naLawrence Wittner, Ndira 1, 2018, Hondo Yakaipa.
Munguva yepakati-1930s, inotengesa-yepamusoro kufumurwa kwekutengeserana kwemaoko kunobva kune dzimwe nyika, yakabatanidzwa neUS Bvunzo yekuongorora yezvigadzirwa zvemamisheni zvakatungamirwa naSenator Gerald Nye, zvakakanganisa zvikuru maonero eruzhinji rweAmerica. Vachigutsikana kuti makondirakiti emauto aikurudzira kutengeswa kwezvombo nehondo kuti zviwane pundutso, vanhu vazhinji vakatsoropodza "vatengesi verufu" ava.
Nhasi, makumi masere emakore gare gare, vateveri vavo, vava kunzi zvine mutsigo "makondirakiti ekudzivirira," vapenyu uye vanofara. Maererano ne chidzidzo neStockholm International Peace Research Institute, kutengeswa kwezvombo nemauto nemauto makuru epasirose e100 epamusorosoro mu2016 (gore richangoburwa iro nhamba dziripo) rakakwira kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nemashanu emadhora. Makambani eUS akawedzera mugove wavo weiyo huwandu kusvika kumazana makumi mashanu nemasere muzana, vachipa zvombo angangoita 100 marudzi kumativi ose enyika.
Basa rakakosha rinoitwa nemakambani eUS mukutengeserana kwenyika dzezvombo zvine chikwereti chakakura kune zvinoitwa nevakuru vehurumende yeUS. "Zvikamu zvakakosha zvehurumende," anodaro muongorori wemauto William Hartung, "Vane chinangwa chekuona kuti zvombo zveAmerica zvichazadza musika wepasi rose uye makambani akaita saLokheed neBoeing achararama hupenyu hwakanaka. Kubva kumutungamiriri wenyika parwendo rwake rwekunze kwenyika kushanyira vakabatana vatungamiriri venyika kuvanyori vehurumende nedziviriro kuvashandi vemahofisi eAmerica, vakuru veAmerica vanogara vachitengesa vanhu kumakambani ezvombo. ” Uyezve, anoti, "Pentagon ndiyo inogonesa. Kubvira pakutengesa mari, kuitisa basa, uye kuita mari chaiyo kubhengi kubva kuzvibvumirano zvezvombo kusvika pakuchinjisa zvombo kune vanobatsirana navo panguva yevateresi, zviri pachena kuti mutengesi wezvombo mukuru pasi rose. ”
Muna 2013, apo Tom Kelly, mutevedzeri wemunyori webazi reHurumende Dhipatimendi rezvematongerwo enyika akabvunzwa panguva yeCongressal kunzwa nezvekuti hutongi hwaObama hwaiita zvakakwana kusimudzira zvombo zveAmerica zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, akapindura achiti: “[Tiri] kumiririra emakambani edu uye tichiita zvese zvatinogona kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti kutengesa uku kunopfuura. . . uye ndicho chinhu chatiri kuita mazuva ese, zvakanyanya [ku] kondinendi yese yepasi. . . uye tiri kugara tichifunga maitiro atingaite zvirinani. ” Izvi zvakaratidza kuongororwa kwakaringana, nekuti mukati memakore matanhatu ekutanga ehutongi hwaObama, vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeUS vakawana zvibvumirano zvekutengesa zvombo zveUS zvemadhora anodarika zana nemakumi masere emadhora pasirese, kunyanya kuMiddle East isina kugadzikana. Akatsunga kupfuurisa iye akamutangira, Mutungamiriri Donald Trump, parwendo rwake rwekutanga mhiri kwemakungwa, akazvitutumadza nezvechiuto chemabhiriyoni emadhora mazana mana emadhora (akazadza madhora mabhiriyoni 110 pamusoro pemakore gumi anotevera) ne Saudi Arabia.
Musika mumwe wakakura kwazvo wezvombo unoramba uri United States, nekuti nyika ino iri pakati penyika mukushandisa mari kwemauto, ne 36 muzana yehuwandu hwepasi rose. Trump inoda murwi wehondo, sezvakaita Republican Congress, iri kuita chirongwa chekubvumidza a 13 muzana inowedzera mune yatove nyeredzi yeUS mauto bhajeti. Zvizhinji zvemari yemberi yekushandisa mari yemauto ichave yakazvipira kutenga zvombo zvitsva uye zvinodhura zvemberi, zve vanoita zvemauto vane hunyanzvi hwekuendesa mamirioni emadhora mukushambadzira kupa rubatsiro kune vezvematongerwo enyika vanoshaya, vachishandisa 700 kune 1,000 lobbyists kuti vavasundire ivo, vachiti nzvimbo dzekugadzira mauto dzakakosha kuvaka mabasa, uye kusanganisa matangi avo anofarirwa neakabhadharwa "Njodzi."
Vanogona zvakare kutarisira kugamuchirwa kwakanaka kubva kune avo vaimbova vatungamiriri ikozvino vakabata zvigaro zvepamusoro muhutongi hwaTrump, kusanganisira: Secretary of Defense James Mattis (aimbova nhengo yebhodhi yeGeneral Dynamics); White House Chief weVashandi John Kelly (akamboshanda nevanoverengeka vemauto macontrakta); Mutevedzeri Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan (aimbova mukuru weBoeing); Secretary of Army Mark Esper (aimbova Raytheon mutevedzeri wemutungamiri wenyika); Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson (aimbova chipangamazano kuna Lockheed Martin); Undersecretary weDziviriro yekutenga Ellen Lord (aimbova CEO wekambani yendege); uye National Security Council Mukuru weVashandi Keith Kellogg (aimbova mushandi wekambani huru yemauto nehungwaru).
Iyi fomula inoshanda zvakanyatsonaka kumakontrakta emauto eUS, sezvakaratidzwa nenyaya yaLokheed Martin, mutengesi mukuru wezvombo pasi rose. Muna 2016, Lockheed zvombo zvekutengesa zvakakwira anenge 11 muzana to $ 41 bhiriyoni, uye iyo kambani iri munzira inoenda kune yakanyanya kupfuma yekutenda nekugadzirwa kwayo kwe F-35 murwi wetsiva. Lockheed akatanga basa rekuvandudza iyo tekinoroji-yepamusoro warplane muma1980 uye, kubvira 2001, hurumende yeUS yakashandisa pamusoro $ 100 bhiriyoni yekugadzirwa kwayo. Nhasi, fungidziro nevanoongorora zvechiuto maererano nemutengo wakazara kune vanobhadhara mutero we2,440 F-35s inodiwa nevakuru vePentagon kubva $ 1 tiririyoni to $ 1.5 tiririyoni, kuchiita chirongwa chakanyanya kudhura kutenga munhoroondo yeUS.
Iyo F-35 vanofarira dzakaruramisa mutengo wakakura weiyi ndege yehondo nekusimbisa kugona kwayo kunofungidzirwa kwekusimudza nekukurumidza kumisa, pamwe nekukwanisa kwayo kushandiswa nemapazi matatu akasiyana euto reUS. Uye mukurumbira waro ungaratidza zvakare kufunga kwavo kuti simba rayo rakasvibisa rinovabatsira kukunda muhondo dzemberi neRussia neChina. "Hatigone kupinda mundege idzo nekukasira," Lieutenant General Jon Davis, mukuru wemauto eMarine Corps, akaudza komiti yedare reHouse Armed Services kutanga kwa2017. "Tine munhu anoshandura mutambo, anokunda muhondo, mumaoko edu. ”
Kunyange zvakadaro, nyanzvi dzendege unongedzera kuti iyo F-35 inoramba iine matambudziko akakomba ekuumbwa uye kuti yavo yepamusoro-tech komputa yekuraira system iri panjodzi ye cyberattack. "Ndege iyi ine rwendo rurefu kuti iende isati yagadzirira kurwa," akadaro mumwe muongorori wemauto kuProject on Government Oversight. "Tichifunga nezvenguva yakareba iri mukuvandudzika, unofanirwa kushamisika kana ichizogadzirira."
Yakatangwa nekuwedzera kunoshamisa kwekushandisa kweF-35, Donald Trump pakutanga akaseka basa iri achiti "rava kunze kwekudzora." Asi, mushure mekusangana nevakuru vePentagon uye CEO weLokheed Marilynn Hewson, purezidhendi mutsva akachinja kosi, achirumbidza "yakanaka" F-35 se "ndege huru" uye achibvumidza kondirakiti yemamirioni emadhora makumi mapfumbamwe.
Mukutarisa kumashure, hapana chimwe cheizvi chinonyanya kushamisa. Mushure mezvose, mamwe makuru makontrakita emauto - semuenzaniso, Nazi Germany's Krupp uye IG Farben uye fascist Japan's Mitsubishi uye Sumitomo Vakabudirira zvakanyanya nekupakata nyika dzavo Hondo Yenyika II uye vachiramba vachibudirira mumashure mayo. Chero bedzi vanhu vachichengeta rutendo rwavo mukukosha kukuru kwesimba remauto, isu tinogona zvakare kutarisira Lockheed Martin nevamwe "vatengesi verufu" kuti varambe vachiita purofiti kubva kuhondo vanhu vakanganisa.
Lawrence Wittner (http://www.lawrenceswittner.com) ndiye Purofesa weNhoroondo yakabuda muSUNY / Albany uye munyori we Kutarisana neBhomba (Stanford University Press).
