Nheyo dzeMasoja Dzisamboenda Dzisingashandiswe

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 13, 2020

Kana, seni, uine tsika isingafadzi yekunongedzera kusavimbika kwenyaya dzakaitirwa hondo dzakasiyana siyana, uye wotanga kunyengetedza vanhu kuti hondo hadzisi dzekupedza zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda zvavanowedzera, kana kubviswa kwemagandanga avanogadzira, kana kupararira kwedemokrasi yavanotadzisa, vanhu vazhinji vachakurumidza kubvunza "Saka, saka, ndedzipi hondo?"

Panguva ino, pane zvikanganiso zviviri zvakajairika. Imwe ndeyekufunga kuti kune imwe mhinduro. Imwe ndeyekufungidzira kuti mhinduro dzacho dzese dzinofanira kuita zvine musoro. Mhinduro yekutanga yandakapa gazillion nguva ndeyekuti hondo ndedzemubatsiro nesimba nemapaipi, ekudzora zvisaririra zvematunhu nematunhu nehurumende, pakuverenga kwesarudzo, kufambira mberi kwebasa, uye ratidziro yenhau, kubhadhara kwemushandirapamwe "mipiro," ye inertia yazvino system, uye yeupenga, kusuwa kushuva simba uye xenophobic malevolence.

Isu tinoziva kuti hondo hadzienderane nekuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu kana kushomeka kwezviwanikwa kana chero chinhu chinoshandiswa nevamwe muUS academia kuyedza kupomera mhosva yehondo kune avo vakaurayiwa. Isu tinoziva kuti hondo hadzitombopindane zvachose nenzvimbo dzekugadzirwa kwezvombo. Isu tinoziva kuti hondo dzinoenderana zvakanyanya nekuvapo kwemafuta epasi. Asi zvinowirirana nechimwe chinhu zvakare chinopa imwe nzira yemhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti chii chiri hondo idzi: zvigadziko. Ndiri kureva, isu tese tazivikanwa kwemakumi emakore izvozvi kuti maapremwars ekupedzisira eUS ane hukuru hwekufukidza nyika dzakasiyana siyana dzine mabheseni, uye kuti zvinangwa zvinosanganisira kuchengetedzwa kweimwe nhamba yezvigaro zvechigarire uye epamusoro-soro embassy-nhare. Asi zvakadiniko kana hondo dzisingangokurudzirwe nechinangwa chemabhesi matsva, asi zvakare chinotungamirwa muchikamu chakakosha nekuvapo kwenzvimbo dzazvino?

Mubhuku rake idzva, United States yeHondo, David Vine akataura nezvekutsvagisa kwakaitwa neUS Army zvichiratidza kuti kubvira ma1950, kuvapo kwemauto eU.S. kwakabatana nemauto eU.S. Muzambiringa unoshandura tambo kubva Field of Dreams kutaura kwete kunhandare ye baseball asi kumabhesi: "Kana iwe ukavaka iwo, hondo dzinouya." Muzambiringa zvakare unonyora mienzaniso isingaverengeke yehondo kubara mabheseni ari kubara hondo kubara zvigadziko izvo kwete kwete chete kubereka dzimwezve hondo asi zvakare zvinoshanda kupa chikonzero chekudhura kwezvimwe zvombo nemauto ekuzadza mabheseni, nepo panguva imwe chete achiburitsa blowback - zvese izvo zvinhu zvinovaka kuwedzera kune zvimwe hondo.

Vine bhuku rapfuura raive Base Nation: Sei US Military Bases Kune Dzimwe Nyika Inokuvadza America uye Nyika. Iri izita remusoro izere United States yeHondo: A Global Nhoroondo yeAmerica Kusingaperi Kukonana, Kubva kuColumbus kuenda kuIslamic State. Haisi, zvakadaro, nhoroondo yakadzama yehondo dzese dzeUS, izvo zvingangoda zviuru zvemapeji. Izvo zvakare hazvisi zvekubva kure nemusoro wezvigadziko. Iyi inyaya yemabhesi akamboitwa uye vachiri kutamba muchizvarwa nemufambiro wehondo.

Iko kune, kumashure kwebhuku, runyorwa rurefu rwehondo dzeUS, uye nedzimwe mhirizhonga idzo nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero hadzina kunzi hondo. Iyo rondedzero inoenderera mberi zvakadzikama kubva pamberi pekutanga kweUnited States kusvika nhasi, uye izvo hazviite senge hondo dzevaNative America dzaisavapo kana kuti dzaisave dzekunze hondo. Chinyorwa chinoratidza hondo dziri kure kutenderera pasirese-kufanotaura kupera kwe "expression destiny" kumahombekombe ekumadokero eU.S., uye inoratidza hondo diki dzinoitika munzvimbo zhinji kamwechete uye chaiko kuburikidza nekuitika kwehondo huru kumwe kunhu. Inoratidza hondo ipfupi uye hondo dzakareba kwazvo (senge yehondo yemakore makumi matatu nematanhatu yekurwisa maApache) ayo anonyadzisa zviziviso zvinogara zvichiitika zvekuti hondo yazvino kuAfghanistan ndiyo yakanyanya kurwa hondo yeUS, uye izvo zvinoseka pfungwa yekuti yapfuura makore 36 yehondo chinhu chitsva uye chakasiyana. Nepo Congressional Research Service yakamboti United States yanga iri murunyararo kwemakore gumi nerimwe ekuvapo kwayo, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti nhamba chaiyo yemakore erunyararo zero kusvika ikozvino.

Iyo mini-US suburban paradiso inosaswa pasirese sezvo masosi emauto ane gated nharaunda pane steroids (uye rusaruraganda). Vagari vavo vanowanzo dzivirirwa pakutongwa nemhosva yezviito zvavo kunze kwemasuwo, nepo vagari vemo vachingobvumidzwa mukati kuti vaite basa reyadhi uye nekuchenesa. Iwo mafambiro uye zvivigiro zvinhu zvakanaka zvevanotora zvechiuto uye zvebhajeti-inodzora nhengo dzeCongress dzinoshanya pasi penyika. Asi iyo pfungwa yekuti mabheseni anoshandira chinangwa chekudzivirira, kuti ivo vanoita zvinopesana neizvo Eisenhower akanyevera nezvazvo, ingori pamusoro pekukwirana kubva kuchokwadi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinogadzirwa nezvigadziko zveUS mune dzimwe nyika dzevanhu chigumbu chinorwadza icho Vine anotiyeuchidza vagari vemuUS vasati vanzwa nezvekutora kwemauto eBritish kumatunhu eNorth America. Iwo mauto eBritish akazvibata zvisiri pamutemo, uye vanyori vakanyoresa chete zvinyunyuto zvekubvuta, kubata chibharo nekushungurudza izvo vanhu vanogara padyo neUS mabhesi vanga vachigara kwemakumi emakore ikozvino.

Mabheseni ekunze eUS, kure nekutanga kumera muna 1898, akavakwa nerudzi rutsva rwirikutanga muCanada pamberi pechirevo che1776 cheRusununguko uye chakakura nekukurumidza kubva ipapo. MuUnited States mune nzvimbo dzinopfuura mazana masere dzemauto dziripo kana dzakapfuura dzine izwi rekuti "fort" mumazita avo. Aive mabhesheni emauto munharaunda yekunze, sezvakangoita dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingaverengeke dzisina "fort" mumazita avo azvino. Ivo vakatangira vagadziri vemakoloni. Ivo vakamutsa blowback. Vakagadzira hondo. Uye idzo hondo dzakaburitsa mabhesi akawanda, sezvo muganho wakasundidzirwa kumberi kwekunze. Munguva yehondo yerusununguko kubva kuBritain, sapamazuva ehondo huru dzakanzwikwa nevanhu vazhinji, United States yakaramba ichirwira hondo diki diki, mune iyi nyaya vachipesana nevaNative America muOhio Valley, kumadokero kweNew York, nekumwewo. Kwandinogara kuVirginia, zviyeuchidzo uye zvikoro zvepuraimari nemaguta zvinopihwa mazita evanhu vanozivikanwa nekuwedzera humambo hweUS (uye humambo hweVirginia) kumadokero panguva ye "Hondo yeAmerica."

Chero base base kana kugadzira hondo hakuna kumborega. KweHondo ya1812, apo iyo US yakapisa Paramende yeCanada, mushure maizvozvo maBritish akapisa Washington, iyo US yakavaka mabhesheni ekudzivirira akapoterera Washington, DC, izvo zvisina kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo nekure pamwe nezvakawanda zvigadziko zveUS kutenderera pasirese. Iyo yekupedzisira yakagadzirirwa kukanganisa, kwete kudzivirira.

Mazuva gumi mushure meHondo ya1812 yapera, US Congress yakazivisa kurwisa nyika yeNorth Africa yeAlgiers. Paive panguva iyoyo, kwete muna 1898, apo US Navy yakatanga kumisikidza zviteshi zvezvikepe zvayo pamakondinendi mashanu - iyo yaakashandisa panguva ye19.^th zana rekurwisa Taiwan, Uruguay, Japan, Holland, Mexico, Ecuador, China, Panama, uye Korea.

Hondo yeVanhu vemuU.S., yakarwa nekuti iyo yekuchamhembe neyemaodzanyemba yaigona kubvumirana chete pakuwedzera kusingaperi asi kwete pamuranda kana nzvimbo yemahara yenzvimbo nyowani, yaisangova hondo pakati peNorth neSouth, asiwo hondo yakarwa neNorth ichirwisa Shoshone , Bannock, Ute, Apache, uye Navajo muNevada, Utah, Arizona, neNew Mexico - hondo yakauraya, yakakunda nharaunda, uye yakamanikidza zviuru kupinda mumusasa wevasungwa, Bosque Redondo, yerudzi rwaizokurudzira MaNazi.

Mabhesi matsva aireva hondo nyowani kupfuura mabheseni. Presidio muSan Francisco yakatorwa kubva kuMexico uye yaigara ichirwisa Philippines, uko mabhesi aizoshandiswa kurwisa Korea neVietnam. Tampa Bay, yakatorwa kuSpanish, yakashandiswa kurwisa Cuba. Guantanamo Bay, yakatorwa kubva kuCuba, yakashandiswa kurwisa Puerto Rico. Zvichingoenda zvakadaro. Pakazosvika 1844, mauto eUS aive ave nemikana yezvikepe zvishanu muChina. Iyo US-Britain Shanghai International Settlement muna 1863 yaive "Chinatown yakadzorerwa" - zvakanyanya kunge mabheseni eUS pasi rese izvozvi.

Pamberi peWWII, kunyangwe kusanganisira yakawanda yekuwedzera hwaro hweWWI, mabheseni mazhinji anga asiri echigarire. Vamwe vaive, asi vamwe, kusanganisira vazhinji muCentral America neCaribbean, vakanzwisiswa kunge venguva pfupi. WWII yaizochinja zvese izvo. Iyo yakasarudzika chinzvimbo chechero base ichave inogara zvachose. Izvi zvakatanga nekutengesa kweFDR yezvikepe zvekare kuenda kuBritain mukuchinjana mabheseni mumakoroni masere eBritish - hapana kana rimwe raive nezwi mune iyi nyaya. Kanawo Congress, seFDR yakazvibata yega, izvo zvakagadzira chiitiko chinotyisa. Munguva yeWWII United States yakavaka nekugara makumi matatu emazana kuiswa pazvuru zviuru zviviri pamakondinendi ese.

Nheyo muDhahran, Saudi Arabia, yaifungidzirwa kurwisa maNazi, asi mushure mekuzvipira kweGerman, kuvaka kwacho kwaive kuchiri kupera. Oiri yaive ichiripo. Kudiwa kwendege kuti dzimhara muchikamu icho chepasi kwaive kuchiripo. Iko kudiwa kwekururamisa kutengwa kwedzimwe ndege kwaive kuchiripo. Uye hondo dzaizovepo zvirokwazvo semvura inotevera makore emvura

WWII yaingove yakapera zvishoma. Mauto makuru akachengetwa akamiswa zvachose kunze kwenyika. Henry Wallace akafunga kuti mabhesheni ekunze anofanirwa kupihwa kuUnited Nations. Panzvimbo pezvo akakurumidza kubviswa pachikuva. Vine anonyora kuti mazana emakirabhu e "Dzosa Baba" akaumbwa muUnited States. Havana kuwana vese nzira yavo. Panzvimbo pezvo hutsika hutsva hwakatanga hwekuendesa mhuri kuti dzibatane nemadzitateguru avo mumabasa echigarire - danho rakanangana nekuderedza kubata chibharo kwevagari vemunharaunda.

Ehezve, mauto eUS akaderedzwa zvakanyanya mushure meWWII, asi kwete padanho raakange ave mushure meimwe hondo, uye zvizhinji zvacho zvakadzorerwa nekukurumidza apo hondo ingangotanga muKorea. Hondo yeKorea yakatungamira kune 40% kuwedzera mumhiri kwemakungwa eUS. Vamwe vangati iyo hondo kuKorea chinhu chisina hunhu chinotyisa kana kutsamwa kwematsotsi, nepo vamwe vachizodaidza kuti tai kana kukanganisa kwakarongeka, asi kubva pakuona kwekuvaka kwekuvaka uye nekugadzwa kwesimba-indasitiri simba pamusoro pehurumende yeUS, iyo yaive, chaizvo sekureva kwaBarack Obama panguva yehutungamiriri hwake, kubudirira kukuru.

Eisenhower akataura nezvemauto emaindasitiri anokanganisa hurumende. Mumwe wemienzaniso mizhinji yakapihwa neVine ndeyehwo hukama hweUS nePortugal. Mauto eUS aida zvigaro muAzores, saka hurumende yeUS yakabvuma kutsigira mudzvanyiriri wePortugal, chiPortugal colonialism, uye nhengo yeNATO yechiPutukezi. Uye vanhu veAngola, Mozambique, neCape Verde vatongerwe mhosva - kana kuti, ngavatange kuvaka ruvengo kuUnited States, semutengo wekubhadhara kuchengetedza United States "ichidzivirirwa" nenyika dzakawanda dzezvigadziko. Vine anodudza gumi neshanu nyaya dzekuvakwa kwechigadziko cheUS kuchinjisa vanhu vemuno kutenderera pasirese, mamiriro aripo padivi nedivi nemabhuku eUS ekuti zera rekukunda rapfuura.

NATO yakashanda kufambisa kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzeUS muItari, idzo maItari angadai asina kumbomiririra dai mabheseni akadaidzwa kuti "US zvigadziko" pane kutengeswa pasi pemureza wenhema we "NATO mabhesheni."

Mabhesi akaenderera mberi achiwedzera kutenderera pasirese, nekuratidzira kunowanzo tevera. Kuratidzira kunopokana nezvigadziko zveUS, zvinowanzobudirira, kazhinji kusingabudirire, chave chikamu chikuru chezana ramakore rekare repasirese venyika kashoma kudzidziswa muUnited States. Kunyangwe chiratidzo cherunyararo chinozivikanwa chakatanga kushandiswa pakuratidzira kwenzvimbo yemauto eU.S. Zvino mabhesheni ari kupararira muAfrica yose uye kusvika kumiganhu yeChina neRussia, nepo tsika dzeUS dzichikura dzichijaira hondo dzinogara dzichirwiwa ne "mauto akasarudzika" uye ndege dzemarobhoti, zvombo zvenyukireya zviri kuvakwa kunge kupenga, uye zvehondo hazvibvunzwe ne yemapato maviri makuru ezvematongerwo enyika eUS.

Kana iyo hondo iri - muchidimbu - yezvigadziko, hatifanire here kubvunza kuti ndeapi mabhesi? Vine anorondedzera vaongorori veCongressional vachigumisa kuti mazhinji mabhesheni anochengetwa munzvimbo ne "inertia." Uye anorondedzera vakasiyana siyana vakuru vemauto vachiita kutya (kana, zvakanyatsojeka, paranoia) iyo inoona kugadzirwa kwehasha senzira yekudzivirira. Izvi zvese zviri zviviri zviitiko chaidzo, asi ini ndinofunga zvinoenderana nekutyaira kwekutonga kwepasirese uye purofiti, zvakabatanidzwa nehukama hwevanhu (kana kuda) kugadzira hondo.

Chinhu chandisingafungi kuti chero bhuku rinotarisa pane zvakakwana ibasa rekutengesa zvombo. Aya mabhesheni anogadzira vatengi vezvombo - madhizotsu uye "veruzhinji" vakuru vanogona kuva vakapakata zvombo uye vakadzidziswa uye vakapihwa mari uye vakaitwa vanovimba nazvo mauto eUS, zvichiita kuti hurumende yeUS iwedzere kutenderera kune vanobatsira muhondo.

Ndinovimba munhu wese wepanyika anoverenga United States yeHondo. At World BEYOND War takaita kushanda kuvhara mabheseni chinonyanya kukosha.