naDavid Swanson, Ngatitangei Democracy, May 31, 2021
Ndinoshuva dai ndaive ndichiseka, kunyangwe zvishoma. Bhuku raMalcolm Gladwell, Bomber Mafia, anotsigira kuti Haywood Hansell aive Jesu akaedzwa naDhiyabhorosi paakaramba kupisa maguta eJapan pasi. Hansell akatsiviwa, uye Curtis LeMay akaisa maneja wekubhomba kweUS kuJapan munguva yeWWII. LeMay, Gladwell anotiudza, aive asiri mumwe kunze kwaSatani. Asi chainyanya kudikanwa, anodaro Gladwell, kwaive hupombwe hwaSatani - kuda kuuraya nemaune miriyoni kana varume, vakadzi, uye vana kusimudzira basa rako. Chete izvo uye hapana chimwe chinhu chingadai chakakunda muhondo nekukurumidza, izvo zvakagadzira budiriro nerunyararo kune mumwe nemumwe (kunze kwevakafa, ndinofunga, uye chero munhu ane chekuita nehondo dzose dzinotevera kana hurombo hunotevera). Asi pakupedzisira, WWII yaingova hondo chete, uye hondo hombe yakakundwa naHansell-Jesus nekuti kurota kwake kwekubatsira vanhu bhomba zvino kwave kuzadzikiswa (kana iwe uri wakanaka nekuponda nemissile uye uchida kukanganwa kuti chaiyo mabhomba ane rave richishandiswa kwemakore kuuraya vanhu vasingazivikanwe vasina mhosva apo vachigadzira vavengi vazhinji kupfuura vavanobvisa).
Gladwell anotanga yake yakasviba chidimbu chehondo kurongedza nekubvuma kuti yake pfupi pfupi nyaya, yakanyorwa achiri mudiki, yaive fungidziro pamusoro pekuti Hitler apone uye achidzoka kuzokutora - mune mamwe mazwi, nhoroondo yekutanga yehondo yeUS yekuparadzira kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu. Ipapo Gladwell anotiudza kuti chaanoda vanhu vane hanya - zvisinei kuti vane hanya nechakanaka here kana chimwe chinhu chakaipa. Subtly uye neimwe nzira Gladwell anovaka kesi yehunhu, kwete hunzenza chete, mubhuku rino. Anotanga nekutaura kuti kugadzirwa kwekuona kwebhomba kwakagadzirisa rimwe rematambudziko makuru gumi ezve tekinoroji yehafu yezana ramakore. Dambudziko iro raive rekudonhedza bhomba zvakanyanya. Mutsika, iko kutsamwa, kwete dambudziko kuvhenekerwa, sezvo Gladwell anoiputira, nemabatirwo ekurapa zvirwere kana kuburitsa chikafu. Zvakare, kuona kwebhomba kwaive kukundikana kukuru kwakange kusingagadzirise dambudziko iri raifungidzirwa kuti rakakomba, uye Gladwell anorondedzera kukundikana uku pamwe nevamwe vazhinji murukova rwekuumburuka kweSNAFUs kwaanobata serumwe rudzi rwezviratidzo zvekuvaka hunhu, kushinga, uye christiness.
Chinangwa che "Bomber Mafia" (Mafia, saSatani, riri izwi rerumbidzo mubhuku iri) yaifanirwa kudzivirira hondo inotyisa yepasi rose yeWWI nekuronga zvehondo dzemhepo pachinzvimbo. Izvi, hongu, zvakashanda zvinoshamisa, neWWII ichiuraya vanhu vazhinji kupfuura WWI nekubatanidza pasi nehondo dzemhepo - kunyangwe pasina kana izwi rimwe chete mubhuku rekurwira pasi muWWII kana kuvapo kweSoviet Union, nekuti iri Bhuku reUS nezvechizvarwa chakakura kwazvo chiri kurwa hondo hombe kuAmerica Mukuru; uye kuzorora kukuru kwakauya kuyunivhesiti huru (Harvard) nemuyedzo wakabudirira wechishandiso chikuru chaSatani Muponesi wedu, kureva Napalm.
Asi ndiri kuenda pamberi penyaya. Jesu asati aonekera, Martin Luther King Jr. anofanira kuzviita, hongu. Iwe unoona, kurota kwehondo yekubatsira mweya yemuchadenga kwaive zvakada kufanana nehope dzaDkt King dzekukunda rusaruraganda - kunze kwezvinhu zvese zvinobvira Gladwell haagamuchire kuti fananidzo iyi inonakidza, asi inodaidza iyo Kurota kweMweya Hondo "kushinga" uye inoshanduka pakarepo kubva papfungwa yekuti kubhomba kunounza runyararo kukurukurwa kweanofarira tekinoroji. Gladwell paanotora mazwi kune mumwe muongorori achikurudzira kuti muvambi wekuona kwebhomba angadai akataura kuti rakagadzirwa naMwari, nekuti zvese zvatingaudza Gladwell angangobvumirana. Munguva pfupi iri kuuya ari kubatwa pamusoro pekuti kugadzirwa kwebhomba kuona kwaizoita sei kuti hondo iite "kunge isina ropa," uye nezve hunyanzvi hwemauto eUS ekubhomba vafundisi vanoita Bombing Mafia kuronga zvirongwa zvekubhomba mvura uye magetsi (nekuti kuuraya vanhu vazhinji zvishoma nezvishoma ndevamwari).
Hafu yebhuku iri zvisina musoro, asi zvimwe zvacho zvinofanirwa kudzokororwa. Semuenzaniso, Gladwell anotenda kuti iyo Air Force Chapel muColorado yakanyanya kutsvene, kwete nekuda kwekuti zvinoita sekunge vanonamata hondo dzemhepo, asiwo nekuti inodonha kana kwanaya - chiitiko chikuru kana kukundikana kwave kubudirira, zvinoita.
Iko kumashure kwekuti WWII yakagadzirwa sei, uye nekudaro zvaigona kunge zvakadzivirirwa, inopihwa akazara mazwi mashanu mubhuku raGladwell. Heano mazwi mashanu iwayo: "Asi Hitler akarwisa Poland." Gladwell anosvetuka kubva ipapo kuenda pakurumbidza kudyara mukugadzirira hondo dzisingazivikanwe. Ipapo abva pagakava pakati pekapeti kubhomba uye kunyatso bhomba muEurope, panguva yaanotaura kuti kapeti yekubhomba haifambise vanhu kupidigura hurumende (kunyepedzera izvi nekuti hakuvhiringidze vanhu zvakanyanya, pamwe nekubvuma kuti inogadzira ruvengo rwevaya vari kuita kubhomba, uye vachikwenya chokwadi chekuti hurumende dzinowanzo kusava nebasa nekutambura kuri mukati memiganhu yavo, pamwe nekukwikwidza chero kushandiswa kwekurwisa-kubudirira kwekubhomba kuhondo dzazvino dzeUS, uye - zveshuwa - kutsungirira kunyepedzera kuti Britain haina kubvira yabhomba vanhu kusvika nguva refu mushure meGerman yaita). Iko hakuna zvakare izwi rimwe nezve maNazi 'bhomba bhomba mafia akazo shandira mauto eUS kubatsira kuparadza nzvimbo senge Vietnam neyaSatani Dupont Zvirinani Kurarama Kupfuura Chemistry.
Kuburikidza nemakakatanwa pakati pekapeti kubhomba (maBritish) uye nemazvo kubhomba (ma Knights eanoyera eUS mafia), Gladwell anobvuma kuti chinzvimbo cheBritish chakatungamirwa nekusuwa uye chakatungamirwa nasadist uye psychopath. Aya ndiwo mazwi ake, kwete angu. Anobvuma kuti nzira yeUS yakakundikana zvakanyanya pamaonero ayo uye yakave chitendero chekunyepedzera chevatendi vechokwadi (mazwi ake). Asi isu tinofanirwa kugara kuburikidza peji nepeji reizvo Holden Caulfield angadai akadana zvese izvo David Copperfield crap. Vabereki vemabhomba mafioso vega vaivepi, vaive vakapfekei, vakafamba sei. Iyo isingagumi "humanization" yevaurayi vane hunyanzvi, nepo bhuku riine huwandu hwenongedzo nhatu dzevanhu vekuJapan vakapisirwa moto nekukunda kubva kugehena. Kutaurwa kwekutanga mitsara mitatu nezvekupisa kwevana uye vanhu vakasvetuka munzizi. Wechipiri mazwi mashoma pamusoro pekuoma kwevatyairi venguva yekutarisana nekunhuhwirira kwenyama inopisa. Yechitatu ndeyekufungidzira panhamba yakaurayiwa.
Kunyangwe asati adonha kubva Kudenga, LeMay inoratidzwa seyekuponda vafambisi vengarava veUS muchiitiko chekurovera bhomba chikepe cheUS kubva kuWest Coast. Iko hakuna izwi nezve LeMay kana Gladwell uchifunga iri dambudziko.
Zvizhinji zvebhuku iri kuvaka-kumusoro kwesarudzo yaLeMay yekuchengetedza zuva nekupisa vanhu miriyoni. Gladwell anovhura chikamu chakakosha nekutaura kuti vanhu vagara vachirwa hondo, izvo zvisiri zvechokwadi. Nzanga dzevanhu dzaenda zviuru zvemazana pasina chero chakafanana nehondo. Uye hapana chakafanana nehondo yazvino yaivapo mune chero nzanga yevanhu zvakapfuura hama yakatsemurwa yechipiri yapfuura maererano nekuvapo kwevanhu. Asi hondo inofanira kunge yakajairika, uye mukana wekusave nayo unofanirwa kunge usipo patafura, kana uchizokurukura nzira dzehuman-satan-arian dzekuhwina * uye * ita semunhu ane hunhu.
MaBritish aive nehutsinye, hongu, nepo maAmerican aive akaomesesa-mhuno uye achishanda. Pfungwa iyi inogoneka, nekuti Gladwell haangobhadhare chete kana kupa zita rekuti kana yakanaka kwazvo yekumashure yemunhu mumwe wechiJapan, asi iyewo haataure chero chinhu chakataurwa nemumwe weAmerica nezve vanhu vechiJapan - kunze kwekuti ivo sei ainhuwirira pakutsva. Asi mauto eUS akagadzira inotsva inotsva gel, ndokuvaka guta rekunyepedzera reJapan muUtah, ndokudonhedza gel inonamira paguta ndokuritarisa richipisa, ndokuzoita chinhu chimwe chete ichocho kumaguta chaiwo eJapan apo vezvenhau veUS vakakurudzira kuparadza Japan, vatungamiriri veUS akataura kuti mushure mehondo maJapan aizotaurwa chete mugehena, uye masoja eU.S. akatumira mapfupa evarwi veJapan kumba kuvasikana vavo.
Gladwell anovandudza pane inofungidzirwa mamiriro eanopokana nemabhomba madhimoni nekuiumba, achifungidzira pane zvavaifunga, achiisa mazwi mumiromo kunyangwe yevanhu vane mazita mazhinji akanyorwa. Iye anotorawo asi mabhurashi anokurumidza kupfuura LeMay achiudza mutori wenhau kuti sei apisira Tokyo. LeMay akati aizorasikirwa nebasa rake semurume aive pamberi pake kana akasakurumidza kuita chimwe chinhu, uye ndizvo zvaaigona kuita. Simba rehurongwa: dambudziko chairo rinowedzerwa nemabhuku akaita seiri.
Asi kazhinji Gladwell anonamira hunhu pamufananidzo wake weLeMay nekubvisa maJapan zvakanyanya kunyatsoita kupfuura zvakaita Napalm. Mundima yakajairika sevamwe vari mubhuku, Gladwell anotora mwanasikana waLeMay achiti baba vake vaive nehanya nehunhu hwezvavaiita nekuti vakamira pamugwagwa vachiverenga ndege vasati vaenda kunobhomba Japan. Aive nehanya nekuti vangani vaizodzoka. Asi pakange pasina chero vekuJapan vakaurayiwa munzira yake - kana mubhuku raGladwell nenyaya iyi.
Gladwell anorumbidza maitiro aLeMay seanonyatsoita hunhu uye abatsira nyika, nepo achiti tinoyemura hunhu hwaHansell nekuti isu hatigone kuzvibatsira isu, nepo iri mhando yeNietzschean uye unzenza hwakaipa hwatinotoda, kunyangwe kana - sekureva kwaGladwell - inopedzisira yave yekuita zvehunhu pakupedzisira. Asi ndizvo here?
Iyo yetsika nyaya inofuratira kuputika kwemoto kwemaguta ese uye ichisvetukira yakananga kune nuking yeHiroshima neNagasaki, vachinyepa kuti Japan yanga isati yagadzirira kuzvipira uye kuti ma nukes (kana angangoita mumwe wavo uye ngatiregei kuva vanonamira nezve iyo yechipiri one) akaponesa hupenyu. Iyo yetsika nyaya ndeye bunk. Asi Gladwell ari kuyedza kuitsiva nenyaya yakafanana neiyi yakapihwa jasi nyowani yependi yezvombo. Mune vhezheni yaGladwell yaive mwedzi yekupisa pasi guta neguta rakaponesa hupenyu uye richipedza hondo uye richiita chinhu chakaoma asi chakakodzera, kwete mabhomba enyukireya.
Ehe, sezvacherechedzwa, hapana kana izwi rimwe chete nezve mukana wekuti wakadzivisa kubva kumakumi emakore mujaho wemaoko neJapan, uchisarudza kusavaka makoloni uye mabheseni uye kutyisidzira uye masanctions. Gladwell akataura nezvekupfuudza mukomana anonzi Claire Chennault, asi hapana kana izwi rimwechete nezvekuti akabatsira sei maChinese kurwisa maJapan pamberi pePearl Harbor - ndoda kuti shirikadzi yake yakabatsira sei Richard Nixon kudzivirira runyararo muVietnam (Hondo yeVietnam nedzimwe hondo zhinji asiri chaiye aripo mukukwakuka kwaGladwell kubva kunaSatani achikunda hondo yeWWII kuna Jesu achikunda hondo yekunyatsoita zvemabhomba).
Chero hondo inogona kudzivirirwa. Hondo yega yega inotora kuedza kukuru kutanga. Chero hondo inogona kumiswa. Hatigone kutaura chaizvo izvo zvingadai zvakashanda. Tinogona kutaura kuti hapana chakaedzwa. Tinogona kutaura kuti kutyairwa nehurumende yeUS kuti ikurumidze kupera kwehondo neJapan kwakatungamirwa zvakanyanya nechishuwo chekuipedza Soviet Union isati yapinda ikazvipedza. Tinogona kutaura kuti vanhu vakaenda kujeri muUnited States pane kutora chikamu muWWII, vamwe vacho vakatanga bato reVanhu Kodzero dzemakumi makumi emakore ari kuuya kubva mukati memasero ejeri, vaizoita vanhu vanoyemurika kupfuura vanodikanwa vaGladwell vanodzvinyirira makemikari uye vanotengesa midzanga.
Pane chinhu chimwe chete Gladwell akarurama: vanhu - kusanganisira kubhomba mafiosi - kunamatira zvinotyisa kune kwavo kutenda. Iko kutenda vanyori vekuMadokero vanokoshesa zvakanyanya kungave iko kutenda muHondo Yenyika II. Sezvo mabhomba enyukireya anoparadzira anopinda mudambudziko, hatifanire kushamisika kuti mumwe munhu akagadzira chidimbu chinosemesa chehumhondi senge rondedzero yekuchengetedza.
