Takarasika nzira yedu muhondo here?

NaDavid Swanson, September 21, 2017, Ngatitangei Democracy.

Kuzarura nharo hurukuro paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania munaSeptember 21, 2017, pane zvinotevera: "Hondo dzeAmerica muSiria neAfghanistan dzakakodzera uye dzakakosha kana tarasa nzira yedu mukushandiswa kweuto rehondo, kusanganisira drone zvombo, mukuitisa US foreign policy? "

Wow, ndave ndatowedzera kuwedzerwa kupfuura Trump yakawana hurukuro yake yose kuUnited States.

Hondo dzekuAmerica uye mabhomba muSiriya, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Somalia, nePhilippines, uye zvinotyisa kuNorth Korea hazvina kururama, zvisina kufanira, zvounzenza, zvisiri pamutemo, zvinodhura zvikuru munzira dzakasiyana siyana, uye zvisingabatsiri ivo pachavo.

Pfungwa yehondo yakarurama inouya kwatiri kune mamwe makore e1600 kubva kune vanhu vane maonero atinotarisana navo pane imwe nzira. Zviratidzo zvehondo zvinouya mumitatu mitatu: isiri yemasimba, zvisingaiti, uye maitiro.

Izvo Zvisingaiti Zvemagariro: Hondo yakarurama inofanirwa kuva nechinangwa chakanaka, chikonzero chaicho, uye kuenzana. Asi izvi zviyero zvekutaura. Apo hurumende yako inoti ichitsvaira chivako umo ISIS inokwidza mari inoruramisa kuuraya kusvika kuvanhu ve50, hapana kubvumirana, nzira yekutonga kupindura Kwete, chete 49, kana chete 6, kana kusvika kuvanhu 4,097 inogona kuurayiwa zvakarurama. Kuziva chinangwa chehurumende hakusi nyore, uye kugadzirisa chikonzero chakarurama sekuguma kweuranda hwehondo hakuiti kuti chikonzero ichocho chiri muhondo iyoyo. Uranda hunogona kuguma nenzira dzakawanda, asi pasina hondo yakamborwirwa nechikonzero chimwe chete. Dai Myanmar yaiva nemafuta akawanda watinenge tichinzwa pamusoro pekudzivirira kwehutongi sechikonzero chakanaka chekuwira, uye pasina mubvunzo kuipa, dambudziko.

Izvo Zvisingaitikanwi: Hondo yakarurama inofanirwa kuva yekupedzisira, iine tarisiro yakanaka yekubudirira, ramba usiri varwi vanodzivirira kurwisa, ruremekedza varwi vemauto sevanhu, uye vabata vasungwa vehondo sevasingaiti nharo. Hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinokwanisika. Kudaidza chimwe chinhu "kusarudzwa kwekupedzisira" ndeyechokwadi kungozviti ndeyo pfungwa yakanakisisa yaunayo, kwete iyo chete pfungwa yaunayo. Kune dzimwe nguva dzimwe pfungwa dzingave dzingafungidzirwa nemunhu. Nguva imwe neimwe yatinofanira kukurumidza kukuvadza Iran kana isu tose tichafa, uye isu hatiiti, uye isu hatiiti, kukurumidzira kwechipiri chinoda kupombera Iran inorasikirwa nechimwe chekuvhenekera kwayo uye zvisarudzo zvisingagumi zvemamwe Zvinhu zvekuita zvingava nyore nyore kuona. Kana hondo chaiyo yaiva iyo chete pfungwa yawakanga uine, iwe hausi kuzove nemafungiro ekupikisana, iwe unenge uchimhanyira Congress.

Zvakadini nekuremekedza munhu paanenge achiedza kumuuraya iye kana iye? Pane nzira dzakawanda dzokuremekedza munhu, asi hapana kana imwe chete inogona kuitika panguva imwechete nekuedza kuuraya munhu iyeye. Yeuka kuti Nharo yehondo yakatanga nevanhu vaitenda kuuraya mumwe munhu vaiita zvakanaka. Vasingabatanidzi ndivo vazhinji vevanhu vanotambura muhondo dzemazuva ano, saka havagone kuchengetedzwa, asi havakwanisi kuvhara, saka vasungwa havakwanisi kurapwa sevasingaiti mhirizhonga pavanenge vasungwa.

Zvinorayirirwa neAmoral: Hondo hondo dzinofanirwa kuziviswa pachena uye dzichigadziriswa nevatongi vane kodzero uye vane kodzero. Izvi hazvisi zvinetso zvemitemo. Kunyangwe munyika umo taive nehutongi hwakakodzera uye hune simba, havazogadziri hondo zvakare kana zvishoma.

Iye zvino, tinogona kuongorora nhamba ipi neipi yehondo, uye vazhinji vavo munyaya yemaminitsi vanosvika pakuguma kuti, zvakanaka, hondo iyi haisi yega asi imwe hondo inogona kuva. Hurumende yeAfghan yaida kuchinja Osama bin Laden kune imwe nyika yechitatu kuti iiswe mhosva. IU.S. yakasarudza hondo. Vanhu vazhinji muAngland havana kungova nechokuita ne 9 / 11 asi vasati vakambonzwa nezvazvo kusvikira nhasi. Kana kuronga 9 / 11 muAk Afghanistan kwaive kwechikonzero chemakore 16 ekuparadza Afghanistan, sei kusatombonyanya kuputika kweEurope? Sei pasina bhomba reFlorida? Kana kuti yehotera iri muMadganist pedyo neNSA? Pane nhoroondo yakakurumbira yokuti UN yakagadzirira kurwisa Afghanistan. Izvo hazvina kudaro. Mushure memazana emakore e16 ekuuraya nekuvhiringidza uye kuparadza, Afghanistan inoshaya uye ine zvechisimba, uye United States inovengwa zvikuru.

Siriya yaiva pane urongwa hwehurumende huchaparadzwa neU.S. kwemakore akawanda, uye US inoshanda kune iyo kwemakore gumi apfuura. ISIS yakabuda muhondo yakatungamirirwa neUnited States kuIraq, iyo (pamwe nehondo kuYemen neSiria, uye nemapoka akawanda kuti ape mhosva) inofanira kutarisa kumusoro pane urongwa hwemhosva iyi yezana remakore. ISIS yakabvumira US kuti iwedzere basa rayo muSiria, asi kumativi maviri ehondo imwe chete. Takave ne Pentagon vakadzidziswa uye mauto akazvidzivirira ari kurwisa avo vakadzidziswa uye vakashongedzwa neCIA. Takaverenga mu New York Times kuti hurumende yeIsrael haisaruri rutivi rwekukunda. Takatarisa US inoramba huzhinji hwekuita rugare pamusoro pemakore, kusarudza hondo. Uye kunze kwekuuraya, kukuvara, kuparadzwa, nzara, uye zvirwere zvirwere chii chiripo kuti chiratidze?

North Korea yaida kuita zvibvumirano uye yakaramba iine makore 20 apfuura, uye, zvinopesana nedzimwe sangano reU.S., rakasununguka kugoverana zvino. Vanhu veSouth Korea vanoda chaizvo United States kubvumirana kutaura. Mumwe murume akazvipisa pachake kusvika pakufa musi weChishanu pakurwisana nezvimwe zvombo zveUnited States muSouth Korea. Asi hurumende yeUnited States yakashuma kuparadzanisa zvisingabviri kuitira kutyisidzira iyo yakasarudzwa "yekupedzisira sarudzo." Trump akaudza UN kuti chipiri kuti kana North Korea ichinyengera, "Hatingazogoni kusarudza kunze kwekuparadza zvachose North Korea" - kwete hondo chete asi kuparadzwa zvachose kwevanhu vane mamiriyoni e25. Mashoko aJohn McCain anonzi "kuparadza." Mukati me60 seconds, Trump akapfuurira kukumbira chiito pamusoro peIranasi pamusana pekuti Iran inofanirwa kutyisidzira kuponda kwevanhu vakawanda.

Dzimwe hondo hazvikwanisi mumashoko aya okutanga. Ndinoda kubvumirwa zvishoma ne5 maminitsi akazara kuRwanda, 10 paAmerican Revolution kana Civil War, uye 30 paHondo Yenyika II, iyo-mukururama-iwe pamwe wakashandisa zviuru zvemaawa evhangeri. Kana, kunyange zviri nani kwatiri tose, ndaigona kuvhara uye iwe unogona kungoverenga mabhuku angu.

Asi kana wabvumirana kuti zvakawanda zvehondo hazvisi izvo chete, kana iwe wakaziva zvakakwana pamusoro pekuti hondo dzakanyatsotanga sei uye runyararo rusingaiti mukuedza kukuru kuitira kuti iwe unogona kuseka kana kuti zvichida kuchema kudai kaKen Burns kuti izvo zvinonzi vhivian Hondo yeAmerica yakatanga "mukutenda kwakanaka," zvinova zvakaoma kutaura kuti imwe yemamwe hondo ndeyechokwadi, kunyange iyo iwe unotanga kufunga iwe nenzira iyo. Heino chikonzero.

Hondo inzvimbo, yakakura, inodhura kune yakapoteredza. IU.S. inoshandisa $ 1 trillion gore muhondo, inenge yakaenzana nenyika yose yakabatanidzwa - uye yakawanda yenyika yose ishamwari dzeU.S. uye zvombo zvekutengesa kuti US inoshingaira kubhadhara mari yakawanda. Mazana emabhiriyoni anogona kupedza nzara, kusava nemvura yakachena, kana zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose. Kungofanana nemari iyo Congress yakangowedzera kushandiswa kwemauto muvhiki ino inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai pasi rose, uye sebhonasi, inoita kojiji pasina muUnited States. Mazana emabhiriyoni aigona kutipa mukana wekurwisana nekushandurwa kwemamiriro ekunze kana akadzorerwa. Nzira yepamusoro umo hondo inouraya ndeyokutsausa zvidzidzo. Hondo (uye ini ndinoshandisa izwi rokuti shorthand yehondo uye kugadzirira hondo, neyekupedzisira ndiyo inonyanya kukosha munzira dzakawanda) ndiyo yakaipisisa muparadzi wezvisikwa zvenyama, chinokonzera chikuru chemapurisa akachengeterwa mhirizhonga uye kodzero dzakasvibiswa, guru guru rinotyisa uye kururamiswa kwehurumende yehurumende neyekuvanda. Uye nemari yemari inouya hondo dzose dzisina kururama.

Saka hondo yakarurama, kururamisa kuvapo kwechirongwa chehondo, inofanira kuwedzera kukuvadza kwekuparadzanisa kwemari kure nemabasa akanaka, nekuwedzera mari yemari yakarasikirwa nemikana, mazana emadhora emadhora ekuparadzwa kwepfuma inokonzerwa nehondo, kusaruramisira kwehondo dzisina kururama, njodzi yezvombo zvenyukireya apocalypse, kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, hurumende inokuvadza, uye kukuvadza kwevanhu mune zvehondo. Hapana hondo inogona kuva kuti zvakarurama, zvechokwadi kwete hondo dzakarwiwa nehondo huru yenyika. IUnited States inogona kutanga shanduko yezvombo zvishoma nyore nyore. Nhanho dzatinogona kutamira kune nyika umo vanhu vakaona zviri nyore kuziva zvinorehwa nekubudirira kusingaiti. Zvinoreva zvekubudirira izvi ndezvi: haunoda hondo kuti uzvidzivirire. Iwe unogona kushandisa zvishandiso zvekusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana, kusagadziriswa, tsika dzehupfumi uye zvezvematongerwe enyika uye dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvekutonga uye yekukurukura.

Asi kudavira kuti iwe unoda hondo, uye iyo inorwisa nyika-yakawanda yeirima ine chimwe chinhu chokuita nekudzivirira vanhu inotora nzira yakareba yekukuisa pangozi panzvimbo yako. Gallup kuparidzira inowana hurumende yeUnited States inotendwa nehukuru hwepasi pose kuti ive inotyisa kune rugare pasi pano. Kune imwe nyika, ngatiti Canada, kuti iite anti-Canada magandanga emagetsi pamusana weUnited States, inofanira kuputira nekuuraya nekuita vanhu vazhinji. Asi kana yaita, mhindu yaizove yakakura, nokuti inogona kureva kuvavengi veCanada sechikonzero chezvombo zvakakura uye zvakakura uye mishandirapamwe yekuitazve vamwe vavengi, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Vavengi ivavo vaizove vechokwadi, uye zviito zvavo chaizvoizvo zvounzenza, asi kuchengetedza utsinye hunotenderera kunofamba zvakakodzera kungangodaro kuburikidza nokuwedzeredza kutyisa kwavo kunoshamisa.

Kana iU.S. yaifanira kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvenyika dzakawanda, kupinda muchirongwa chemauto, kupa rubatsiro pachikamu chiduku chechikwereti icho chinopa hutano hwehondo, uye kutevera nzira dzomubvumirano kune rugare, nyika inenge isina kuva paradhiso mangwana, asi kutinhira kwedu kusvika kumucheto denga riri kuuya raizopfupika.

Imwe yenzira dzakawanda dzinokosha umo hondo inotitambudza nayo nekukuvadza mutemo wemutemo. Icho chakavanzika chakachengetedzwa, asi nyika yakarambidza hondo yose mu 1928 muchibvumirano chakashandiswa kutsinhira avo vakarasikirwa neHondo Yenyika II uye ichiri mumabhuku. Kellogg-Briand Pact, iyo ichangobva kunyorwa naScott Shapiro naOona Hathaway, yakashandura nyika. Hondo yakatongerwa mu 1927. Nhengo mbiri dzehondo dzakange dziri pamutemo. Kushungurudzika kwakaitwa muhondo kwaive nguva dzose pamutemo. Kukunda kwendima kwakange kuri pamutemo. Kupisa uye kupamba uye kupamba kwakange kuri pamutemo. Hondo yaiva, chaizvoizvo, kwete kungoita mutemo; iyo yakanga yakanzwisiswa kuva mutemo wekuteerera. Hondo inogona kushandiswa kuedza kururamisa chero chipi zvacho chakaonekwa kusaruramisira. Kubatwa kwemamwe marudzi semakoloni kwakange ari pamutemo. Kukurudzira kwemakoloni kuedza kuzvisunungura pachavo kwakanga kusina simba nokuti vaigona kunge vakabata neimwe nyika kana vakasununguka kubva kune vanodzvinyirira. Izvo zvizhinji zvekukundwa kubva ku1928 zvakasarudzwa zvichibva pamiganhu ye1928. Nyika itsva zvitsva isingatyi kukunda yakawanda. Sangano reUnited Nations re1945 rakadzokodzwa zvakare nehondo kana rakanzi rakadzivirirwa kana UN-yakagamuchirwa. Hondo dzekuAmerica dzemazuva ano hadzisi kodzero dzeUnited States, uye kana hondo dzipi dzisingadziviriri saka hondo kune varombo vaduku nyika kune imwe nyika yose inofanirwa kunge iri mumutambo iwoyo.

Asi, kubvira 1945, hondo yakawanzoonekwa seyisiri pamutemo kunze kwekuti United States ichizviita. Kubvira panguva yeHondo Yenyika II, pane izvo zvidzidzo zvakawanda zveUnited States zvichitumidza nguva yakareba yegoridhe yorugare, mauto eUnited States akauraya vamwe vanhu vane mamiriyoni e20, akaparadzwa hurumende dze36, akapindira mune zvishoma 82 mune dzimwe sarudzo, akaedza kuuraya vatungamiri veZimbabwe vatorwa kunze kwenyika. , uye akasiya mabhomba kuvanhu vari munyika dzinopfuura 50. Nevakuru veUnited States muZ30 nyika maererano nevashambadzi vemitambo yeUnited States, mutungamiri weUnited States akaenda kuUnited States neChipiri ndokukumbira ruremekedzo kumarudzi anotonga, akatongesa UN kuti haana kuwana rugare, akatyisidzira hondo mukupokana kweUnited Charter, uye akaseka UN kuisa Saudi Arabia kumusangano wekodzero dzevanhu apo zvakanyatsozvikudza zvikuru nebasa reUnited States mukubatsira Saudi Arabia kuuraya vanhu vakawanda muYemen. Gore rapera nhaurirano yemuongorori akakumbira vashandi veUnited States kuti vagadzirire kana vangada kuuraya mazana nezviuru zvevana vasina mhosva sechikamu chebasa ravo rekutanga. Mamwe nyika haabvunzi mubvunzo iwoyo uye aizodheredzwa kana vakaita. Saka, tine dambudziko reviri-maitiro, chaizvoizvo zvakaitwa naRobert Jackson kuNuremberg zvaisazova saizvozvo.

Hapana Kongamende kana mutungamiriri wenyika ane simba rekuita chero hondo yepamutemo. Bhomba rimwe chete re nyukliya rinogona kutiuraya isu zvose kuburikidza nemamiriro ayo emamiriro okunze, zvachose pasinei nokuti Congress inorigamuchira. Hondo dzeUnited States dzinoputsa Peace Pact ye1928, UN Charter, uye neUnited States Constitution. Mvumo isina kujeka yekushandisa Military Force inopesana neMutemo. Asi apo nhengo dzeImba gore rino vakaedza kuvhota imwe kubvisa AUMF, avo vanonzi hutungamiri havana kubvumira vhoti. Apo Seneti yakabata ivo vheti yakadaro, chikamu chezve chetatu cheSenate chakasarudza kuti chibviswe, uye vazhinji vavo nokuti vaida kugadzira AUMF itsva panzvimbo.

Handina kutaura zvakawanda maererano nemadrones, nokuti ndinofunga kuti dambudziko rinokosha rekutonga mhondi haisi dambudziko rekombiyuta. Asi chii chinonzi drones, uye mamwe magetsi, anoita kuti kuuraya zvive nyore, zviri nyore kuita muchivande, zviri nyore kuita nokukurumidza, zviri nyore kuita mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kunyengedza kweMutungamiri Obama uye zvemauto-zvakatsigirwa mafirimu evhangeri Ziso Mumatenga kuti drones inongoshandiswa kuuraya avo vasingakwanisi kutorwa, avo vane mhosva yeimwe mhando yeupombwe, avo vari kukurumidza kutyisidzira kuUnited States yeA, avo vanogona kuurayiwa pasina ngozi yekuuraya chero munhu wese mukugadzirisa - Izvo zvose izvi zvinongoratidzwa zvinyorwa. Vanhu vazhinji vanotarirwa havatombozivikanwi nemazita, hapana mumwe wavo akatongerwa mhosva, mune imwe mhaka inenge yazivikanwa yaigona kuonesa kuti haafaniri kutorwa, muzviitiko zvakawanda vangangosungwa chete nyore, vasina mhosva vakaurayiwa nezviuru , kunyange Hollywood yakanga isingagoni kufungidzira kutyisidzira kwekupedzisira kuUnited States, uye drone hondo ndeyekukura kwezvisikwa zvisingabatsiri. Mumwe haasi kunzwa Obama achirumbidza hondo yake yakabudirira ye drone kuYemen zvikuru mazuva ano.

Asi kana tisiri kuzosarudza varume, vakadzi, uye vana musi weChishanu kuti vauraye nemisipiresi kubva kune drones zvino chii chatinofanira kuita pane kudaro?

HASATO varume, vakadzi, uye vana musi weChishanu pamusana pekuponda nemisungo kubva kune drones.

Uyewo, shingai uye mubatsire magungano emarudzi akawanda nezvekodzero dzevanhu, kodzero dzevana, zvombo zvinorambidzwa, mushandirapano mutsva unorambidza nhaka ye nukes (nyika imwe chete ine nukes yakabvumira kutanga mutambo iwoyo, asi iwe haungatendi ini kana ndikaitumidza ), sangano reInternational Criminal Court, rega kutengesa zvombo kune vavengi vemazuva ano, rega kutengesa zvombo kune udzvinyiriri, rega kupa zvombo kure, kurega kutenga zvombo zvisina chinangwa chekudzivirirwa, kuchinja kune hupfumi hune hupfumi huri nani.

Mienzaniso yenzira dzakanyanya dzorugare inogona kuwanikwa kwose kwose, kusanganisira muPennsylvania. Shamwari yangu, John Reuwer, inotaura kuPennsylvania semuenzaniso kune vamwe. Sei? Nokuti kubva ku1683 kusvika ku1755 Pennsylvania vekuEuropia vakanga vasina hondo huru nemarudzi ekuzvarwa, zvakasiyana zvikuru nedzimwe maBritish makoloni. Pennsylvania yaiva neuranda, yakanga iine humwe humwe hutambudzo hunotyisa, hwakanga huri nemhirizhonga. Asi yakasarudza kuti isashandise hondo, kwete kutora nyika kunze kweiyo yaifanirwa kunge iri kungoripira, uye kwete kuisa doro kune vanhu vekuzvarwa nenzira iyo opium yakazosimudzirwa kuChina uye pfuti nemapuraneti zvino zvakasimudzirwa kune zvakaipa zvakashata . Muna 1710, veTuscaroras vokuNorth Carolina vakatumira nhume kuPennsylvania vachikumbira mvumo yekugaramo. Mari yose ingadai yakashandiswa kumamiriyoni, masvingo, uye nhumbi dzaivepo, kuti zvive nani kana kuti zvakashata, kuvaka Philadelphia (rangarira zvinorehwa nezita rayo) uye kukudziridza chikoro. Ikoko yaiva nevanhu vane 4,000 mukati me3 makore, uye ne1776 Philadelphia yakapfuura Boston neNew York mukukura. Nokudaro nepo masimba makuru ezuva iri akanga achirwisana nekutonga kwekondinendi, boka rimwe revanhu rakaramba pfungwa yokuti hondo inodiwa, uye yakabudirira nokukurumidza kupfuura umwe wevakidzani vavo vaisimbisa kuti yaiva.

Iye zvino, mushure memazana e230 emusana wekusagadziriswa kwehondo, nekugadzirwa kwemauto anodhura uye akapararira akawanda akamboonekwa, Trump inotaurira UN kuti Mutemo weUnited States unokodzera kubhadhara nekuda kwekugadzikana kworugare. Zvichida kana vaizorega vaQuaker vakanyora chinhu chaizodaro chave chiri chokwadi.