Hondo Yemauto Inotambudza Kodzero dzeVanhu Munyika Dzakamuka-Nyonganiso Nyika

From Peace Sciences Digest, July 25, 2020

Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza kutsvagurudza kunotevera: Sullivan, P., Blanken, L., & Rice, I. (2020). Kubata rugare: Kubatsira kwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze uye mamiriro ekodzero dzevanhu mumashure mekupokana nyika. Kudzivirira uye Runyararo Economics, 31 (2). 177-200. DOI: 10.1080 / 10242694.2018.1558388

Kutaura Points

Munyika dzekurwa shure:

• Kuwedzerwa zvombo uye kubatsirwa kwemauto kubva kunze kwenyika (pamwe chete sekudzivirirwa rubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika) kwakabatana nemagariro akashata kodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira kutyora kodzero dzekuvimbika dzakadai sekutambudza, kuuraya zvakanyanyisa, kupera, kusungwa kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kuuraya, uye kuponda mhaka.
• Rubatsiro Rwekuvandudza Rubatsiro (ODA), rwakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya sevasiri vemauto rubatsiro, rwunosanganisirwa nemamiriro ekunze ekodzero dzevanhu.
• Matanho akasarudzika akasarudzika kune vatungamiriri venyika munguva yepashure pekupokana inobatsira kutsanangura chikonzero nei rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze ruchizotungamira mhedzisiro dzekodzero dzevanhu- kureva, zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vatungamiriri vasarudze mari mukuchengetedza masimba pamusoro pekudyara mukuwanikwa kwevanhu vazhinji. nhumbi senzira yekuchengetedza simba, zvichiita kuti kudzokorora kwekupokana kuve zvakanyanya.

pfupiso

Rubatsiro rwekunze kune nyika dzepashure pekurwa chinhu chakakosha mukubatirana kwepasi rose kukurudzira rugare munzvimbo dzakadai. Maererano nekutsvaga kwekuchangobva kuitwa kwakaitwa naPatricia Sullivan, Leo Blanken, naIan Rice, mhando yezvinhu zvekubatsira. Ivo vanopokana kuti rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze yakabatana nekudzvinyirira kwenyika munzvimbo dzepashure pekurwa. Rubatsiro rusiri muchiuto, kana kuti Official Development Rubatsiro (ODA), runoratidzika kuva nemhedzisiro inopesana-inoenderana chaizvo nedziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu. Nekudaro, mhando yekubatsira kune dzimwe nyika ine pesvedzero ine simba pa "kunaka kwerunyararo" munyika dzepashure pekurwa.

Rubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika: "Chero zvombo zvakabvumirwa nehurumende zvombo, zvishandiso muchiuto, mari, kudzidziswa muchiuto, kana zvimwe zvekuvaka zvinhu uye mabasa kumauto akachengeteka ehurumende yekumwe."

Vanyori vanowana izvi zviongorori nekuongorora zviitiko zana nemakumi mairi neshanu umo makakatanwa kurwa kubva 171 kusvika 1956. Izvi zviitiko zvinodzidziswa semakore egore mumakore gumi zvichitevera kupera kwemakakatanwa pakati pehurumende nebato rinopikisa rine zvombo mukati menyika. Vanoedza kudzvanywa kwenyika kuburikidza neye Kodzero Dziviriro dzevanhu inoyera kodzero dzekutyorwa kwakadai sekushusha, kuuraya zvakanyanyisa, kupera, kusungwa kwezvematongerwo enyika nekuurayiwa, uye kupondwa mhaka. Chikero chinomhanya kubva -2012 kusvika +3.13, apo hukuru hwepamusoro hunomiririra kuchengetedzwa kwakanaka kwekodzero dzevanhu. Semuenzaniso unosanganisirwa mudhatabheti, chiyero chinomhanya kubva ku4.69 kusvika +2.85. Iyo dhata inofungawo nezve kuvepo kwemauto ekuchengetedza rugare, chigadzirwa chakawandisa chemukati, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakakodzera.

Izvo zvakakosha misiyano yekufarira inosanganisira data paODA, iri nyore kuwana, uye rubatsiro rwekuchengetedza, rwakaoma kuwana. Nyika zhinji hadziburitse ruzivo rwekubatsira mauto uye zvirokwazvo haina kurongeka zvakaringana kungwaririra kuisirwa dhatabhesi. Nekudaro, iyo Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) inogadzira dhatabheti inofungidzira huwandu hwekunze kwenyika, izvo zvakashandiswa nevanyori pakutsvaga uku. Vanopa yambiro kuti iyi nzira yekuyera rubatsiro rwekudzivirira inogona kushomekedza huwandu hwechokwadi hwekutengeserana kwemauto pakati penyika.

Mhedzisiro yavo inoratidza kuti rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze rwakabatana nekuderera kwekudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, zvichikonzera kudzika kwe0.23 mucherechedzo weHuman rights Kudzivirirwa (chiyero chacho kubva pa2.85 kusvika +1.58). Kufananidza, kana nyika ikasangana nemhirizhonga yakagadzirwazve, iyo Human Rights Dziviriro pakukanda inodonhedza mapoinzi mazana mana ezviuru kubva muzana. Kufananidza uku kunopa chiratidzo chehurefu hwehunhu hweDziviriro yeHuman rights kudonha nekuda kwekubatsira kwemauto. ODA, kune rumwe rutivi, inosanganisirwa nekwakagadziriswa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Mukugadzira maitiro anofungidzirwa ehuwandu hweHuman rights Kudzivirira nyika dzepashure pekurwa, ODA "inoratidzika kunge ichivandudza kodzero dzevanhu mumakore gumi mushure mekugumisa kurwisana."

Vanyori vanotsanangura mhedzisiro yekubatsira kwemauto pakudzvanyirira kwenyika nekutarisa sarudzo dzakasarudzika dzinowanikwa kuvakuru venyika munyika dzinobuda mumhirizhonga. Vatungamiriri venyika ino kazhinji vane nzira mbiri dzekuchengetedza masimba: (1) kutarisa nezvekuchengetedza zvinhu zveveruzhinji kunehuwandu hukuru hwevanhu-sekudyara mari mudzidzo yeveruzhinji-kana (2) kuisa pfungwa pakutenga zvinhu zvakavanzika kune vashoma nhamba inodiwa kuchengetedza simba-sekudyara mari mauto ekudzivirira kuti asimudzire nyika masimba anodzvinyirira. Tichifunga nezvezvinhu zvinonetsa zvinowanikwa munyika dzepashure pekurwa, vatungamiriri vanofanirwa kuita sarudzo dzakaomarara pamusoro pekugovera mari. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, rubatsiro rwekune dzimwe nyika rwekuchengetera runopangira chiyero chakadai kuti kudzokesa, kana nzira yechipiri, kunova kunofadza hurumende. Muchidimbu, vanyori vanotaura kuti "rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze runodzora hurongwa hwehurumende hwekudyara muzvinhu zveveruzhinji, kudzikisira mutengo wekudzokorora, uye kusimbisa bazi rinochengetedza mamwe masangano ehurumende."

Vanyori vacho vanonongedzera kune mienzaniso iri US yekudyidzana mutemo kuratidza iyi pfungwa. Semuenzaniso, rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzeka kweUS ku South Korea zvichitevera Hondo yeKorea yakawedzera nyika inorwadzisa iyo yakatyora kodzero dzevanhu kwakawanda kusvikira kuratidzira kwatanga muhurumende yedemokrasi kwapera makumi emakore. Vanyori vanobatanidza mienzaniso iyi nekukuru kukurukurirana nezve "mhando yerunyararo" munyika dzepashure pekurwa. Magumo euvengo husina kutsarukana inzira imwe yekutsanangura rugare. Nekudaro, vanyori vanopokana kuti kudzorwa kwenyika nekupokana, uko kunotsigirwa neve kuchengetedzwa, kunyanya mukutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu senge "kushungurudza, kuuraya, kutonga nekumanikidzwa, uye kusungwa kwezvematongerwo enyika," hunhu "hwerunyararo" zvisinei kupera kwehondo yevagari.

Kuzivisa Kudzidzira

“Runyararo rworunyararo” runotora mushure mehondo rakakosha zvakanyanya nekuti njodzi yekudzokororwa kurwa nepfuti yakakwira. Maererano nedatha yakaunganidzwa neRunyararo Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) (ona "Kunetsana Kudzokorora"MuKuramba Kufundwa), makumi matanhatu muzana pamisangano yose yakapakatira zvombo inodzoka mukati memakore gumi zvichitevera kupera kwekushungurudzika nekuda kwe" zvichemo zvisina kugadziriswa "munguva yepashure pehondo. Chinongedzo chega chekuunza kugumisa kuvengana, pasina kuzvipira kwakanangana nekodzero dzevanhu kana chirongwa chekuti nyika ingagadzirise sei mamiriro ezvinhu akatungamira kuhondo, angangobatsira kupfuuridzira zvichemo zviripo uye mamiriro ezvinhu ayo achaunza mhirizhonga. .

Kupindira kwepasi rese kwakanangana nekupedza hondo nekudzivirira kudzokorodza kurwa nepfuti vanofanirwa kufunga kuti zvavanoita zvinogona kupesvedzera sei izvi zvabuda. Sezvatakakurukura mune yedu yakapfuura Kudya kuongorora, "Kuvapo kweMapurisa eUN Kwakabatana Nevasingadzivisiki Dziviriro muPashure meHondo dzeHondo, ”Mhinduro dzehondo, kungava kumapurisa kana kuchengetedza runyararo, zvinoguma nekukanganisa kwakanyanya kwekodzero dzevanhu, sezvo mauto achipa mhirizhonga inoita kuti mhirizhonga ive nzira inogamuchirwa yekutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika. Iyi nzwisiso yakakosha kwazvo munzira iyo hurumende dzenyika, kunyanya dziya dzine nyika dzakasimba, dzakasarudzika senge US - kuva nemitero yekubatsira kwavo kunze kwenyika, kunyanya kunyangwe ivo vachifarira rubatsiro rwechiuto kana risiri muchiuto nyika dzepashure pekurwa. Panzvimbo pekukurudzira rugare nerunyararo, urwo rubatsiro rwekunze rwakaitirwa kuti ruite, zvinoratidzika kuti rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzeka rine mhedzisiro, kukurudzira kudzvanywa kwenyika uye kuwedzera mukana wekudzokorodza kurwa. Vazhinji vakayambira nezvemauto eUS yekune dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira vanhu vari muDhipatimendi reDziviriro nemasangano euchenjeri (ona "Zvinetso zveMilitarized Kunze Kwemutemo kweAmerican Prime Intelligence Agency"Mukuenderera mberi Kuverenga). Ivo vasina mubvunzo kuti kuvimba-kwakanyanya kwemauto nemauto mhinduro kunokanganisa sei kuUS kunoonekwa pasi rese. Kunyangwe kufunga kwakakosha kune hudyanana hwenyika pamwe nemitemo yekune dzimwe nyika, rubatsiro rwekuchengetedzwa kwekunze, kunyanya zvichikosha, zvinokanganisa zvinangwa zvekugadzira nyika ine runyararo neyedemokrasi. Ichi chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti kuvimba nerubatsiro rwekuchengetedza senzira yekubatsira kwenyika dzese kunowedzera mibairo yenyika dzinogamuchira.

Kurudziro yakajeka yesarudzo kubva kuchinyorwa ichi ndeyekuwedzera asiri mauto ODA kune nyika dzinobuda muhondo. Rubatsiro rusiri muchiuto runogona kukonzeresa kushandisa mari muzvirongwa zvehutano hwemagariro uye / kana nzira dzeruramisiro dzinofanirwa kugadzirisa zvichemo zvakakurudzira kurwa muhondo yekutanga uye zvinogona kuenderera mberi munguva yehondo, zvoita kuti kuve nerunyararo. Kuenda kure nekubva pamusoro-pekuvimba nemari yemauto nekubatsirwa kwekuchengetedza, zvese munzvimbo dzemitemo nekune dzimwe nyika, iri kuramba iri nzira yakanakisa yekuti kuve nerunyararo uye runyararo. [KC]

Kuenderera Kuverenga

PRio. (2016). Kunetsana kunodzokorora. Dzoreredzwa munaChikunguru 6, 2020, kubva https://files.prio.org/publication_files/prio/Gates,%20Nygård,%20Trappeniers%20-%20Conflict%20Recurrence,%20Conflict%20Trends%202-2016.pdf

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2020, Chikumi 26). Kuvepo kwemapurisa eUN kwakabatana nekuratidzira kusiri kwechokwadi munyika dzehondo yepashure. Dzoreredzwa muna June 8, 2020, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/presence-of-un-police-associated-with-nonviolent-protests-in-post-civil-countries/

Oakley, D. (2019, Chivabvu 2). Zvinetso zvepasita yekune dzimwe nyika danho redanho rekuAmerica rekunzvera. Hondo padombo. Dzoreredzwa munaKurume 10, 2020, kubva https://warontherocks.com/2019/05/the-problems-of-a-militarized-foreign-policy-for-americas-premier-intelligence-agency/

Suri, J. (2019, Kubvumbi 17). Iko kusimuka kwenguva refu uye nekukurumidza kudonha kwekudyara kweAmerica. Foreign Policy. Dzoreredzwa munaKurume 10, 2020, kubva https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/17/the-long-rise-and-sudden-fall-of-american-diplomacy/

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2017, Mbudzi 3). Kodzero dzevanhu zvinorehwa nekune dzimwe nyika mauto eUS. Dzoreredzwa muna Chikunguru 21, 2020, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/human-rights-implications-foreign-u-s-military-bases/