Kuongororwa Kwemauto Munyika Yose

NeCJ Hinke
Excerpted kubva Radicals Vakasununguka: Vagadziri vehondo mujeri neCJ Hinke, inouya kubva kuTrine-Day mu2016.

Zvinoshamisa kuti mu21st-century, inenge hafu yenyika dzepasi-nyika dzinoshanda zvechiuto. Sekureva kweWikipedia, nyika dziri pane iyi runyorwa dzinogona kunge dzichiri kunyoresa muchiuto.

Muzviitiko zvese, kunyoreswa kunodiwa asi basa remauto rinogona kunge risiri; tsika iyi zvirokwazvo ichaunza vanoverengeka vanyori vekunyora. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzimwe nzira dzebato renyika dzinomanikidzwa izvo zvinopa zvakarekerwa kuramba.

Nyika dzine nyeredzi * dzinonyora runyorwa rwekuita rimwe basa kana kuramba hana izvo zvingabvumikisa vanoramba zvachose; mune dzimwe nguva, kodzero yekuramba kwehana kuramba kuita zviri mubumbiro. Kukundikana nehurumende kupa varamba vanoramba kupinda muchiuto kana mamwe mabasa anopesana nemusangano weUnited Nations, iyo Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Chinyorwa 18) neInternational Co Convention on Civil and Political rights (Chinyorwa 18), uko kunenge nyika dzese idzi.

Iyo 1978 General General Assembly yakajekeswa muSarudzo yayo 33/165 iyo yaibvumidza "kodzero yevanhu vese kuramba basa muchiuto kana kumapurisa." Muna 1981, UNHRC zvakare yakatsigira kuramba kwehana mune yayo Resolution 40 (XXXVII). Muna 1982, izvi zvakadzokororwa muSolution 1982/36.

Sangano reUnited Nations 'Chirevo pamusoro peVanhu Vanorwira Kudzivirirwa A / RES / 53 / 144 rakatangwa mu1984 uye rakatanga kuverengerwa mu1998 neGeneral Assembly pazuva re50th rekuzivisa kweUniversal Declaration of Human Rights.

Uyezve, Komisheni Yekodzero Dzevanhu yeUN musi waMarch 5, 1987 muResolution 1987/46 yakagadzirisa kuti "kuramba kwehana kunofanirwa kutorwa senzira yepamutemo yekodzero yerusununguko rwehana nechitendero." Izvi zvakasimbiswazve muUNHCR Resolution 1989/59, zvichiti "Nyika dzese dziri nhengo dzinosungirwa kusimudzira nekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwakakosha uye kuzadzisa zvisungo zvavakaita pasi pezvirongwa zvakasiyana siyana zvekodzero dzevanhu, Gwaro reUnited Nations uye mutemo unobatsira vanhu ”uye“ wakadaidzira Nyika dzeNhengo kuti dzipe hupoteri kana kufamba kwakachengeteka kuenda kune imwe Nyika ”kune vanoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana. Sarudzo yaUNHCR ya1991 1991/65 yakaratidza "basa revechidiki mukusimudzira nekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira nyaya yekuramba kupinda muchiuto nekuda kwehana."

Iyo UNHRC's 1993 Resolution 1993 / 84 yaive yakajekesawo nekuyeuchidza Nhengo dzeNyika nezvemitemo yakapfuura yeUN.

Izvi zvakaverengerwazve mu1995 neUNHCR Resolution 1995 / 83 ichiona "kodzero yemunhu wese yekuramba hana kupinda muchiuto sehana yakakodzera kodzero yerusununguko rwekufunga, hana nechitendero."

UNHCR yakazviitazve muna 1998 neUNHCR Resolution 1998/77 iyo yakadzokorora kuti "Nyika, mumutemo nemabatiro avo, havafanirwe kusarura vanoramba kuita zvehana nekuda kwezvavanoda, kana hupfumi, magariro, tsika, hurumende kana kodzero dzezvematongerwo enyika, ”achiyeuchidza nyika nehurongwa hwekumanikidzirwa kuita basa remauto, uko gadziriro iyi isati yaitwa, yezano rayo rekuti vape vanoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana nzira dzakasiyana dzebasa rinowirirana nezvikonzero zvekuramba nekuda kwehana, - murwi kana munhu asiri wevanhu, mukufarira veruzhinji kwete zvechirango, ”uye“ anosimbisa kuti Nyika dzinofanirwa kutora matanho anodiwa ekurega kuisa mutirongo vanhu vanoramba kupinda muchiuto nekuda kwehana nekurangwa zvakare kwekutadza kuita basa remauto, uye vanoyeuka hapana munhu achabatwa nemhosva kana kurangwa zvakare pamhosva yaakatongerwa mhosva kana kuregererwa kutamba nemutemo nemaitiro ekuranga nyika imwe neimwe. ”

Muna 2001, Council of Europe yakati "Kodzero yekuramba nekuda kwehana chinhu chakakosha chekodzero yekusununguka kwekufunga, hana uye chitendero" pamberi peUN Human Rights Council. Muna 1960, nyika dzese-nyika inhengo yeEuropean Union yakanyorerwa zvechiuto kunze kweAndorra, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, neSan Marino. Kunyoreswa kwave kubviswa munyika makumi maviri neshanu dzeEU, zvichisiya nyika gumi neshanu dzichiri kumanikidza kunyoreswa muchiuto. Azerbaijan, Belarus, Greece, neTurkey hazvipe imwe sevhisi yeCCO.

Muna 2002, UNHRC yakatora Resolution 2002/45 iyo yaidaidzira kuti “Nyika dziongorore mitemo yavo yazvino nemaitiro maererano nekuramba kuita zvechiuto nekuda kwehana” maringe neResolution 1998/77 uye kuzeya ruzivo rwakatsanangurwa mumushumo weHigh Commission. Muna 2004, UNHCR yakagamuchira Resolution 2004/35 yekudzivirira vanoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana uye, muna 2006, UNHRC Resolution 2/102 yakatsigirwa nemakumi matatu nematatu eUN Member States. Muna 33, UNHCR yakaburitsa Analytical Report 2006/4/2006, “Pamusoro Pemaitiro Akanaka Kupfuura Avo Vanoramba Basa Rehondo.”

Mu2012, UN Human Rights Council yakamisikidza pamberi peUN General Assembly Resolution 20 / 12, "Kusimudzira nekudzivirira kodzero dzese dzevanhu" ... "kusanganisira kuuramba nehana uye kutsigirwa ne34 UN Nhengo dzeNyika, dzakawanda dzadzo kunyorera nyika. Iyi nzira yakanyanya kudzokororwa neNU Human Rights Council's 2013 resolution 24 / 17, ichitaura nezveUNNRC's 2012 Resolution 20 / 12.

HRC yakaburitsawo "Nhungamiro pamusoro peKudzivirirwa Kwepasi Pose Nhamba 10" maererano nezvipomerwa zvevapoteri vanoramba hana nehana. Mazana emazana evanoramba hana zvichibva kune gumi nemaviri nyika vakaita chikumbiro munyika yechitatu vachishandisa Chinyorwa 1A (2) ye1951 UN Convention uye / kana 1967 Protocol pane iyo Status yeVapoteri.

Ongororo yakajeka yemapeji akawanda eUnited Nations kuedza kwekupokana nehana, nekokorodzano uye nenyika, inogona kuwanikwa pano.

Amnesty International inonyora vasungwa vese vepasi rose CO se "vasungwa vehana."

Kune vezvematongerwo enyika vari kuteerera here kana kuti izvi zvese zvinongova miromo-sevhisi?

Zviyero zvekutsanangurwa kwe “kunyorwa” kunosanganisira vapfumi vanobhadhara vanomirira kuita basa ravo muchiuto. Nyika dzese dzine mauto zvakare vane vanasiana kubva muchiuto. Kubatsira kana kuviga vanhu vanogara musango zvakare imhosva.

Nyika dzese dzine nhamba shomashoma dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha uye vamwe vanoteedzera mapato. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanobata vechidiki uye vasina simba. Isu tinotsigira nzira dzese dzekuramba basa rehondo uye neruzhinji.

Nyika dzakaratidzirwa ne cheki √ dzakanyorwa paWar Resists 'InternationalKuongororwa kwenyika nezvekunyoreswa uye kuramba kupinda muchiuto. "

Ini ndakasanganisira nyika uko kunyoreswa kunoramba kuri mumutemo asi pari zvino hazvisimbiswe. Nhamba idzi, padzinowanikwa zvachose, dzinogona kunge dzisinganyatso kuratidza huwandu hweanonyandura; manhamba anobva ku1993-2005. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, vagari vekunze vanokodzera kunyoreswa, kunyanya iyo USA.

Ini handina kusanganisira "vechikwata-vechikwata" vakamanikidzwa kunyoreswa nevapanduki paramilitaries. Maitiro acho akapararira munyika mune makakatanwa akadaro.

Ndapota cherekedza kuti hapana ruzivo rwakanyorwa nyika dzakawanda. Munyori anosheedza vaverengi kuti vape chero rumwe ruzivo rwekuita kuti ongororo iyi ive yakazara.

Iri ndiro 21st century's Wall of Shame, iro chairo runyararo rinoti rakaisa majaya ehondo.

√ Abkhazia
√ Albania * - Dzokorora kutongwa
√ Algeria
√ Angola
Men Armenia * - vanosvika zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu; Kutongwa kweZvapupu zvaJehovha kwakasimudzwa neEU Dare Rekodzero Dzevanhu (16,000)
√ Austria *
√ Azerbaijan * - 2,611 (2002) mutirongo
√ Belarus * - 30% inoramba kunyoreswa; 1,200-1,500 vanzvenga / vanoenda pagore; 99% yezvinyorwa zvinonyepedzera kurwara, zvinohwanda
In Benin
√ Bhutan
√ Bolivia - 80,000 vanodzivisa; Vanyori vakatapwa & vapoteri kunze kwenyika
√ Bosnia *
√ Brazil *
Erm Bermuda *
√ Burundi
√ Cape Verde
√ Central African Republic
√Chad *
√ Chile - zviuru gumi zvisina kunyoreswa
√ China
√ Colombia * - 50% dhizaini kunzvenga; Kumanikidzirwa kunyoreswa, maC anotengesa nekusiya; Masoja & mapurisa kusateerera & kutiza 6,362 vachishumira
√ Congo *
√ Cuba
Curaçao & Aruba
√ Kupro
√ Denmark * - 25 dhizaini vanoramba pagore
√ Dominican Republic
U Ecuador - 10% yeanonyora gwenga
√ Egypt - 4,000 yekunyorwa kunzvenga
Sal El Salvador * - Vanogadzirira vatapwa nevapoteri kunze kwenyika
√ Equatorial Guinea
It Eritrea - gumi nemaviri vasungwa, kutongwa kwakavanzika, kusungwa kusingaperi, kushungurudzwa; Hapana kurapwa, vanofa vari muchitokisi; Jeri & pfupiso kuurayiwa kwekutiza nyika; Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa, basa risingaperi; Inobvisa hukama, mabhizimusi & marezinesi ekutyaira, mapasipoti, zvitupa zvekuroora, zvitupa zvemunyika, kuramba mavhiza ekubuda. Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvitatu mutirongo zvisina mhosva kana kutongwa makore gumi nemana
√ Estonia *
√ Finland * - 3 vasungwa vechokwadi
Abon Gabon
√ Georgia * - 2,498 vanoenda
√ Germany *
√ Ghana
√ Greece * - Mazana evoruzhinji vanonyora vanoramba, Gulf Wars vanoramba; Dzokorora kutongwa; Mushure mejeri, makore mashanu kumiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu: vakaramba kuvhota, kusarudzwa kuenda kuparamende, kushanda muhurumende,
wana pasipoti kana rezinesi rebhizinesi; Vakawanda kunyorwa kutorwa vachienda kunze kwenyika
Atem Guatemala - 350 CO, 75% yeanotora gwenga, anowanzoitwa zvisiri pamutemo
√ Guinea
√ Guinea-Bissau
√ Herzegovina * - 1,500 maC
Ond Honduras - 29% vanyengeri vanodzora, 50% vanoenda
√ Indonesia
√ Iran - Vazhinji vakasarudzika uye vakadzingwa, vangangodzoka kusvika mushure memakore makumi mana
√ Iraq - Kurangwa kukuru kwekusiiwa, kudimburwa nzeve, kuiswa pahuma
√ Israel - Exponential nhamba yevanoramba kurwisa kwehutorwa hwePalestine; Kuramba kwekuramba kunotanga kuchikoro chesekondari; COs anotarisana nematare edzimhosva-ehondo, dzokorora mitsara; Vakadzi vanogona kunge vari maCC asi kwete varume; Vazhinji kunyorwa vanonzvenga, kunyorera vatapwa nevapoteri
√ Ivory Coast
√ Joridhani
Akh Kazakhstan - 40% yekunyorwa kunzvenga, 3,000 vanoenda
√ Kuwait - Yakapararira dhizaini kunzvenga
√ Kyrgyzstan
Os Laos - Yakapararira dhizaini kunzvenga
√ Latvia *
√ Rebhanoni
√ Libya
√ Lithuania *
√ Madagascar
√ Mali -
Kupararira kwakapararira
√ Mauritania
√ Mexico
√ Moldova * - 1,675 COs, mazana akaramba
Mongoriya
√ Montenegro * - Yakapararira kunzvenga kunyorwa, 26,000 vanzvenga vakapomerwa; 150,000 vatorwa vakatapwa
√ Marokero - 2,250 vasii vemo, maofficial mashanu
√ Mozambique - Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa, kuwanda kwevanhu
√ Myanmar *
√Nagorny Karabakh
√ Netherlands * - Kuramba kwebasa kuAfghanistan
√ Niger
√ North Korea - Chirango cherufu chekunyorwa kwekunyorwa uye kusiya
√ Norway * - 2,364 COs, 100-200 eheututist vanoramba
√ Paraguay * - Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa; 6,000 COs, 15% yezvinyorwa
√ Peru - Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa
√ Philippines - Mbiri mbiri dzisina kunyoreswa; Kumanikidzwa kunyoreswa nevapanduki maparamende
√ Poland * - MaRoma Katurike akaramba CO mamiriro (Poland iri 87.5% Katurike)
Qatar - Yakadzoreredzwa kunyoreswa muna 2014
√ Russia * - 1,445 COs pagore, 17% kurambwa; Dare repamusoro Dziviriro (1996); Buddhist, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakabviswa; 30,000 vanyoreri kunzvenga uye makumi mana ezviuru vanoenda; Vanyori vakatapwa & vapoteri
√ Senegal
√ Serbia * - 9,000 maCO; 26,000 yekunyorwa kunzvenga uye vanoenda; 150,000 vatorwa vakatapwa kunze kwenyika
√ Seychelles
√ Singapore - Mazana eZvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoramba, mwedzi gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemana muhusungwa; Dzokorora mitsara; Vanoramba zvachose vanobhadhariswa faindi nekutongwa
√ Slovenia *
√ Somalia - maCO anofungidzirwa sevapanduki
√ South Korea - 13,000 CO vasungwa, 400-700 pagore; Zviuru zvishanu zvekuramba kuramba, dzokorora mitsara; Vagadziri vevapoteri & vatapwa kunze kwenyika
South Sudan
√ Spain * - Zvizhinji zvevoruzhinji vanoramba, vanopokana neGulf Wars
√ Srpska * - Yakapararira dhizaini kunzvenga & kusiiwa
√ Sudan - 2.5 mamirioni evanyengeri, vanomanikidzwa kunyoresa, kusanganisira mayunivhesiti Varume vezera rekumanikidzwa vanorambidzwa kuenda kunze kwenyika
√ Switzerland * - 2,000 COs pagore; 100 avooluteist refusers pagore, 8-12 mwedzi mitongo; Miedzo nematare edzimhosva-ehondo
√ Siria - maJuda vakasunungurwa
√ Taiwan
Jik Tajikistan - Yakapararira dhizaini kunzvenga uye kusiiwa
√ Tanzania
√ Thailand - 30,000 yekunyorwa kunzvenga, zviitiko zveveruzhinji kuramba kuramba
√ Transdniestria *
√ Tunisia * - Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa, kupararira kwakapararira
√ Turkey - 74 yeruzhinji inonyora vanoramba, dzokorora mitsara; COs dzinoonekwa sevanosiya; Kuzvidza mauto kana "kupatsanura veruzhinji kubva muchiuto" mhosva; 60,000 yekunyorwa kunzvenga pagore; Varamba kusungwa sevapanduki; Vagadziri vevapoteri & vatapwa kunze kwenyika
√ Maturkey Anogarwa Matunhu - 14 akazivisa maCC
√ Turkmenistan - Yakakosha dhizaini kunzvenga, 20% kusiiwa, 2,000 vasiyei; Kurova, kutyisidzirwa nekubatwa chibharo
√ Uganda - Kumanikidzwa kunyoresa, kusanganisira vana masoja; Kupararira kwakapararira
√ Ukraine * - Chete zvechitendero maCC: Seventh Day Adventists, maBaptist, maAdventist-Reformists, Zvapupu zvaJehovha, maChristismatic maKristu; 2,864 COs; Chiitiko chekuramba kwevanhu pachena; 10% kutevedza, 48,624 vanonyora vanonyora; Vapoteri vekunze kunze kwenyika
United Arab Emirates - Yakadzoreredzwa kunyoreswa muna 2014
United Kingdom - Royal muchinda anodaidzira kunyoresa muchiuto muna Chivabvu 2015
√ USA * - Makumi emamirioni evanyengeri vanotadza kunyoresa, vanokundikana kuzivisa shanduko yekero; Zviuru zvevanyengeri vakaramba; kutongwa makumi maviri chete, kutongerwa kubva pamazuva makumi matatu nemashanu-mwedzi mitanhatu; Mari yekunyengera kune avo vanobatsira, abet, kuraira; Makore mashanu ejeri, $ 20 faindi; Varamba vemauto uye vanosiya; Magwenga akapomerwa mhosva yehondo. Runyorwa uye deserter nhapwa
√ Uzbekistan *
Enezuela Venezuela - Kunyoreswa kunyoreswa, kwakapararira kunzvenga kunyunyuta 34 veruzhinji absolutist vanoramba, 180 CO vanosiya pagore
√ Vietnam - Yakapararira dhizaini kunzvenga uye kusiiwa
√ Western Sahara
√ Yemen - Inokosha dhizaini kunzvenga uye kusiiwa
√ Zimbabwe *

Huwandu hwevanyori vekunyora, apo hunozivikanwa, hwakasiyana pakati penyika. Mune mamwe, panogona kunge paine vashoma chete. Aya mashoma zvakare anofanirwa kuchengetedzwa - iwe unogona kunge uri mumwe wavo! Munyika dzese dzinonyoresa muchiuto, mune vanonyoresa kunyora uye vasungwa vanovhara. Kwese uko nyika inochengetedza uto, kubva kune rakasununguka kwazvo nyika kusvika kune rakanyanya kudzvinyirira, kune vanoramba nehana uye varikusiya.