NaDavid Vine, Gunyana 9, 2020
From Investigative Kuzivisa Musangano
Hondo dzakarwiwa nehurumende yeUS kubva pakurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, 2001, yakamanikidza vanhu mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe - uye pamwe vangangoita mamirioni makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe - kubva kudzimba dzavo, sekureva kwemushumo uchangobva kuburitswa kubva kuAmerican University uye Yunivhesiti yeBrown University yeMitengo yeHondo Chirongwa.
Kusvika ikozvino, hapana anoziva kuti vanhu vangani hondo dzakatama. Chokwadi, vazhinji veAmerica vangangove vasingazive kuti mauto eUS akaitika kwete chete muAfghanistan, Iraq neSyria, asiwo mu 21 mamwe marudzi kubvira Mutungamiri George W. Bush pavakazivisa nezvehondo yepasirese yekutyisa.
Kana iyo Pentagon, iyo State department kana chero imwe chikamu chehurumende yeUS haina kuteedzera kutama. Nyanzvi nemasangano epasi rese, senge United Nations revapoteri agency, UNHCR, vakapa imwe data nezvevapoteri uye vanhu vakapoterwa mukati (IDPs) kune dzimwe nyika muhondo. Asi iyi data inopa poindi-mu-nguva kuverenga pane kuwedzera huwandu hwevanhu vakasiya misha kubva pakatanga hondo.
Mukuverenga kwekutanga kwerudzi rwayo, American University's Veruzhinji Anthropology Kliniki zvinofungidzira kuti hondo sere dzakanyanya mhirizhonga mauto eUS akatanga kana kutora chikamu kubva 2001 - muAfghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Siria neYemen - vaburitsa vapoteri mamirioni masere nevanotsvaga hupoteri nemamiriyoni makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe vakapotera mukati. vanhu.
Vanofungidzirwa kuti mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe vakatiza misha vanopfuura avo vakasiiwa nehondo kana nenjodzi kubva muna 37, kunze kweHondo Yenyika II, apo mamirioni makumi matatu kusvika makumi matanhatu nematanhatu kana kupfuura vanhu vakatiza misha yavo. Mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe anodarika avo vakasiya misha munguva yeHondo Yenyika I (vangangoita mamirioni gumi), kupatsanurwa kweIndia nePakistan (mamirioni gumi nemana) nehondo yeUS kuVietnam (mamirioni gumi nematatu).
Kubvisa vanhu mamiriyoni makumi matatu nenomwe ndiko zvakaenzana kubvisa vangangoita vese vagari venharaunda yeCalifornia kana vanhu vese muTexas neVirginia vakabatana. Nhamba yacho inenge yakakura sehuwandu hwevanhu Kanadha. Hondo dzeUnited States 'post-9/11 dzakatora chinhanho chakakanganisika mukukonzeresa kupeta-zvakapetwa kwevapoteri nevanhu vakapotera mukati menyika pasi rose pakati pa2010 na2019, kubva 41 miriyoni kusvika 79.5 miriyoni.
Mamirioni atiza ratidziro dzemumhepo, mabhomba, pfuti dzemoto, kupaza dzimba, kurwisa kwedrone, kurwira pfuti uye kubata chibharo. Vanhu vatiza kuparara kwemisha yavo, nharaunda, zvipatara, zvikoro, mabasa uye chikafu chemuno nenzvimbo dzemvura. Vakatiza kumanikidzwa kudzingwa, kutyisidzirwa nerufu uye kucheneswa kukuru kwemarudzi kwakaitwa nehondo dzeUS muAfghanistan neIraq kunyanya.
Hurumende yeUS haisi yega inokonzeresa kudzinga vanhu mamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe; maTaliban, maIraq Sunni nemaShia mauto, Al-Qaida, boka reIslamic State nedzimwe hurumende, varwi nevatambi vanewo mutoro.
Mamiriro ezvinhu ehurombo-aimbovepo, kupisa kwepasi-kwakakonzera shanduko yezvakatipoteredza uye humwe mhirizhonga zvakakonzera kutyaira vanhu kubva kudzimba dzavo. Zvisinei, hondo sere muchidzidzo cheAU ndidzo hurumende yeUS ine mutoro wekutanga, wekukwira semurwi mukuru kana wekukurudzira, kuburikidza nekuramwa kwemadhoni, kurwira panhandare yehondo, rutsigiro rwezvigadzirwa, kutengesa maoko nezvimwe rubatsiro.
Kunyanya, iyo Veruzhinji Anthropology Kliniki inofungidzira kufambiswa kwe:
- 5.3 mamirioni eAfghans (anomiririra 26% yeiyo pre-hondo vanhu) kubvira kutanga kwehondo yeUS muAfghanistan mu2001;
- Mamirioni 3.7 maPakistani (3% yevagari vehondo yapamberi pehondo) kubvira pakapinda US Afghanistan Afghanistan muna 2001 nekukurumidza yakava hondo imwechete kuyambuka muganhu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwePakistan;
- 1.7 mamirioni ePhilippines (2%) kubvira mauto eUS abatana nehurumende yePhilippines muhondo yemakumi emakore ne Abu Sayyaf nemamwe mapoka evapanduki muna 2002;
- Mamiriyoni 4.2 ezviuru zveSomalia (46%) kubvira mauto eUS atanga kutsigira hurumende inozivikanwa yeSomalia ichirwa neUN Islamic Courts Union (ICU) muna 2002 uye, mushure megore ra2006, mapapiro eICU akaparadzanisa mauto Al-Shabaab;
- 4.4 mamirioni Yemenis (24%) kubvira hurumende yeUS yatanga kuuraya drone kweanonzi magandanga mu2002 uye yakatsigira Hondo inotungamirwa neSaudi Arabia yekurwisa musangano weHouthi kubvira 2015;
- 9.2 mamirioni eIraqis (37%) kubva muna 2003 US-inotungamirwa nechisimba nekugara uye nehondo yapfuura-2014 kurwisa boka reIslamic State;
- 1.2 mamirioni maRibya (19%) kubvira hurumende dzeUS neEurope dzakapindira mukumukira kwa2011 kupesana naMoammar Gadhafi kuchikonzera hondo yevagari vemo iri kuenderera;
- 7.1 mamirioni eSyria (37%) kubvira hurumende yeUS yatanga kurwa neIslamic State muna 2014.
Vazhinji vapoteri kubva kuhondo muchidzidzo vakatizira kunyika dzakavakidzana mu Middle Middle, kunyanya Turkey, Jordan ne Lebanon. Vanenge miriyoni imwe vakasvika kuGermany; mazana ezviuru akatizira kune dzimwe nyika muEurope pamwe neUnited States. Vazhinji maPhilippines, maLibya neYemenis vakadzingwa munyika dzavo.
Iyo Public Anthropology Clinic yakashandisa yakavimbika kwazvo epasirese data aripo, kubva ku UNHCR, ivo Yemukati Displacement Monitoring Center, ivo International Organisation for Migration uye Hofisi yeUN yekubatana kweVashandi vevanhu. Yakapihwa mibvunzo nezve iko iko kwekushomeka kwedatha munzvimbo dzehondo, nzira yekuverenga yaive yekuchengetedza.
Statistics yevapoteri uye vanotsvaga hupoteri zviri nyore inogona kuve 1.5 kusvika 2 nguva dzakakwira kupfuura zvakawanikwa, zvichipa vamwe mamirioni makumi mana kusvika makumi mana nemashanu vanhu vakatiza misha. Iwo mamirioni e41 maSyria akasiya misha anomiririra chete avo vakasiya misha kubva kumatunhu mashanu eSyria mune mauto eUS akarwa uye akavhiyiwa kubvira 2014 uye kutanga kwehondo yeUS kurwisa Islamic State muSyria.
Maitiro mashoma ekuchengetedza anosanganisira avo vakadzingwa kubva kumatunhu ese eSyria kubva 2014 kana kutanga kwegore ra2013 apo hurumende yeUS yakatanga kutsigira mapoka evapanduki eSyria. Izvi zvinogona kutora huwandu kusvika pakati pemamirioni makumi mana neshanu nemakumi mashanu nepfumbamwe, zvichienzaniswa nehuremo hwekushanduka kweHondo Yenyika II.
Fungidziro yekiriniki iyi yemamirioni makumi matatu nemanomwe inochengetedzawo nekuti haisanganisi mamirioni akasiya misha mukati meimwe hondo dzepashure pe37 / 9 nemakakatanwa anosanganisira mauto eUS.
Mauto eUS ekurwa, drones kurwisa uye kuongorora, kudzidziswa kwemauto, kutengeswa kwemaoko uye rumwe rubatsiro-rwehurumende rwakaita mabasa mukukonana mu nyika dzinosanganisira Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia (yakabatana nehondo yeYemen), South Sudan, Tunisia neUganda. MuBurkina Faso, semuenzaniso, maive 560,000 misha yepamba vanhu pakupera kwe2019 pakati pekukura kwemauto.
Kukuvara kwakakonzerwa nekutama kwave kwakakura munyika dzese makumi maviri nemana uko mauto eUS akaendesa. Kurasikirwa nemusha nenharaunda, pakati pezvimwe kurasikirwa, ine varombo vanhu kwete zvehupfumi chete asiwo zvepfungwa, zvemagariro, zvetsika nezvematongerwo enyika. Mhedzisiro yekubva kune dzimwe nyika inowedzera kunharaunda dzinogamuchira uye nyika, dzinogona kutarisana nemitoro inogamuchira vapoteri nevaya vakatamiswa mukati, kusanganisira kusagadzikana kwenzanga. Kune rimwe divi, nzanga dzinotambira dzinowanzobatsirwa nekuuya kwevanhu vakatiza nekuda kwekusiyana kwenzanga, kuwedzera zviitiko zvehupfumi uye rubatsiro rwekunze.
Ehezve, kutama inongova chimwe chikamu chekuparadzwa kwehondo.
MuAfghanistan, Iraq, Siria, Pakistan neYemen chete, inofungidzirwa 755,000 kusvika 786,000 vanhuwo zvavo uye murwis vakafa nekuda kwekurwa. Vamwezve zviuru gumi nezvishanu vemauto eUS uye makontrakta vakafa muhondo dzapfuura-15,000/9. Kufa kwese kumativi ese muAfghanistan, Iraq, Siria, Pakistan neYemen dzinogona kusvika 3-4 mamirioni kana kupfuura, kusanganisira avo vakafa nekuda kwechirwere, nzara uye kushomeka kwezvakakwana zvinokonzerwa nehondo. Huwandu hwevaya vakakuvara uye vakashungurudzika hunosvika mu makumi emamirioni.
Pakupedzisira, kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa nehondo, kusanganisira pamamirioni makumi matatu neshanu kusvika makumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe vakatiza misha, hakungagoni. Hapana nhamba, kunyangwe yakakura sei, inogona kutora kukura kwekukuvara kwakatambura.
Kunobva masosi: David Vine, United States yeHondo: A Global Nhoroondo yeAmerica Kusingaperi Kukonana, kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslamic State (Oakland: University of California Press, 2020); David Vine, "Rondedzero yeUS Mauto Ezvigaro Kunze, 1776-2020," American University Dhijitari Yekutsvagisa Archive; Base Structure Chirevo: Fiscal Year 2018 Baseline; Pfupiso yeiyo Real Property Inventory Dhata (Washington, DC: Dhipatimendi Rezvekudzivirira reUS, 2018); Barbara Salazar Torreon naSofia Plagakis, Zviitiko zvekushandisa kweUnited States Mauto Ekunze, 1798–2018 (Washington, DC: DRM Research Service, 2018).
Ongorora: Mamwe mabhesheni anongogara chete kwechikamu cha2001-2020. Pakukwirira kwehondo dzeUS muAfghanistan neIraq, pakanga paine zvigaro zvinopfuura zviuru zviviri kunze kwenyika.
