NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 29, 2014
Hatizomboziva kuti chii chinonzi Musteite, asi ini ndinofunga kuti zvingabatsira kana tikadaro. Ndiri kushandisa izwi kureva "kuva nehumwe hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hwaAJ Muste."
Ini ndaive nevanhu vanditaurira kuti ndaive Musteite pandakanga ndanyanya nepfungwa isina kujeka yekuti AJ Muste anga ari ani. Ini ndaigona kuona kuti kwaive kurumbidza, uye kubva muchirevo chechinyorwa ndakazvitora kureva kuti ndaive mumwe munhu aida kupedza hondo. Ini ndinofungidzira ini ndakaita senge brashe iyo kure sekunge isiri yakawanda yekurumbidza. Sei ichifanira kutariswa seinonyanya kurumbidzwa kana kusanzwisisika zvine mutsindo kuda kupedza hondo? Kana mumwe munhu achida kupedzisa uye kupedza zvachose kubata chibharo kana kushungurudzwa kwevana kana kuita nhapwa kana chimwewo chinhu chakaipa, hativadaidze sevanyanyisa kana kuvarumbidza sevasande Sei hondo yakasiyana?
Zvichida kuti hondo ingasave yakasiyana, iyo inogona kubviswa zvachose, inogona kunge yakanyatsofungidzirwa kuti ndakatora chikamu chechitatu-kubva kuna AJ Muste, sekudaro vazhinji vedu takawana zvakawanda kubva kwaari, pasinei nokuti tinozviziva kana kwete. Mukurumbira wake kune zvose zvatinofunga nezvebasa uye kurongeka uye kodzero dzevanhu uye rugare kurwisana. His new biography, American Gandhi: AJ Muste uye Nhoroondo yeRadicalism muMakumi maviri emakore naLeilah Danielson akakosha kuverenga, uye akandipa rudo rutsva kuna Muste kunyangwe bhuku racho richiita zvisina rudo.
Martin Luther King Jr. akaudza munyori wenhoroondo dzekare weMuste, Nat Hentoff kuti, "Iko kusimbisa kwazvino kuita kwekusaita zvechisimba munhandare yehukama hwenhangemutange kwakakonzerwa zvakanyanya neAJ kupfuura chero ani zvake munyika." Izvo zvinozivikanwawo kwazvo kuti pasina Muste pangadai pasina kuumbwa mubatanidzwa wakakura kudaro kurwisana nehondo yeVietnam. Vashandi muIndia vakamudana kuti "weAmerican Gandhi."
IAmerican Gandhi akaberekerwa mu1885 uye akaenda kune imwe mhuri yeChnUMX kubva ku Holland kusvika kuMichigan. Akadzidza kuHolland, Michigan, guta rimwe chete ratinoverenga pamusoro pemapeji mashomanana ekutanga Mvura yakasviba: Kukwira Kwenyika Inesimba Kwazvo Mercenary Mauto, uye kukoreji yakazobhadharwa mari nePrince Family, kwakatangira Blackwater. Idzo nyaya dzese Muste naPrince dzinotanga neDutch Calvinism uye dzinopedzisira dzakaparadzaniswa zvakasarudzika sekufungidzira. Panjodzi yekukanganisa vanoyemura vechiKristu vemurume chero upi zvake, ndinofunga hapana nyaya - uye kana hupenyu - ingadai yakatambura dai chinamato ichi chakasiiwa kunze.
Muste angadai asina kubvumirana neni, hongu, sezvo chimwe chimiro chechitendero chaive pakati pekufunga kwake mukati mehupenyu hwake hwakawanda. Panguva yeHondo Yenyika I aive muparidzi uye nhengo yeFsociation of Reconciliation (FOR). Akapokana nehondo muna 1916 apo kupikisa hondo kwaigamuchirwa. Uye apo ruzhinji rwenyika rwakawira mumutsara kumashure kwaWoodrow Wilson uye nekuteerera akada hondo muna 1917, Muste haana kuchinja. Akapokana nehondo uye kunyoreswa. Akatsigira kurwira rusununguko rwevanhu, achigara achirwiswa munguva yehondo. IAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) yakaumbwa naMuste's KWAVANoshanda navo muna 1917 kurapa zviratidzo zvehondo, sezvazviri nhasi. Muste akaramba kuparidza achitsigira hondo uye aisungirwa kusiya chechi yake, achitaura mutsamba yake yekusiya basa kuti kereke inofanira kuisa pfungwa pakuumba "mamiriro emweya anomisa hondo uye kuita kuti hondo dzese dzifunge." Muste akazozvipira neACLU vachikurudzira varambi uye vamwe vakatambudzwa nekuda kwehondo muNew England. Akave zvakare Quaker.
Muna 1919 Muste akazviwana ave mutungamiri wekuramwa mabasa kwevashandi makumi matatu vemahembe muLawrence, Massachusetts, achidzidza pabasa - uye pamutsetse wepiketi, kwaakasungwa nekurwiswa nemapurisa, asi akadzoka nekukasira kumutsara. Panguva iyo kuhwina kwacho kwakakundwa, Muste aive secretary general wevachangobva kuumbwa Amalgamated Textile Workers of America. Makore maviri gare gare, anga achitungamira Brookwood Labor College kunze kweKatonah, New York. Pakazosvika pakati-30,000s, seBrookwood payakabudirira, Muste akange ave mutungamiri wesangano rinofambira mberi revashandi munyika yose. Panguva imwecheteyo, akashanda padare repamusoro reNational FOR kubva 1920-1926 pamwe nekomiti yenyika ye ACLU. Brookwood akanetseka kubvarura akawanda akapatsanuka kudzamara iyo American Federation yeVashandi yaiparadza nekurwiswa kubva kurudyi, ichibatsirwa zvishoma nekurwiswa kubva kuruboshwe nemaCommunist. Muste akashanda nesimba pabasa, achiumba Musangano weProgressive Labor Action, nekuronga muSouth, asi "kana tichida kuva nehunhu mubato revashandi," akadaro, "tinofanira kuva nedanho rekubatana, uye, kana isu kuva nazvo, zvinotevera, chinhu chimwe, kuti hatigone kushandisa nguva yedu yese mukukakavadzana nekurwisana - pamwe 1929 muzana yenguva, asi kwete zana muzana. ”
Munyori wenhoroondo yaMuste anotevera iwo 99 muzana fomura yezvitsauko zvakati wandei, inovhara kukakavadzana kwevamiriri, kuronga kwevasina mabasa, kuumbwa kweAmerican Workers Party muna 1933, uye muna 1934 kurwisa Auto-Lite kuToledo, Ohio, izvo zvakatungamira mukuumbwa kweUnited Auto Workers. Vaya vasina mabasa, vachijoinha ratidziro vakamiririra vashandi, vaive vakakosha pakubudirira, uye kuzvipira kwavo kuita izvi kungangodaro kwakabatsira vashandi kusarudza kuramwa mabasa pakutanga. Muste aive pakati pezvese izvi uye nekuenderera mberi nekupokana nefascism mukati memakore aya. Kuratidzira kwekugara pasi kuGoodyear muAkron kwakatungamirwa neaimbove vadzidzi veMuste.
Muste akatsvaga kukoshesa kurwira kururamisira uye kushandisa hunyanzvi hweGandhian, achimanikidza shanduko mutsika, kwete hurumende chete. "Kana tichizova nenyika itsva," akadaro, "tinofanira kuva nevarume vatsva; kana uchida shanduko, unofanirwa kuvandudzwa. ” Muna 1940, Muste akazova munyori wenyika we FOR uye akatanga chirongwa cheGandhian pamusoro pekusarura, achiunza vashandi vatsva vanosanganisira James Farmer naBayard Rustin, nekubatsira kuwana iyo Congress yeRacial Equality (CORE). Zviito zvisiri zvechisimba izvo vazhinji vanobatana nema1950 nema1960 zvakatanga muma1940. Rwendo rweKuyananisa rwakatangira Rusununguko Rwokufamba nemakore gumi nemana.
Muste akafanotaura kusimuka kweMauto Maindasitiri Complex uye nehondo yekumhanya yehondo yapashure peHondo Yenyika II muUnited States muna 1941. Kune kumwe kusinganzwisisike kwevaAmerica vazhinji, kunyangwe munyori wenhoroondo yake, Muste akawana huchenjeri hwekuramba achirwisana nehondo panguva yechipiri nyika. Hondo, inotsigira panzvimbo yekuzvidzivirira isina mhirizhonga uye nerunyararo, mushandirapamwe, uye nerupo mutemo wezvekunze, kudzivirira kodzero dzevaJapan vekuAmerican, uye zvakare vachipokana nekurwiswa kwakapararira kwevanhu rusununguko. "Kana ini ndisingakwanise kuda Hitler, handikwanise kuda zvachose," akadaro Muste, achitaura zvakajairika kuti munhu anofanira kuda vavengi vake, asi achizviita mune yekutanga nyaya umo munenge mune vamwe vese, nanhasi, vanotsigira. nekunaka kwese-kunze kwechisimba chinotyisa uye ruvengo.
Ehezve, avo vaipikisa Hondo Yenyika I uye kugadzirisa kwakaipisisa kwakapedzisa, uye kuwedzera kwehukama kwemakore - uye ndiani aigona kuona kuguma kweHondo Yenyika II kwaizounza, uye ndiani akaona kugona kwehunyanzvi hweGandhi - vakave nenguva yakaoma kupfuura vazhinji mukubvuma kuti hondo yakanga isingadzivisike uye Hondo Yenyika II yakaruramiswa.
Muste, ndine chokwadi, haana kugutsikana mukutarisa hurumende yeUS ichigadzira hondo inotonhora nehumambo hwepasirese zvinoenderana nekufanotaura kwake. Muste akaenderera mberi achisundira kumashure kupokana nehurongwa hwese hwehondo, achitaura kuti, "nzira chaidzo dzinoshandiswa nenyika kuzvipa pachavo 'kuzvidzivirira' uye 'kuchengetedzeka' kwenguva pfupi ndicho chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuwana kuchengetedzeka kwechokwadi kana kwechigarire. Vanoda michina yepasi rese kuitira kuti nhangemutange yezvombo zveatomiki igume; asi nhangemutange yezvombo zveatomiki inofanira kumira kana kuti chinangwa chenyika yose chinodzokera pasingaitwe nemunhu. ”
Yakanga iri munguva ino, 1948-1951 kuti MLK Jr. akanga achienda kuCrozer Theological Seminary, achienda kutaura hurukuro, uye kuverenga mabhuku naMuste, uyo aizozoti amupe mubasa rake, uye ndiani aizoita basa rinokosha pakukurudzira hurumende vatungamiri vekodzero yekupikisa hondo yeVietnam. Muste akashanda neAmerican Friends Service Committee, uye mamwe masangano akawanda, kusanganisira Komiti Yekudzivisa H-Bomb Test, iyo yaizova National Committee yeSane Nuclear Policy (SANE); uye Rugare Rwenyika Rwenyika.
Muste akayambira nezvehondo yeUS kuVietnam muna 1954. Akatungamira nekupokana nazvo muna 1964. Akarwa nekubudirira kukuru kuti awedzere mubatanidzwa unorwisa hondo muna 1965. Panguva imwecheteyo, akarwisa zano rekudiridza vanopikisa muhondo kuyedza kutsvaga kukwirira kwakawanda. Iye akatenda kuti "polarization" yakaunza "zvinopesana uye misiyano" pamusoro uye yakatendera mukana wekubudirira kukuru. Muste sachigaro weNovember 8 Mobilization Committee (MOBE) muna 1966, achironga chiito chakakura muna Kubvumbi 1967. Asi pakudzoka kubva parwendo kuenda kuVietnam muna Kukadzi, achipa hurukuro nezverwendo, uye nekurara usiku hwese achinyora kuzivisa kwekuratidzira kwaApril. , akatanga kugunun'una nezvekurwadziwa kumashure uye haana kurarama kwenguva yakareba.
Haana kuona kutaura kwaMambo kuRiverside Church musi waApril 4. Haana kuona kuungana kwevanhu vazhinji kana mariro mazhinji nezvirangaridzo kwaari. Haana kuona kuti hondo yapera. Haana kuona muchina wehondo uye kuronga zvehondo zvichiramba zvichiita sekunge zvishoma zvaidzidziswa. Haana kuona kudzoka kubva pakurongeka kwezvehupfumi uye nehunyanzvi hwekuenderera mberi mukati memakumi emakore anouya. Asi AJ Muste akange aripo kare. Akange aona kukwidziridzwa kwema1920 nema1930 uye akararama kuti abatsire kuunza runyararo musangano wema1960. Apo, muna 2013, kumanikidzwa neruzhinji kwakabatsira kumisa kurwisa kuSyria, asi hapana chakanaka chakatora nzvimbo, uye kurwisa kwemakomba kwakatangwa gore rakazotevera kurwisa divi rakapesana muhondo yeSyria, Muste angadai asina kuvhunduka. Chikonzero chake chaisave chekudzivirira kweimwe hondo asi kubviswa kwenzvimbo yehondo, iyo chikonzero zvakare chemushandirapamwe mutsva mu2014. World Beyond War.
Chii chatinogona kudzidza kubva kune mumwe munhu saMuste akatsungirira kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana kuti aone mamwe, asi kwete ese, epfungwa dzake dzakanyanya dzinoenda zvakanyanya? Haana kunetseka nesarudzo kana kutovhota. Akaisa pamberi pechiito chisingaite zvechisimba. Akatsvaga kuumba mubatanidzwa wakakura kwazvo, kusanganisira nevanhu vaisabvumirana naye uye neumwe neumwe pamibvunzo yakakosha asi vakabvumirana pachinhu chakakosha chiripo. Asi zvakadaro akatsvaga kuchengetedza iwo mubatanidzwa asina kuomarara pane zvinhu zvekukosha kukuru. Akatsvaga kusimudzira zvinangwa zvavo sechikonzero chetsika uye kuhwina pamusoro pevadzivisi nenjere nemanzwiro, kwete kumanikidza. Akashanda kushandura maonero epasirese. Akashanda kuvaka mafambiro epasirese, kwete chete enzvimbo kana nyika. Uye, hongu, akatsvaga kupedza hondo, kwete kungoitsiva imwe hondo neimwe. Izvi zvaireva kurwisana nehondo, asi kuzviita nenzira yakanakisa kudzikisira kana kupedza michina iri kumashure kwayo.
Handisi, shure kwezvose, akanaka kwazvo Musteite. Ini ndinobvumirana nezvakawanda, asi kwete zvese. Ndinoramba zvinangwa zvake zvechitendero. Uye zvechokwadi ini handina kufanana naAJ Muste, kushaya hunyanzvi, zvido, kugona, uye zviitwa. Asi ini ndinonzwa ndiri padyo naye uye ndinoonga kupfuura nakare kose kunzi Musteite. Uye ndinotenda kuti AJ Muste nemamirioni avanhu vakafarira basa rake neimwe nzira vakapfuudza kwandiri. Kufuridzira kwaMuste kune vanhu vese vanoziva, saMartin Luther King, Jr., uye vanhu vaifurira vanhu vese vanoziva, saBayard Rustin, yaive yakakosha. Akashanda nevanhu vachiri kushandira musangano rerunyararo saDavid McReynolds naTom Hayden. Akashanda naJames Rorty, baba veimwe yemapurofesa angu ekoreji, Richard Rorty. Akatora nguva kuUnited Theological Seminary, kwaidzidza vabereki vangu. Aigara pachivako chimwe chete, kana kusiri kuvaka, kwandakagara kwechinguva pa103 Street uye West End Avenue muNew York, uye Muste sezviri pachena akange akaroora mukadzi akanaka anonzi Anne aifamba naAna, seniwo ini. Ndinoda mukomana. Asi chii chinondipa tariro ndiko kukura kwakaita Musteism mutsika nemagariro edu sevanhu vese, uye mukana wekuti rimwe zuva isu tese tichava maMuteeite.
