Kuita Izvo Zvisingakwanisike Kugoneka: Coalitional Movement Zvematongerwo enyika mune Yekupedzisira Makumi

NaRichard Sandbrook, Gumiguru 6, 2020

From Progressive Futures Blog

Zvinetso zvinoita sezvakakura. Kuwana zvombo zvenyukireya zvisati zvatiparadza, kudzivirira kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze uye kutsakatika kwezvisikwa zvisingaverengeki, kushatisa mapapiro ehutongi ehunyanzvi, kuvaka chibvumirano cheveruzhinji kuwana runyararo rwerudzi nerwekirasi, uye kugadzirisa shanduko yekushandura kuita nzira dzekutsigira nzanga: aya matambudziko anowirirana ari kuvhiringidza mukuoma kwavo uye nezvimhingamupinyi zvezvematongerwo enyika kune shanduko dzegadziriro dzinodiwa.

Vanoenderera mberi vanoita sei vanopindura zvinobudirira uye nekukurumidza? Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuoma, zvinonzwisisika kuti vanhu vakabatikana nezvinetso zvezuva nezuva zvekurarama nedenda iri. Ndeipi nzira inonyanya kuvimbisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kudai? Tinogona here kuita zvisingagonekwe kugoneka?

Zvematongerwe Enyika Sezvinoitika Hazvikwani

Kuvimba nesarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika uye kuendesa kwemapfupi maficha kune vakasarudzwa vakuru nevatori venhau vane mukurumbira mabasa anodikanwa, asi haana kukwana senzira inoshanda. Iko kukura kweshanduro inodiwa kungosvikira padanho rekuita zvishoma nezvematongerwo enyika senguva dzose. Zvikumbiro zvine mutsindo zvinosangana nekushorwa nemapepanhau akazvimiririra enhau nemapato anochengetedza, anodiridzwa nevemagariro evagari uye nekuratidzira kweruzhinji-maonero, uye vanopokana modus operandi yemapato anofambira mberi (seBritish Labor Party, Democratic Party muUS) , avo vane zvigaro zvavanoda kuti zviitwe zvine mwero kukwikwidza vezvematongerwo enyika. Zvichakadaro, iwo manzwi emapapiro epapurism anowedzera akasimba. Zvematongerwo enyika senguva dzose hazvina kukwana.

Iyo yekutsakatika Kupandukira sirogani 'kupandukira kana kutsakatika' inotinongedzera mune inoshanda zvakanyanya zvematongerwo enyika - chero kupandukira kunonzwisiswa sekuganhurirwa kune isiri-yechisimba yezvematongerwo enyika chiito chinoenderana nehutongi hwehunhu. Asi zviito izvozvi zvinongori chikamu chehurongwa hukuru hwekuvaka rutsigiro pakati pezvikamu zvinogamuchira zvevanhu uye kuvaka mubatanidzwa wemafambiro akasimba zvekuti meseji yakabatanidzwa haigone kufuratirwa. Kubatana kunogona kuvakwa chete pachirongwa chinosanganisa zvinangwa zveimwe-nyaya mafambiro. Isu tinoda kutsiva cacophony yemazwi nerwiyo rwumwe chete.

Zvinodiwa: Chiono Chino batanidza

Kuvaka kubatana kwakadaro ibasa rakakura. 'Progressives' inosanganisira akawanda akasiyiwa-vakasununguka-vakasununguka, veruzhinji veruzhinji, vezvematongerwo enyika vezvekusiyana, verudzi, kodzero dzevanhu uye vatsigiri veruramisiro yezveupfumi, mamwe masangano evashandi, vazhinji vevakadzi, mafambiro mazhinji echizvarwa, vazhinji (asi kwete vese) vanoita zvemamiriro ekunze, uye vazhinji vanoita rugare. Progressives inowana zvakawanda zvekusawirirana nazvo. Izvo zvakasiyana maererano mhando yechinetso chakakosha (hupfumi, neoliberalism, imperialism, hutongi hwevanhu, systemic rusaruraganda, hutongi hwehutongi, hutongi husina kumira zvakanaka, kusaenzana, kana musanganiswa?), uye nekudaro vanosiyana pamusoro pemhinduro dzakaenzana. Kuuya kwazvino kweiyo Kufambira mberi Kwenyika Dzese kutsunga kuumba kubatana pakati pezviri kufambira mberi pasirese kunyangwe paine kukamukana, chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa. "Internationalism kana Kutsakatika ”, iro rinodenha zita remusangano waro wekutanga munaGunyana 2020, unoratidza chishuwo charo.

Ndeipi chirongwa chakamisikidzwa kwazvo kubatanidza zvinetswa zveimwe-nyaya inofambira mberi mafambiro? Chibvumirano cheGreen Nyowani (GND) iri kuwedzera kutariswa seyakajairwa dhinomineta. The Leap Manifesto, mutungamiriri wechirongwa ichi muCanada, yaive nezvakawanda zvezvinhu. Ivo vaisanganisira shanduko kuenda ku100% simba rinowedzerwazve na2050, kuvakwa kwerunyararo munharaunda mukuita, kumisikidzwa kwepamusoro, uye mafomu matsva emitero, uye kufamba kwakadzika kudzosera shanduko dzinodiwa uye kudzamisa democracy. Green New Deals, kana zvirongwa zvine mazita akafanana, zvakagamuchirwa zvakawandisa, kubva kuEuropean Green Deal, kune izvo zvevamwe hurumende dzenyika uye mazhinji mapato anofambira mberi nemasangano enharaunda. Iyo dhigirii yekuda chinosiyana, zvisinei.

Iyo Green Green Deal inopa yakapusa uye inokwezva chiratidzo. Vanhu vanobvunzwa kuti vafungidzire nyika - kwete Utopia, asi nyika inogoneka - iri yakasvibira, yakatendeka, ine demokrasi uye yakabudirira zvakakwana kutsigira hupenyu hwakanaka hwevose. Kufunga kwacho kwakananga. Njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze dziri kuuya uye kutsakatika kwemarudzi zvinoda shanduko yezvakatipoteredza, asi izvi hazvigoneke pasina shanduko yakadzama yezvehupfumi pamwe nemagariro. MaGNDs anosanganisira kwete chete kugadzirisa hupfumi kuti uwane net zero kabhoni mukati memakore gumi kana maviri, asiwo shanduko yakaringana kugadziriro umo vazhinji vevanhu vanobatsirwa neshanduko yezvehupfumi. Mabasa akanaka kune avo vakarasika mukuchinja, dzidzo yemahara uye kudzidziswa pamatanho ese, hutano hwepasirese, kufamba pachena kwevanhu uye kururamisira kwemapoka echizvarwa uye akasarudzika zvimwe zvezvirongwa zvakapoteredzwa nechirongwa ichi chakabatanidzwa.

Semuenzaniso, iyo GND yakatsigirwa naAlexandria Ocasio-Cortez naEd Markey muchimiro che Chisarudzo muImba yeVamiriri veUS mu2019, inotevera pfungwa iyi. Kushurikidzwa senge chirongwa chemagariro, chirongwa chiri padyo ne Rooseveltian New Dhiri yezana ramakore rechi21. Inodaidzira 'makore gumi-ekukurudzira nyika' kuti iwane 10% simba rinowedzerwazve, mari hombe muzvivakwa uye hupfumi husina kabhoni, uye mabasa kune vese vanoda kushanda. Zvinopindirana neshanduko matanho anowanikwa munzvimbo dzekumadokero dzehutano: hutano hwepasi rose, dzidzo yemahara yemahara, dzimba dzinodhura, kodzero dzevashandi dzakasimudzirwa, garandi yebasa, uye mishonga yekusarura. Kuteedzera kwemitemo inopesana netrust, kana ikabudirira, kunetesa masimba ezvehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika eoligopolies. Tinogona kukakavara nezvedanho reshanduko yesystem inodiwa Chero zano rinoshanda, zvisinei, rinofanirwa kutsvaga rutsigiro kuburikidza nechiono chehupenyu huri nani, kwete kutya chete.

Vanochengetedza, kunyanya mapapiro evanorudyi, vakave vanoramba mamiriro ekunze, pamwe nechikonzero chekuti kurwisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ihosi yemagariro eTrojan. Ivo vari pachokwadi kuti iyo GND chirongwa chinofambira mberi, asi kunyangwe hazvo chiri chirongwa chesocialist chinogona kupokana. Zvinoenderana nechikamu pane tsananguro yemunhu yesocialism. Nekuda kwekubatana mubato rakasiyana, iyo gakava ndiyo yatinofanira kudzivirira.

Isu tinoda, muchidimbu, kuti tipe meseji ine tariro yekuti nyika iri nani haigone chete asiwo inokundwa. Hazvibatsiri, uye hazvina basa, kungo tarisa pane kutyisa kwetarisiro yemunhu. Kutarisa pane zvakashata ndiko kuisa mitezo kuoma kwechido. Uye kuparidzira kune vakatendeuka kunogona kutiita kuti tinzwe zvakanaka; zvisinei, zvinoshanda chete kuvaka kubatana pakati peboka diki uye zvakanyanya risingafungire. Tinofanira kudzidza kubatanidza vanhuwo zvavo (kunyanya vadiki) mune izvi, zvine mutsindo, makore gumi. Izvo hazvizove nyore nekuti vanhu vanoputirwa neruzivo kubva kumativi ese uye vanoramba vakagadziriswa pane iyo coronavirus tyisidziro. Nguva yekutarisisa ipfupi.

Tinofanira kuva ne rota, saMartin Luther King, uye zvakare saMambo, hope idzodzo dzinofanira kungotaurwa, zvine musoro uye dzichizadzika. Ehezve, isu hatina yakadomwa mepu mepu yeshanduko chaiyo. Asi isu cam tinowirirana negwara ratinofanira kuenda, uye nemagariro nemauto anozotiendesa kumberi kune iri nani nyika. Tinofanira kukwevera pamwoyo pamwe nepfungwa dzevanhu. Kubudirira kunoenderana nemubatanidzwa wakakura wekufamba.

Coalitional Movement Zvematongerwo enyika

Ko mubatanidzwa wakadai waizoita sei? Zvinofungidzirwa here kuti kufamba kunofambira mberi kwekufamba kunogona kukura, mukati nekune dzimwe nyika, kusundira ajenda seGlobal Green New Deal? Dambudziko iri rakakura, asi mukati medanho rinogoneka.

Iyi nguva iri, shure kwezvose, imwe yekumukira uye yekudzika chiito pasirese. Iyo yakawanda-mativi ezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi uye ecological dambudziko iri kukurudzira kupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika. Mafungu ekuratidzira kubva muna 1968 akaputika mu2019, uye iri wave rakaenderera muna 2020, kunyangwe hosha yacho. Kuratidzira kwakazara makondinendi matanhatu nenyika zana negumi nemana, zvichikanganisa hutongi hwejekerere pamwe nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri. Sezvo Robin Wright inocherekedza mu The New Yorker muna Zvita 2019, 'Mafambiro abuda husiku hwese, pasina kwaanoenda, achiburitsa hasha dzepasirese pasirese - kubva kuParis neLa Paz kuenda kuPrague nePort-au-Prince, Beirut, kuBogota neBerlin, Catalonia kuenda kuCairo, uye kuHong. Kong, Harare, Santiago, Sydney, Seoul, Quito, Jakarta, Tehran, Algiers, Baghdad, Budapest, London, New Delhi, Manila uye kunyange Moscow. Tatorwa pamwe chete, kuratidzira kunoratidza kusati kwamboitika kukurudzira kwezvematongerwo enyika. '. United States, semuenzaniso, iri kuita mhirizhonga yakaipisisa kubva kuma1960 kodzero dzevagari pamwe nekuratidzira kunopesana nehondo, zvichikonzerwa nekuurawa kwemapurisa kweAfrican-American George Floyd muna Chivabvu 2020. Kuratidzira uku hakuna kungokonzeresa kuratidzira kukuru pasirese, asi zvakare vakaunganidza rutsigiro rwakakura kunze kwenharaunda yevatema.

Kunyangwe zvinoshungurudza zvemuno (sekukwira mumitero yekufambisa) zvakaratidza kuratidzira kusiri kwechisimba pasirese, kuratidzira uku kwakaratidza kutsamwa kwakanyanya. Dingindira rakajairika nderekuti vanozvishandira vepamusoro vaive vatora simba rakawandisa uye vakatungamira mutemo kune kwavo-kukudziridzwa. Kumukira kwakakurumbira kwaireva, pamusoro pezvose, kudiwa kwekuvakazve zvibvumirano zvakatyoka zveruzhinji uye kudzoreredza huchokwadi.

Tinogona kungoona kusimudzira kwesangano remafambiro ane zvinhu zviri kufamba kupfuura zvinyoronyoro kuchirongwa chinowedzera kubatanidzwa cheshanduko. Tambo huru dzinosanganisira mamiriro ekunze / ezvemamiriro ekunze, Nhema Hupenyu Matter uye kufamba kwakakura kwerunyararo / hutongi hwevanhu, mafambiro ehutongi hwehupfumi, kusanganisira masangano evashandi, pamwe nerunyararo. Ndatotaura nezve mamiriro ekunze. Kunyangwe vezvemamiriro ekunze vakatarisana nemafungiro, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakatiza uye kudiwa kwekukurumidza uye kwakakosha kuita kwakadzosera vazhinji kumatunhu akasimba ezvematongerwo enyika. sezvo kuratidzira kwakawedzera pasirese, iyo Green Green Deal ine chiono chiri pachena.  

Zvinodikanwa zvekushandurwa kwechimiro zvakamukawo pasi pemureza we Hupenyu Hwepasina Kukosha. 'Dzorera mapurisa' anotarisa zvinoda kwete kungodzura mapurisa mashoma anosarura asi kuumba zvimiro zvitsva kupedza rusaruro rwehurongwa. 'Kanzura renti' inopinda mukuda kwekutora dzimba sekodzero yemagariro, kwete chete chinhu. Mhinduro kudambudziko iri inopindirana, nerutsigiro rweBlack Lives Matter kubva kune chero mapoka akapatsanuka uye nekuratidzira kunosanganisira huwandu hwevachena. Asi iko kurongeka kwerunyararo kufamba kunogona kuita chikamu chechikwata chikuru cheshanduko ine ruramisiro? Iyo systemic midzi yekusarura, kusanganisira iro basa rinoitwa nemauto emusika mukuparadzanisa vanhu uye kupatsanura vanhu, zvinoratidza kusangana kwezvido. Martin Luther King akapa kutenda kune aya maonero kuma1960 mukupera kwekutsanangura zvinorehwa nekumukira kwevatema panguva iyoyo: Kumukira, akadaro, kuri 'zvikuru kupfuura kurwira kodzero dzevaNegroes…. Iri kufumura zvakaipa zvakadzika midzi muhurongwa hwese hwenzanga yedu. Inoratidzira systemic pane kungozvikanganisa uye inoratidza kuti kuvaka patsva kwenzanga pachayo ndiyo nyaya chaiyo inosangana nayo. Zviri… kumanikidza America kutarisana nezvose zvakakanganisika - rusaruraganda, hurombo, zvehondo, uye kunyanya kuda zvinhu '. Mibatanidzwa yekudyidzana inovaka kubatana pane iyi nzwisiso yeshanduko yesystem.

Izvo zvinangwa zvevamiriri vezvemamiriro ekunze uye mapoka erudzi-ruramisiro anopindirana nezvakawanda zvinodiwa zvinobva hupfumi uye magariro eruzhinji. Chikamu ichi chinosanganisira mapoka akasiyana siyana sevamiriri vevashandi, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika (kuchamhembe nekuSouth America kunyanya), vakadzi, vanorwira kodzero dzevane ngochani, varwiri vekodzero dzevanhu, mafambisirwo emubatanidzwa, mapoka ezvitendero emasangano akasiyana siyana, uye mapoka akatarisana nenyika dzese. kururamisira kunosanganisira kodzero dzevapoteri uye vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika uye kuchamhembe-kwakatsvaga kuchinjiswa kwezviwanikwa kuti vatarisane nezvakatipoteredza nekumwe kusaenzana. Iyo GND inosangana pamwe nezvinodiwa uye kodzero dzevashandi, vanhu vemuno uye vakasarudzika vashoma. Green mabasa, garandi yemabasa, pekugara sechakanaka paruzhinji, mhando yepamusoro uye hutano hwepasirese ndidzo dzimwe dzedzidziso dzisiri dzekushandurwa dzakabuda. Sechinyorwa chazvino mu New York Times yakaratidzirwa, kuruboshwe kumahombekombe kuri kugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika pasirese.

The kufamba kwerunyararo inoumba chimwe chikamu chemubatanidzwa wemashure. Muna 2019, njodzi yetsaona kana nemaune kuchinjanisa nyukireya yakakwira kusvika pakakwirira kubva muna 1962. Iyo Bulletin yeAtomic Scientists yakafambisa Doomsday Clock yayo inozivikanwa kuenda kumberi kumasekondi zana pakati pehusiku, ichidudzira kuwanda kwenyukireya uye kudzoka kubva kudzora kwemaoko sekusimbisa njodzi yehondo yenyukireya. Arms-control uye zvombo zvibvumirano, zvakataurirana zvinesimba mumakumi emakore apfuura, zviri kuparara, zvichikonzerwa nekusagadzikana kweUS. Ose makuru masimba enyukireya - United States, Russia neChina - ari kugadzirisa zvombo zvavo zvenyukireya. Mumhepo iyi, iyo US iri pasi paTrump iri kutsvaga kukurudzira vabatiri kuti vapinde nayo muCold War nyowani yakanangana neChina. Zviito zvekutyisidzira uye kutaura kwakanangana neVenezuela, Iran neCuba uye nzira yakapararira kune cyber-warfare inosanganisa kusagadzikana kwepasirese uye yakasimudzira masangano erunyararo zvakanyanya.

Izvo zvinangwa zverunyararo musangano, uye kusangana kwayo sekufamba muNorth America pasi pechirongwa che World Beyond War, vaikwevera padyo nemamwe mitsara mitatu yemubatanidzwa wabuda. Chinangwa chayo chekucheka mabhajeti ekudzivirira, kudzima kutenga kutsva kwemaoko, uye kuendesa mari yakaburitswa kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu inoratidza kunetseka kwekodzero dzevanhu pamwe nekugadziriswa. Kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kunotsanangurwa sekuwedzera kwekodzero dzenzanga uye ecological. Nekudaro kubatana nehurongwa hwehupfumi pamwe nemagariro. Uye zvakare, hukama pakati pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze nekushushikana kwekuchengetedza kwaunza mamiriro ekunze uye nerunyararo kufamba mukutaurirana. Kunyangwe shanduko diki yenyukireya yaizotanga nguva yechando chenyukireya, ine mhedzisiro isinganetsi yekusanaya kwemvura, nzara uye nhamo yakajairika. Zvakare, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, nekuparadza raramo nekupa nzvimbo dzinopisa dzisingagarike, inokanganisa nyika dzisina kusimba uye inowedzera mhirizhonga dziripo pamwe nekumwe kurwa. Runyararo, ruramisiro nekusimudzira zviri kuramba zvichionekwa sezvisingachinjike. Ndihwo hwaro hwemibatanidzwa yemubatanidzwa uye kutsigirana kwekuratidzira kumwe nekufamba.

Kuita Izvo Zvisingagone Kugoneka

Tiri kurarama mumakore gumi ekutonga, takatarisana nematambudziko akakomba anokanganisa ramangwana remarudzi ese. Zvematongerwo enyika senguva dzose mumasununguko akasununguka anoita kunge asingakwanise kubata kukura kwematambudziko kana kuita danho rekugadzirisa iwo. Kwira inokwira yevamiriri vanodzvinyirira-vemunyika, pamwe nedzidziso dzekupokana dzedzinza, vanomisa chipingamupinyi chikuru kugadzirisa mhinduro dzakaenzana kumatambudziko emarudzi akawanda. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, mafambiro anofambira mberi emasangano evagari vari kutamba chinzvimbo chiri kuwedzera mukusundira shanduko dzegadziriro dzinodiwa. Mubvunzo ndewokuti: kubatana kweimwe-nyaya kufamba kunovakwa kwakatenderedza chirongwa chakajairika chinodzivirira zvese Utopianism uye kungoshandura shanduko? Zvakare, iko kufamba kwekufamba kunotora kuranga kwakaringana kuti urambe usina mhirizhonga, wakanangana wakatsiga kune kusateerera kwevanhu? Mhinduro kumibvunzo miviri iyi dzinofanirwa kuve hongu - kana tichizoita zvisingaite, zvinogoneka.

Richard Sandbrook ndiPurofesa Emeritus wePolitiki Sayenzi paYunivhesiti yeToronto. Mabhuku achangoburwa anosanganisira Reinventing Kuruboshwe muGlobal South: The Politics of the Possible (2014), rakadzokororwa uye rakawedzerwa chinyorwa cheCivilizing Globalization: Rinoponesa Gwara (co-mupepeti uye munyori-munyori, 2014), neSocial Democracy muGlobal. Periphery: Mavambo, Matambudziko, Tarisiro (co-munyori, 2007).