Militarized Adaptation

naMona Ali, Phenomenal World, January 27, 2023

Ichi chinyorwa chakatanga kubuda mukati GIRINHI, bhuku kubva Groupe d'études géopolitiques.

NATO payakaita musangano wayo wemazuva maviri muMadrid muna Chikumi 2022, hurumende yeSpain zviuru gumi zvemapurisa kuvhara nzvimbo dzese dzeguta, kusanganisira Prado neReina Sofia mamuseum, kune veruzhinji. Zuva rimwe musangano usati watanga, vanorwira mamiriro ekunze vakaita "kufa-in” pamberi pePicasso Guernica paReina Sofia, vachipokana nezvavakaona sechiuto chezvematongerwo enyika. Svondo rimwe chetero, Dare Repamusorosoro reUS rakabvisa dziviriro yemubatanidzwa yekodzero dzekubvisa pamuviri, dzikamisa kugona kweUS Environmental Protection Agency kumisa kubuda kwegasi rinopisa, uye nekuwedzera kodzero yekutakura zvombo zvakavanzwa muUnited States. Kusiyana nemhirizhonga iri pamba, pamusangano, timu yeMutungamiri Joe Biden yakaratidzira pfungwa yakadzokororwa yekugadzikana kwehegemonic.

Kunyanya mubatanidzwa wemauto eAlantic, NATO inomiririra kusungwa kwesimba repasi rose muNorth Atlantic.¹ Munzira yayo yekuzvitsanangura 360-degree yekubatanidza kudzivirira-inosanganisira cyber-tech uye "kudyidzana" pakati peAllied defense systems-NATO izana remakore rechimakumi maviri nerimwe Benthamite panopticon, pasi pekutarisa kwayo kune dzimwe nyika. Muzita rekusimudzira hutongi hwejekerere uye masangano, NATO yakazvipa iyo basa remaneja wedambudziko repasi rose. Basa rayo rekuwedzera renzvimbo ikozvino rinotarisana ne "mhirizhonga ine chekuita nebonde" kuenderana nemamiriro ekunze.

Muhutungamiri hweNATO pachayo, United States inotora chinzvimbo cheMutungamiriri Mukuru. Zvayo chirevo chechiratidzo inosimbisa kugona kwenyukireya kweAmerica senheyo yekona yekuchengetedzwa kweNorth Atlantic. Mukupindura kuhondo yeRussia kuUkraine, NATO yakatora hukasha, ichivandudza gwaro rehurongwa hwayo kuti ibvise hukama hwayo hwayakanga yatanga neRussia muna 2010. Chirevo chayo chakavandudzwa cha2022 chinotsigira mutemo wakagara uripo wekuti kana nhengo imwe yeNATO ikarwiswa, Chisungo 5 inogona kukumbirwa, ichibvumira mubatanidzwa kuita kurwisa kwekutsiva.

Ngano yakajairika inoparadzirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi ndeyokuti mukuparadza kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda nekudyara, hondo dzinokanganisa kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose. Vanyori venhoroondo Adam Tooze naTed Fertik vaomesa rondedzero iyi. Vanopokana kuti Hondo Yenyika I yakamisa network yepasirese yezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe uye yakavatonga nechisimba. Saizvozvo, hondo muUkraine yakachinja zvisingachinjiki mamiriro epasi rose. Kupinda uku kwakateverwa neBoka renyika dze7 dzinodzinga Russia kubva kuWestern-controlled global financial system. Kubva ipapo, nyika dzekuMadokero dzakarwa nekupokana-kupindira mune zvehupfumi kuburikidza ne embargoes pakutengeserana kweRussia, kubatwa kweRussia yekunze mari yekuchengetedza, uye yakakosha rutsigiro rwemauto kuUkraine. Mupiro weBritain wechikwata che Anodenha 2 matangi kuenda kuUkraine anoratidza yekutanga kuburitswa kwakadaro neNATO vanobatana nayo zvinhu zvehondo zvine simba kuti ishandiswe panhandare yehondo. Pamusangano waNdira 20 wepamusoro mauto endarira (uye vamiriri kubva kune vamwe nyika makumi mashanu) paNATO's Allied Air Command base muRamstein, Germany yakamira kubvumidza matangi ayo eLeopard 2 kuti apiwe. Gare gare zuva iroro, zvinopikisa yakatanga muBerlin nevechiduku vachida "Sunungura Leopards.” (Musi waNdira 25, ivo akaita saizvozvo.) Vose vari vaviri Vladimir Putin naVolodymyr Zelensky vakaronga hondo yeUkraine seimwe pakati pevabatsiri veRussia neNATO. Kupiwa kwezvombo zvinorema zvokuMadokero kunosimbisa maonero iwayo.

Hondo yokuMabvazuva kweEurope yakaunganidzazve gadziriro yose yezveupfumi nesimba renyika yose. Sezvo masangano emari nekutengeserana aishandiswa, ndizvo zvakaitawo zvivakwa zvesimba repasi rose. Kupomera zvirango zveCanada, izvo zvakavharisa kudzoka kweCanadian-inochengetwa Siemens gasi turbine kuGazprom (yeRussia-yehurumende gasi hofori), Russia yakaderedza zvakanyanya gasi raiyerera nepapombi yeNord Stream I kuenda kuGermany.² Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge hurumende dzeEurope dzagamuchira hurongwa hweUS Treasury yekumisa mutengo wemafuta asina kuchena eRussia, Putin akamisa kupihwa gasi rechisikigo rinoyerera kuEurope kuburikidza neNord Stream I. Hondo isati yasvika gore rapfuura, Russia yakapa makumi mana kubva muzana eEurope gasi uye yechina yemafuta ese negasi anotengeswa pasi rose; kutengeswa kwayo kunze kwakasunungurwa pazvirango zvekuMadokero. Kubvisa Russia kubva kuhupfumi hwepasi rose muna 2022 kwakagadzira kushomeka kwesimba pasi rose uye kwakawedzera mitengo, kunyanya muEurope. Kukwidzwa kwemitengo yezvinhu zvepasi rose, zvakare, kunyanya mafuta edzimotokari nechikafu, kwakonzera kukwira kukuru kwemitengo kubva kuma1970.

Mukupindura dambudziko iri, Europe yava kuvimba neUS kuti itengese simba kunze kwenyika; makumi mana muzana yegasi rayo rakacheneswa rave kuuya kubva kuUS, shanduko inoshamisa kubva gore rapfuura apo Europe yakanzvenga American LNG pamusoro pekunetsekana pamusoro pekabhoni yakabudiswa sechikamu chekugadzirwa kwayo nekufambisa. Zvakanyanya kushungurudza vanorwira mamiriro ekunze, paramende yeEU yakavhotera kuti isanganise gasi redenga, fossil fuel, mune yayo taxonomy yesimba rinogara. Kuchengetedza musika weAmerica wekunze unopa mari zvakanyanya muEurope, hutongi hweBiden hwakahwina mupiro usingafungidzirwe wedhora rehydrocarbon.

Imwe sarudzo huru yakabuda mumusangano weMadrid yaive yekugadzwa kwenzvimbo yechigarire yemauto eUS muPoland, chikamu chekuwedzera kukuru kwemauto eUS muEurope kubvira. Hondo Yemashoko. Vanopfuura zviuru zana Mauto eUS akamira muEurope. Zvimwe zvakabuda pamusangano uyu kwaive kuvandudzwa kweNATO "kuchinjika kwechiuto nezvematongerwe enyika” zano. Mukushama simba kubata, NATO yakarongwa kuti "inofanira kuve iyo inotungamira sangano repasi rose kana zvasvika pakunzwisisa uye kugadzirisa kune kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze pane chengetedzo." Inotarisira kuita izvi ne "kuisa mari mushanduko yekuchenesa masosi emagetsi uye kushandisa tekinoroji yakasvibira, uku ichivimbisa kushanda kwemauto uye kudzivirira kunovimbika uye maitiro ekudzivirira." MuNATO mamiriro ekunze matsva, shanduko yesimba yakanyatso kusarudzwa kuita chirongwa cheumambo.

War ecology inosangana nekugadziriswa kwechiuto

Hurongwa hutsva hweNATO hwekugadzirisa mauto hunorangarira vhezheni yezvinodaidzwa nemuzivi Pierre Charbonnier "war ecology.” Pfungwa yaCharbonnier inotaura nezvekukura kuri pedyo kwe decarbonization uye geopolitics, kazhinji muchimiro chemauto. Anokurudzira Europe kuti iparadze kuvimba kwayo nemafuta anotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kudzoreredza simba uye hutongi hwehupfumi kuburikidza ne decarbonization. Anopokana zvakare kuti ecology yezvematongerwo enyika inofanirwa kujoka decarbonization kune yakakura rondedzero inosanganisira yakafara shanduko yemagariro. Huru-hukuru hwemari, tekinoroji, uye manejimendi inodiwa pakushandurwa kwesimba rakachena yakagara yakabatana ne "hondo yakazara."

Hondo muUkraine, iyo yakawedzera kuzvipira kweEurope kune shanduko yesimba, inoita kunge inosimbisa thesis yeCharbonnier yehondo ecology. Iyi geopolitical nzwisiso inopindirana pakati peanosiririsa maonero, ayo anozivisa kusagoneka kwekumisa kabhoni kuburitsa kudzivirira njodzi yakanyanya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye naïveté ye techno-optimists vanotenda kuti kabhoni sequestration tekinoroji inogona kukwidziridzwa nenguva kudzikamisa kupisa kwepasi. kusvika 1.5 degrees Celsius. Kunyora nezvehondo yehupfumi uye kutambura kwairi kuita kune vanhuwo zvavo pasi rose, Charbonnier anoyambira nezve mukana wekuzviisa pasi pezvematongerwo enyika pasi pesimba remauto. Anoyambira kuti ecology yehondo inogona kupinda mune ecology yenyika uye inotaura kuti vamiriri vemamiriro ekunze vanofanirwa kukanganisa nhaurwa yerealpolitik uye kubatana kwayo kwakazara nezvido zvine simba vachifambisa hupfumi, hurongwa, uye kutonga masimba e "nyika hombe" uye "simba guru" kune girini. mari uye zvivakwa.

Zvichida zvine simba zvakanyanya, pfungwa yaCharbonnier yehondo ecology inobatsira kubatanidza madonhwe pakati peiyo shanduko yekukura ajenda yekuchinja kwesimba uye chinhu chimwe chete chinoita sechisingabhadharwe kubva kune inertia ye. American procedural legalism: yaro yemauto-indasitiri yakaoma. Zvichipa izvo nyanzvi yezvemitemo yeAmerica Cass Sunstein kudana "gore rakasviba ratove pamusoro pehurumende," uye kusapindirana kwemashandisirwo ekudzivirira kweUS, zvingangoita kuti mari yemamiriro ekunze ichapetwa mubhajeti reDhipatimendi reDziviriro reUS.

Pakutanga kuona, "kugadziriswa kwemauto" kweNATO kunoratidzika semhinduro isina kujeka kune imwe nzira inonokerwa nemamiriro ekunze. Zvinogona zvakare kunzwisiswa semhedzisiro yekugadziriswa kwemasimba ekukurumidzira panguva yedenda. MuUS, iyo Defence Production Act neInternational Emergency Economic Powers Act yakamiswa kakawanda mumakore maviri nehafu apfuura kugadzira mafevha nemishonga yekudzivirira, kupinza mafomu evacheche, uye kutora midziyo yekunze. Declarations of emergency may irk libertarians and zvidzidzo asi ivo kazhinji pass under radar yeruzhinji rwevanhu veAmerica.

Muchokwadi, vanoita zvemamiriro ekunze vakasundidzira Biden kuti azivise dambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye kuti shandisa masimba ekukurumidzira kugadzira Green New Deal. Biden vakapindura nemusi waJune 6 Executive Order, iyo Defense Production Mutemo YeMagetsi Yakachena, iyo inodarika gridlock yesarudzo kuti iwedzere girinhi zvivakwa zvakaita semapurazi emhepo pavhu remubatanidzwa. Chirevo ichi chinoti zvakare icharaira maitiro akanaka evashandi kuvaka America arsenal simba rakachena. Panyaya yehukama hwekune dzimwe nyika, uyu mutemo mutsva panguva imwe chete unodzoreredza mutero kune ekuAsia solar tekinoroji yekunze (yakakosha kuUS solar kugadzira kugona) uku uchibvuma ku "shamwari-mahombekombe" macheni ekugovera egirinhi pakati peAllies.

Kunetsa kwemusika

Hondo yave iine pundutso huru kune vanogadzira oiri negasi, vane mihoro kudarika kaviri zvichienzaniswa neavhareji yavo yemakore mashanu. Nechinosvika chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chesimba repasi rose richiri kubva muoiri, risingasviki chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu kubva mumarasha, uye chikamu chimwe muzvina kubva kugasi rechisikigo, zvinovandudzwa zvinosanganisira chikamu chisingasviki chegumi chesimba repasi rose - pane purofiti yakawanda inofanira kuitwa. . Kukwira kwemitengo kwakasundidzira Saudi Aramco, kambani huru yemafuta pasi rose, pamberi peApple sekambani ine mari yakawanda pasi rose. IUS, zvisinei, ndiyo yakakura pasi rose inogadzira oiri uye gasi, ichibatsira zvikamu makumi mana kubva muzana zvepasi rose.

Nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana-kusanganisira kuputsika mukati zvisizvo mitengo yemafuta muna 2020, pamwe nekutya kwemafuta efossil akabatikana sezvo shanduko yesimba iri kukurumidza - vagadziri vemafuta negasi vari kuramba vachizeza kuwedzera mari. Izvi zvakashandura muzvinyorwa zvakaderera uye mitengo yakakwirira. Nepo Saudi Arabia iine makuru ekutanga epasirese, iyo yakakura yekuwedzera mari yekudyara muindasitiri inotarisirwa kubva US mafemu emafuta uye gasi. Investment mu liquified natural gasi ndiyo yave yakasimba kudarika fossil-fuel asset makirasi. Nekuda kwezvirango zvakatemerwa Russia, US yave kutungamira pasi rose kutengesa LNG kunze. Windfall oiri uye gasi purofiti muna 2022 yaizokwana kubhadhara gumi rekudyara mumafuta akaderera-emission anogona kusangana nepasirese. net zero emissions chinangwa. Sezviri pachena kubva pakudzokororwa kwezvirango zveRussia, kupindira mumisika kunokanganisa kushanda zvakanaka. Asi hurumende dzisingapindire muchiitiko chemusika-kunze (kubuda) kunogona kudhura pachiyero chepuraneti.

Sezvo mitengo yemafuta ezvicherwa yakakwira, dzimwe nzira dzemhepo nesolar dzave dzichiwedzera cheaper. Investment mune yakachena tech ikozvino yave kufambiswa zvakanyanya neEuropean mafuta uye gasi makuru. Iko kuvhundutsa kwesimba muEurope kucharamba kuchimhanyisa maitiro ekugadzirisa, asi kukanganiswa kwepamusoro mukati, semuenzaniso, kupihwa kwezvicherwa zvisingawanzo pasi (iyo China iri mutengesi mukuru wepasirese) kwadzikisira cheni dzekugadzira girini. Munguva yeUS Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen rwendo kuenda Senegal, Zambia, neSouth Africa-yakaitwa mushure mekushanya kwegurukota rezvekunze kweChina, Qin Gang - pakanga paine nhaurirano kugadzirwa kwebhatiri remotokari yemagetsi zvinosanganisira zvicherwa zvemuno zvakakosha.

Kunyange kukwira kwemitengo yemafuta kuchibatsira vanogadzira peturu, kukwira kwemitengo papombi kuri kukonzera kusagutsikana kwevavhoti muUS. Mafungiro ekuti maDemocrats achabuda ropa mumavhoti musarudzo dziri kuuya dzemuAmerica dzepakati petemu dzakakurudzira kurudziro yeBiden yekudzikisa mitengo yepeturu. Yakaitisa kutengesa kwayo kwekutanga kumahombekombe kwemafuta-kurenda nzvimbo yeruzhinji, akaburitsa hurongwa hwekuchera oiri kubva kumahombekombe, uye akateterera mambo weSaudi akanga ashatiswa kuti abudise mamwe mafuta, maU-turns kubva kuvimbiso dzayo dzekare dzakachena. Iyo yekupedzisira haina kubudirira sezvo boka renyika dzinogadzira nekutengesa oiri (OPEC plus, iyo inosanganisira Russia) yakazivisa zvinoshamisa. cuts mukugadzirwa kwemafuta mukudonha kwa2022.

Progressives vakasvetukira pamhanza. Zvikumbiro zvichangoburwa nevekuruboshwe-kurembera mukufunga matangi muUS zvinosanganisira mari inotsigirwa nehurumende kuchera mudzimba kutsva uye kusimudzira US zvigadziriso zvemafuta. Mamiriro eAmerica ndeekuti kuvaka zvivakwa zvitsva zvemafuta emafuta zviri nani kudonhedza zvirango zveRussia mukutsinhana nekugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika uye kuenderera mberi nekutengesa simba reRussia kuMadokero.

Core vs. periphery

Kushandisa zvivakwa zvemari nekutengeserana kwawedzera matambudziko esimba nehupfumi, ayo ave kukanganisa hupfumi hwenyika. Iko kusangana kwekukwira kwemitengo, kukwira kwemitengo, uye kusingaregi kukoshesa dhora kwakatungamira kune chikwereti kunetseka (kana njodzi yakanyanya yekunetsekana kwechikwereti) makumi matanhatu muzana upfumi hwose hune mari shoma. Russia, zvakare, yakatadza kubhadhara chikwereti chayo, kunyangwe kwete nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemari. Asi, pasi pehutongi hwezvirango hwazvino, nyika dzekuMadokero dzinoramba kuita zvekunze kweRussia kubhadhara chikwereti.

Zvisungo zvitsva zveGerman zvezvombo zvekare uye kusundira kwemubatanidzwa mutsva European armed force inofambirana nekuzvipira kweEuropean Central Bank kudzikamisa misika yayo yemabhondi. Nyika dziri nhengo dzakaronga kuvandudzwa kweEU's Stability and Growth Pact iyo ichabvisa uto uye green spending kubva pakushomeka uye kuomerwa kwechikwereti. Kudhiraivha kune renewables muEurope yakabatana zvisingaite kune simba rekuzvimirira kubva kuRussia. Kuvhunduka kwesimba kwaita kuti European Central Bank—kusiyana neFederal Reserve neBank of England—kuti vatsigire kurima midziyo yayo. Ne euro inorova pasi pemakore makumi maviri nedhora mukudonha, kutyisidzira kunofungidzirwa kune hutongi hweEurope hakusi kungobva kuRussia chete, asiwo kubva kuAmerica mari nehondo.

Maonero aCharbonnier ekuti kufora kweEurope kuenda kurusununguko rwesimba kunofanirwa kuumbwa senyaya huru yenhoroondo inoita kunge isingaite. Mushure mekuvhara zvidyarwa zvayo zvenyukireya, kushomeka kwesimba kwakanyanya kwaita kuti Germany, iine hurumende yakasvibira zvakanyanya, iwedzere nzvimbo ine gakava-zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwechisimba kune vanorwira zvakatipoteredza vachipikisa danho iri. Lützerath. LNG imusika wepasirese wakakamurwa zvakanyanya kupfuura mafuta, ine mitengo yakasiyana zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi. Mitengo yepamusoro mumusika wegesi weEurope yakakurudzira vatengesi veLNG kuti kuputsa zvibvumirano nekukokera simba majeure clauses uye kutakura matangi pakutanga kwakananga kuAsia kuenda kuEurope. 70 muzana yeAmerican LNG yave kunanga kuEurope, zvichikonzera kushomeka kwakanyanya munzvimbo yehupfumi hwenyika. Pakistan, iyo yatove kuzununguka kubva kumafashama akaipisisa egore rapfuura, yakatarisana nedambudziko resimba uye nechikwereti chekunze zvakare. Pakati penyika dzine dambudziko remamiriro ekunze pasi rose, Pakistan ine chikwereti che $100 trillion muzvikwereti zvekunze. Kuti udzivise dambudziko rekubhadhara, China ichangobva kukwereta nyika $ 2.3 bhiriyoni.

MuPakistan, kuchinjika kwechiuto kunoreva kuita kuti mauto aendese chikafu nematende kumamiriyoni evanhu vachangoshaya pekugara. Kune avo vedu pasi peamburera yenyukireya yeNATO-iyo, maererano nesangano, inotenderera nyika makumi matatu uye 1 bhiriyoni vanhu-kugadziriswa kwechiuto kunowedzera kutaridzika senge nhare kurwisa gungwa revanotamira kune mamiriro ekunze, kunyanya kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuEurope. Mumiriri wezvekudzivirira weAmerica Raytheon, anorumbidzwa neUS Environmental Protection Agency nekuda kwayo hutungamiri hwemamiriro ekunze, yakaratidza kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemauto nemasevhisi pamberi pemamiriro ekunze ekukurumidzira. Iyo imwechete seti yemidziyo yemauto inogona kuisirwa kudzora kuwanda kwevapoteri vemamiriro ekunze.

Hondo muUkraine yakavhenekera kubuda kwemasimba maviri akasiyana, ehupfumi, uye ekuchengetedza blocs-imwe yakabatana yakatenderedza North Atlantic (NATO) uye imwe yakatenderedza hupfumi huri kusimukira kana BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) . Muhurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika hune zvombo, marongero ekunze ari kushanda panguva imwe chete neakasiyana geopolitical axes. India-nhengo yeQuad (Australia, India, Japan, US)-yave ichiita izvi zvakati zvinobudirira pasi pekusarerekera divi rimwe chete. Japan iri kuvandudza bumbiro rayo kuti ibvise chimiro chayo chekune dzimwe nyika, uye izvo zvichagonesa kuvepo kwemauto eUS muIndo-Pacific. Kusimba kwehondo ecology kunogonawo kuburitsa zvimwe zvakanaka; iyo G7's Global Green Infrastructure uye Investment plan iri, mushure mezvose, mhinduro yezvematongerwo enyika kuChina's Belt uye Road Initiative.

Pakati pekusagadzikana kwakawanda kwehurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika, zviri pachena ndezvekuti shanduko yesimba ichabatanidza kusagadzikana kukuru kwehupfumi uye kusaenzana, izvo zvatisati tasangana nazvo. Zviri pachena zvakare kuti yakawanda yekukuvara kwechibatiso ichatakurwa neiyo periphery. Pamberi pehondo yeUkraine, zvaifungidzirwa kuti nyika yepasirese yeSouth inoda $ 4.3 tiririyoni kuti apore kubva padenda. Mari yekukweretesa yakapihwa nevanokweretesa nyika dzakawanda vakaita seIMF neWorld Bank yanga isingakwani. IMF yekukweretesa iri parekodhi yakakwira (kuwedzera kune mamwe makumi mana economies) asi kuwanda kwayo mabhiriyoni emadhora bhokisi rinonyepa risina kushandiswa.

Imwe inenge-a-trillion-madhora ari muIMF-akapihwa international reserve assets anozivikanwa seSpecial Drawing Rights akavharirwa mumabhanga mazhinji enyika dzakapfuma kana madhipatimendi ehomwe. Mumadhora mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu emadhora ane chekuita nedenda Kuburitswa kweSDR muna 2021, zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvezvose zvakaburitswa zvakaenda kunyika dzine mari yepamusoro uye chikamu chimwe chete kubva muzana ndicho chakaenda. kunyika dzine mari shoma. 117 mabhiriyoni SDRs (inenge $157 bhiriyoni) parizvino inobatwa neUS chete. As international reserve assets, SDRs dzinoshanda mabasa mazhinji: semachengeterwo emari yekunze, vanogona kudzikisira mari yekutonga uye kubatsira kudzikamisa mari; yakadzoserwa kumabhangi ebudiriro emarudzi akawanda seyakaenzana, SDRs inogona kuwedzera kukweretesa; nguva dzose ichibudiswa sezvayakanga iri pakutanga Yakagadzirirwa pasi pehurongwa hwa1944 Bretton Woods, SDRs inogona kuve yakakosha sosi yekupa mari yakachena shanduko yesimba.

Vanokweretesa vane masimba mazhinji uye nyika dzepakati dzinoramba dzichiregedza basa ravo rekupa rubatsiro rwakakura rwemari kuburikidza nea hurongwa hwekugadzirisa chikwereti kana kuburikidza nekugadzirisa zvakare SDRs kumabhangi emarudzi akawanda ekusimudzira. Zvichakadaro, mukutarisana nekuoma kwemari yekunze kwekunze, hupfumi hukuru huri kusimukira seEgypt nePakistan huri kuwedzera kuvimba kwavo nevakweretesi vakadai seChina neGulf states, zvinotoshamisa nekurudziro yeIMF. Aya akaedza nzira dzekubuda mudambudziko anoratidza itsva "zvisingawirirane" munyika dzine mari yakaderera nepakati.