemauto eUS."
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Kubva pakati pe1990s, kukura kunoshamisa kwehupfumi hweSouth Korea kwakabvumira zvikuru vakadzi vekuKorea kuti vatize mamiriro ehudzvinyiriri emabhawa emusasa nemakirabhu (nhamba huru inoramba iri muupfambi hwepamusoro kune vatengi vekuKorea). MaPhilippines uye, kusvika padiki, vakadzi vekuRussia nevaimbova Soviet republic vakatsiva vakadzi vekuKorea sevanonyanya kuita zvechipfambi mumusasa. Kugadzira kwehurumende yeSouth Korea vhiza reE-6 “entertainer” kwabvumidza “vanosimudzira” vekuKorea kupinza vakadzi kunze kwenyika zviri pamutemo. E-6 visa ndiyo yega vhiza yekuKorea inosungirwa kuongororwa HIV; venereal chirwere miedzo inodiwa mwedzi mitatu yega yega. Vanopfuura 90 muzana yevakadzi vane mavhiza vanofungidzirwa kushanda muindasitiri yezvepabonde.
Vanosimudzira vanotora vakadzi vanowanzovimbisa kuvawana vachishanda sevaimbi kana vatambi - vanyoreri vanofanirwa kuendesa mavhidhiyo anoratidza kugona kuimba. Vamiririri vanobva vaunza vakadzi kuSouth Korea, vachivabhadharisa muripo unozobhadharwa nevakadzi nekushanda mumataundi emisasa nemamwe mabhawa nemakirabhu.
Vakadzi vanosaina kondirakiti munyika yavo inotsanangura mushandirwi uye muhoro, asi kazhinji vanopedzisira vava mumakirabhu akasiyana uye vachishandira muhoro wakaderera pane wavakavimbiswa. Vanosimudzira nevaridzi vanowanzobhadharisa mari yakavanzika kana kubvisa mari pamihoro yevakadzi, vachivachengeta vaine chikwereti chisingaperi. Kazhinji imba nechikafu chakavimbiswa mumakondirakiti chinopfuura kamuri yakagovaniswa pamusoro pebhawa uye ramen noodles. Mune mamwe makirabhu, varidzi vanomanikidza vakadzi kuita basa repabonde mu“VIP rooms” kana dzimwe nzvimbo. Mune mamwewo, kuva nechikwereti uye kumanikidzwa kwepfungwa kunomanikidza vakadzi kuita zvepabonde. Kutaura chiKorean zvishoma, vakadzi vane zvishoma zvavanogona kuita. Vanosimudzira nevaridzi vemabhawa vanowanzobata mapasipoti evakadzi. Kusiya nzvimbo yavo yebasa kwaizoita kuti vasungwe nekukurumidza, kubhadhariswa faindi, kusungwa kana kudzingwa munyika yeSouth Korean uye kutsiva zvine chisimba kubva kune avo vavane chikwereti navo.
Muna 2002, chiteshi cheterevhizheni cheCleveland chakafumura kuti mapurisa emauto aichengetedza sei mabhawa nemaGI mavari, uye kutaurirana nevakadzi vavaiziva kuti vaive vatengeswa uye kutengeswa paauction. “Munoziva chimwe chinhu chisina kumira zvakanaka apo vasikana vari kukukumbirai kuvatengera chingwa,” mumwe musoja akadaro. “Havakwanise kusiya zvikwata. Vanotovapa zvokudya zvishoma.” Mumwewo akati, “Mumakirabhu aya mune vanhu vekuAmerica chete. Kana vari kuuya nemadzimai aya kuzotishandira, ngavapihwe muhoro wakakwana. Vanofanira kuva nekodzero yezuva rekuzorora. " (Vazhinji vevakadzi vacho vanowana zuva rimwe chete rekuzorora pamwedzi.) Mumushumo wa2002, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakasimbisa kuti South Korea yakanga iri nzvimbo yevakadzi vanotengeswa. Uye muna 2007, vatsvakurudzi vatatu vakagumisa kuti mabhesi eUnited States muSouth Korea ave "nzvimbo yekutengeserana kwevakadzi kubva kuAsia Pacific neEurasia kuenda kuSouth Korea neUnited States."
Nekuda kwezvakazarurwa izvi, kwave kuwedzera kushoropodzwa neveruzhinji nezvechipfambi chakatenderedza mabhesi eUS muSouth Korea. Vanorwira vanhukadzi, mapoka ezvitendero uye nhengo dzeCongress vaida shanduko. Hurumende yeSouth Korea yakatanga kukanganisa, uye Pentagon yakakurumidza kuzivisa "zero kushivirira" mutemo wekutengesa. Muna 2004, hurumende yeSouth Korea yakarambidza kuita zvechipfambi, uye gore rakatevera Mutungamiriri George W. Bush akasaina mutemo waiti upfambi hahubvumirwi nemutemo weUniform Code of Military Justice. Mauto akatanga kutarisisa mabhawa nemakirabhu mumisasa yemisasa uye nekuisa avo vanofungidzirwa kuti vane chekuita nekutengesa pane "zvisingabvumirwe" zvinyorwa zvevarwi.
Anenge mumwe vet akandiudza, zvakadaro, anonyora seaya anopa mauto pamabhesi mazano ekuti kupi to enda kwete kupi kwete Togo. Uye pachinzvimbo chekuvhara chipfambi, mabhawa nemakirabhu vakangopindura nehunyanzvi hutsva hwekuvanza chimiro chebhizinesi ravo. Somuenzaniso, panzvimbo dzinonzi mabhawa ane muto, varume vanotenga magirazi maduku emuto unofungidzirwa kuti unodhaka nokuda kwe“vasikana vane muto,” vakawanda vavo vakatengeswa vachibva kuPhilippines kana kuti yaimbova Soviet Union. Mitemo inosiyana zvishoma kubva kubhawa kuenda kubhawa, asi chaizvoizvo, kana murume akatenga muto wakakwana, anogona kuronga kutora mukadzi kunze. Hakuchina kuchinjana mari yebonde kubhawa, asi kana vaviri ava vabva pamba, chibvumirano chinoitwa.
Kunze kweCamp Stanley uye neUijeongbu camptown, yaimbova mamasan, Mai Kim, vakandiudza kuti gadziriro itsva inoshanda sei. Kana uri murume, “unofanira kumutengera chokunwa,” akadaro. Dzinodhura madhora makumi maviri kusvika kumadhora makumi mana chimwe nechimwe, kana kunyange $20 kune mamwe makirabhu. "Chinwiwa chimwe chete, maminitsi makumi maviri," akaenderera mberi. The mamasan achakuudza kuti utenge zvakawanda kana nguva yako yakwana.
Kana murume wacho akatenga zvinokwana, Kim akati—kazhinji kacho madhora zana nemakumi mashanu emuto—anogona kubvunza kuti, “Mangwana ndingakuendesai kudya kwemasikati here?” Anobhadhara zvakare mamasan "faindi yebhawa" yekurega mukadzi achirovha zuva raitevera rebasa, achigadzirisa zvaaizoita kutengesa muto. Dzimwe nguva, murume anobhadhara faindi yebhawa kuti abve ipapo - kazhinji kuhotera. Chero zvazvingava, murume nomukadzi vanowanzotaurirana mutengo wakasiyana webonde.
“Isarudzo yake,” vakadaro Mai Kim. Asi kana akaramba, murume wacho “ari kuchema,” uye “haauyi kukirabhu. … Havachauyi zvakare.” “Shit!” vakadaro mai Kim vachitevedzera varume vaya.
Ndakafungidzira kuti muridzi angati sei "Shit!" zvakare, mushure mekurasikirwa nemutengi - uye dzvinyiriro iyo inogona kuisa pasarudzo yemukadzi, pamusoro pekumanikidzwa kwemari kubhadhara zvikwereti.
Youngnim Yu, mutungamiriri weDurebang, kana kuti “Nzvimbo Yehanzvadzi Yangu,” sangano rokuSouth Korea iro rakabetsera vakadzi mubhizimisi revatano kubvira muna 1986, akapinda mukurukurirano yedu. Nepo mitemo ichisiyana pabhawa rega rega, akatsanangura, mukadzi kazhinji anofanirwa kuunza mari inosvika mazana maviri emadhora husiku. Kana akasaita shoma, muridzi wacho anomubhadharisawo “faindi yebhawa”. Anofanira kuenda nemurume kuti agadzirise mutsauko.
Kamwe chete pamwedzi, puromota akapinza madzimai aya anouya kuzotambira mari dzavo. Muridzi webhawa anomubhadhara chikamu chezana chekutengeswa kwezvinwiwa, kazhinji kacho 50 muzana. Anoudza hurumende kuti anobhadhara vakadzi vekuSouth Korea mihoro yepamwedzi yemadhora mazana mapfumbamwe. Kazhinji, vakadzi vanogadzira madhora mazana matatu kusvika kumadhora mazana mashanu pamwedzi.
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Pakati pemasikati pazuva rinopisa zvikuru muna July, Ndakanga ndiri mumigwagwa yetaundi remusasa muSongtan, kunze kwemagedhi eOsan Air Base. Songtan ndeimwe yeanosvika zana nemakumi masere emisasa muSouth Korea nhasi. Mukati me180 mayadhi egedhi guru reOsan, kune mamwe mabhawa makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri - angangoita 400 tsoka. Mukuverenga kwa92, kwaive nemahotera makumi maviri nerimwe munzvimbo iyi ane makamuri neawa.
Ndakanga ndiri muSongtan kuti ndiperekedze vakadzi vaviri vesangano raYoungnim Yu Durebang, vandichadaidza kuti Valeria naSohee. Vakanga varipo kuti vasvike kune vanoita zvebonde mu“dunhu rino revashanyi vakasarudzika” uye kupa rutsigiro rwesangano.
Matunhu evashanyi akasarudzika haabvumirwe kune maKorea asiri kushanda maari, saka vazhinji vevanhu mumigwagwa vaibva kuOsan. Nemabhawa nemakirabhu zvichange zvakati zii masikati, takaona vafambi nevakadzi vari panze vachifamba vakapfeka yunifomu dzavo uye mhuri shoma dzakanga dzakapfeka zvisina mukare akamboona dzine vafambi. Vamwe varume vakanga vakapfeka mbatya dzechiuto vaifamba nevechiduku vokuPhilippines vakananga kunzvimbo dzinotengeswa zvokudya zvinokurumidza uye mamwe maresitorendi. Varume vashoma vaifamba vakabatana maoko nevakadzi vekuKorea.
Maminitsi mashoma oga oga, taisangana nomumwe mukadzi wokuPhilippines. Vamwe vaiva nevana. Patakaita kudaro, Valeria naSohee vakavapa kadhi rebhizimisi reDurebang rakanyorwa muchiTagalog, zvimbudzi uye hembe ye“KOREA” yakapiwa nevatsigiri. Munzira huru yevanofamba netsoka yaSongtan, takamira kuti titaure nevamwe vashandi vepanzvimbo pedyo neClub Join Us, tichishambadzira “Chikafu chePhilippines / Vakadzi vePhilippines.” Vaviri vechiduku vokuPhilippines vakapfuura, vachitaura kuti vakanga vari mushishi. Vamwe vaviri vakakurumidza kufamba kubva kuWestern Union vakabata chikwangwani chaizivisa kuti “Zvachipa kutumira kuPhilippines!” muchiTagalog.
Ndakabvunza Valeria izvo vakadzi vacho vanokurukura naye. Vanochema-chema nekusapihwa mihoro,” vanodaro. Vamwe vanotaura nezvekukuvadzwa nevaridzi kana vatengi. Vamwe vanoda kubuda asi havazivi kuti sei. Vazhinji vapinda muchikwereti kuti vawane vhiza rekuenda kuKorea, uye vazhinji vari kutsigira vana nedzimwe nhengo dzemhuri kumusha. "Vanonamatira kumakirabhu," akadaro. Makirabhu anopa dzimba, kazhinji panzvimbo yebhawa. Varidzi vakawanda vanobvumira vakadzi kuenda kwemaawa maviri chete pazuva. Zvikasadaro, akati, "mumwe munhu anogara achiona."
Vazhinji vevakadzi vacho havazive chiKorea, uye hazvisi pamutemo kana vakasiya bhawa, Valeria akadaro. Durebang inogona kupa rubatsiro rwemutemo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, rubatsiro rwemari. “Hatigoni kuita chinhu chipi nechipi” pamusoro pechimiro chavo chevhiza, akadaro Youngnim, uyo akanga akumbanira boka redu. Saka kana vakasiya kirabhu, akadaro, vangangodzingwa kana kuiswa mujeri rekubuda kunze kwenyika.
“Kune makirabhu akashata umo vakadzi vanopfigirwa mukati, asi kazhinji vakadzi havabvi nemhaka yokuti vanotya,” Veronica, wokuRussia ane makore 24 okukura, akaudza mumwe mutori wenhau. Mumwe muridzi wekirabhu muSongtan akabvuma, achiti, “Vamwe vevakadzi vakavharirwa. Kana moto ukavapo, havangapukunyuki. Asi nzira huru yekuvamanikidza ndeyepfungwa. Hapana wavanoziva. Havana mari. Nzira bedzi yavanogona kuwana nayo mari ndeyokuita chipfambi.” Reydelus Conferido, mumiriri wevashandi pamuzinda wePhilippine, anoti anoedza kutsanangurira vanhu kuti, “Kana ukaenda nemumwe munhu kure nemusha, mumamiriro ezvinhu akati, unogona kuita kuti vaite chero chaunoda. ... Zvinogona kuitika kune chero munhu. "
Muchokwadi, vaongorori nevakuru vezvemitemo vanoratidza kuti vakadzi vazhinji vekuKorea vanoshanda muUS masaja parlors vakamboroorwa nemaGIs.
Youngnim akatsanangura kuti vakadzi vanowanzo "edza kubuda mumakirabhu" nekutsvaga GI. Hupenyu hwakaoma nemutengi akasiyana mazuva ese. Saka vanoenda kunogara nevakomana veGI. Asi “inenge 90 muzana yevakadzi vakasiiwa,” akadaro. Vazhinji vanobata pamuviri voita vana. Vamwe vanoroora, uye ipapo musoja anonyangarika pasina shoko kana rwendo rwake runoitwa muSouth Korea, achisiya mukadzi ari mumatambudziko emari nemutemo. Vasiya makirabhu avo, vakadzi vazhinji vanoerekana vasina mubatsiri anodiwa kuti agare muKorea. Dzimwe nguva ivo vakanamira mune zvemutemo limbo pasina kurambana kwepamutemo, uye vamwe havagone kutora rutsigiro rwevana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Youngnim akati, varume vanoita kuti vakadzi vasaine magwaro avasinganzwisisi, uye aya anova mapepa okurambana anovasiya vasina chinhu.
Kubva kuma1970s, maGIs ave achibatanidzwawo muwanano dzesham dzaishandiswa kuunza vakadzi vekuKorea kuUnited States kuti vaite basa repabonde muKorea massage parlors. Vakarambana vekuKorea kubva kumuchato zviri pamutemo vanga vari panjodzi yekupinzwa mudzimba. Muchokwadi, vaongorori nevakuru vezvemitemo vanoratidza kuti vakadzi vazhinji vekuKorea vanoshanda muUS masaja parlors vakamboroorwa nemaGIs.
Pakave inopfuura hafu yemiriyoni michato pakati pevakadzi vekuAsia nevarume GIs kubvira Hondo Yenyika II; inofungidzirwa kuti 80 muzana inoguma nokurambana.
Gare gare manheru, mushure mekunge ndasiya vashandi vekuDurebang, ndakasangana nemumwe mukadzi akati aibva kuOkinawa (uko mauto eUS anotora 20 muzana yenyika). Nembatya dzake dzaiyerera zvichena zvese, ganda rakacheneruka kwazvo uye bvudzi refu dema, aiita kunge chipoko. Akataura kuti "akabhowekana," achinongedza bhegi hombe remadhafu nemabhegi akati wandei akaiswa padivi penzira. Akati aida rubatsiro. Akanga akaroorwa nomufambisi wengarava, asi zvino akanga asisakwanisi kuwana mari yake mubhangi reNavy. Vakanga vasingachamutenderi pabase zvakare. Ivowo havana kumutendera kuti apinde muOsan. Aive ne "karma yakaipa," akadaro. "Bad karma."
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Kunopera kwekufamba kwangu ndichitenderera Songtan nevashandi vekuDurebang vanoparidza, ndakabvunza Valeria kana vamwe vevakadzi vachiziva zvavari kupinda mazviri vasati vasvika.
"Mazuvano, ivo vanoziva nezve system," Valeria akadaro. "Vazhinji ... vanoziva zvavari kuita." Asi “vanofanira kutsungirira. Vaisazombowana mari yakadaro muPhilippines.”
Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange zvazvo vakadzi vakawanda vave kuita sevanoziva chimiro chebasa iro rinowanzouya nevisa yevaraidzi, mazano ekunyengera ekutsvaga, kumiririra zvisiri izvo uye vashandirwi vanoputsa zvibvumirano pasina chirango ndizvo zvinowanzoitika. Mumwe mukadzi anonzi Lori, akapiwa vhiza rokuvarairidza muPhilippines kuti aende kuSouth Korea muna 2005, akati aiva mumwe wevaya vakanga vasingazivi zvakaita “gadziriro” yacho vasati vasvika. “Aifunga kuti zvechokwadi tinofanira kuimba nekuti takasaina kondirakiti semuimbi,” akadaro. Iye zvino, anonzwa akanamatira kukirabhu, achivenga basa repabonde asi asingakwanise kuenda nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemari. “Ndakataura nevamwe vasikana ndikati, ‘Zvechokwadi handichazvigoni. Handidi kuenda, handidi kufamba nemukomana upi noupi,’” Lori akarondedzera kudaro. “Mumwe musikana akandiudza kuti, ‘Chero bedzi uchifunga nezvemhuri yako, mwana wako, kana kuti vamwe vanhu vaunoda, uchatora varume vose, uye hauzozvifungi iwe pachako. Ndaifunga kuti kana ndisina chikwereti chokubhadhara kuPhilippine, ndaizodzokera kuPhilippines ndorega kugara kuno kunyange kwesekondi.”
Mhosva kubva mukushanda kwemauto eUS muBosnia inoratidza kupera kwakanyanya kweiyo spectrum. Muna 1999, vashandi vaviri vekondirakiti huru yemauto DynCorp vakapomera DynCorp nekufuratira ziso apo vashandi vavo vaidyidzana nemafia eSerbia uye vakatenga vakadzi sevaranda vepabonde. Mumwe murume ane makore 45 okukura “aiva nomusikana,” mumwe wevaridzi vemiridzo akadaro, “uyo aisagona kuva anopfuura gumi namana.”
Mumwe airidza muridzo akawana vakadzi vanomwe vaitengeswa mukirabhu “vakatutirana pamametiresi asina chinhu pasi. Makondomu akaturikwa pamusoro pegaba remarara, mabhegi epurasitiki embatya dzemumugwagwa nembatya dzebasa, vachingotya. Kurohwa uye kutya.”
Zvichitevera mirayiridzo kubva Army, DynCorp vakuru vakabvisa kanenge 18 yevashandi vayo kubva Bosnia, kupfura kanenge 12. Emails anoratidza kuti DynCorp vakuru vakuru vaiziva dambudziko rakatopararira kupfuura nyaya idzi, asi kuti vakatora zvishoma chimwe chiito. Pane kudaro, mumwe mukuru akataura kuti kukurumidza kupfura kwakabvumira DynCorp "kushandura izvi kuita budiriro yekushambadzira." Pamwe chete nekudzinga vamwe vevakanyanya kupara mhosva, DynCorp yakadzingawo vairidza muridzo. (Vese vakamhan'arira DynCorp yekumisa zvisirizvo; nyaya dzavo dzinoita hwaro hwefirimu ra2011. Muridzo.)
Zvichakadaro, tadzoka kuBosnia, Mauto eCriminal Investigation Command akaendesa nyaya iyi kumapurisa eko ndokuvhara ongororo yawo asina kuongorora mhosva yaaipomerwa kana kutaura kune mumwe wevakadzi vaibatanidzwa. Hapana wevakapomerwa mhosva, uye hapana mukuru weDynCorp akatarisana nemhosva.
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Zviri nyore kupa mhosva varume vechiuto nekutora mukana weanowanzo bhinya maindasitiri ezvepabonde munzvimbo dzakaita seSouth Korea neBalkan. Asi semurwi anomhanyisa ROK Drop, blog yakakurumbira nezvemauto muSouth Korea, inotaura, hazvina kunaka kupomera masoja chete. Mitemo yeUnited States Forces Korea "inoita kuti rudzi urwu rwechiitiko ruenderere mberi kumisasa yeUS." Unyengeri, anoti: Zvirongwa zvekudzidzisa “zviri kuudza varwi kuti vanwe zvine musoro uye kuti vasiyane nevasikana vane muto, asi inzvimbo ipi yatinogadzira kuti varwi vapedze nguva yavo yakawanda vakasununguka vari mairi? Guta [mumusasa] rizere nedoro rakachipa nepfambi.”
Kushaikwa kwemimwe mikana yokuzvivaraidza kunogona kuva chikonzero. Asi pane nyaya zvakare yakafararira mauto eAmerica tsika, uye hupombwe uye hudzvinyiriri hunowanikwa muUnited States, Korea nenzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Hunhu hwevarume vanotora mukana wekubiridzira maindasitiri ezvepabonde hunowanzoregererwa senyaya yekuti "vakomana vachave vakomana" - semaitiro echisikigo evarwi vechirume. Kutaura zvazviri, pane zvishoma pamusoro pemaitiro ayo emusikirwo. Varume vari pazvigaro zvemauto uye vakadzi mumisasa yemisasa vanozviwana vari mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kujairika, ayo akagadzirwa nenhevedzano yesarudzo dzakaitwa nekufamba kwenguva (kunyanya nevarume vechiuto nevakuru vehurumende). Sarudzo idzodzo dzakagadzira nharaunda yemauto echirume, uko kuvepo kwevakadzi kunoderedzwa zvakanyanya kuita basa rimwechete: bonde.
Pakupedzisira, migumisiro yechipfambi chemauto inonzwika kwete chete nevakadzi vari kunze kwenyika vane miviri inoshandiswa uye inowanzoshungurudzwa, kutengeswa uye kushandiswa. Ivo zvakare vanonzwa nevemhuri, vashandi pamwe nevamwe vari chikamu chehupenyu hwemauto. Mafungiro anosimudzirwa nenzvimbo dzepabonde dzekutengesa anoenderera zvine njodzi muhupenyu hweGIs - pahwaro uye kumba. Uhure hwechiuto hwakarongwa hunodzidzisa varume kudavira kuti kushandisa mabasa evatano evakadzi chimwe chezvazvinoreva kuva musoja uye, zvamazvirokwazvo, chimwe chezvinoreva kuva murume. Tichifunga nezvekuwanda kwechipfambi chemumusasa muSouth Korea kunyanya, varume vanoendeswa kunyika iyi vanowanzova nemafungiro avo pamusoro pezvinoreva kushandurwa murume. Pamwe chete nevaraidzo yepabonde yeUSO inoratidza (funga nezve Dallas Cowboys cheerleaders), zvinonyadzisira zvakazara mumasevhisi uye kudzidziswa kwakaiswa nesexist epithets, chipfambi chemusasa chinobatsira kuburitsa tsika yechiuto yezvepabonde, misogyny uye kuderedzwa kwevakadzi.
Nokudaro, patinoedza kunzwisisa zviitiko zvinogara zvichiitika zvekubatwa chibharo uye kushungurudzwa kwepabonde kunoitwa nemauto munzvimbo dzakaita seOkinawa, kana kuti denda rekubatwa chibharo uye kushungurudzwa kwepabonde zvino kuwanikwa muchiuto, hatigoni kufuratira zviitiko zvevarume mumisasa yemisasa. Sokutsanangura kunoita mumwe mutsigiri wevanyajambwa vechisimba chehondo chevatano, kuti: “Haungatarisiri kubata vakadzi somumwe wako apo, panguva imwe cheteyo, iwe somurwi muduku uri kukurudzirwa kushandisa vakadzi kunze kwenzvimbo iyoyo. .”
David Vine ishamwari purofesa weanthropology paAmerican University muWashington, DC. Ichi chinyorwa chakatorwa kubva mubhuku rake razvino, Base Nation: Sei US Military Bases Kune Dzimwe Nyika Inokuvadza America uye Nyika, rakabudiswa neMetropolitan Books, chikamu chaHenry Holt neKambani (c) David Vine 2015. Kodzero dzose dzakachengetwa.
