NaRichard Tucker, World Beyond War
Taura pa Kwete Hondo 2017 Conference, September 23, 2017
Mangwanani akanaka, shamwari,
Hapana chakafanana nekutendeuka uku kwakaitika kare. Ndinotenda zvikuru kuvarongi, uye ndakatonyanya kushamiswa pamhando yevatauri nevarongeri vari kushanda pamwe chete vhiki ino uye mberi.
Kubatana kwemauto ehondo nemaitiro edu akasimudzika maitiro akawanda-akawanda uye akapararira, asi havawanzwisisiki. Saka pane basa kwatiri kuti tiite munzvimbo dzakawanda. Imwe ndiyo dzidzo yekudzidzisa. Ndine nyanzvi yezvakaitika mumagariro nekutengeserana. Sekutsvakurudza uye mudzidzisi, ndakanga ndashanda kwemazana makumi maviri pamusana weuto rekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nenhoroondo - kwete munguva yehondo chete, asi munguva yorugare zvakare. Sezvo Gar Gar Smith akambotaura, iyo nhoroondo yekare, yakare sevanhu vakarongeka.
Asi mune yedu yedzidzo system iyo yakawanda-mativi kubatana pakati pehondo neyakaganhurirwa mutengo hazvitomboratidze chero padanho. Vezvenhau vezvakatipoteredza havana hanya zvakanyanya neiyi yekubatana kudzamara yedu yehondo / nharaunda network yabuda isingasviki makore gumi apfuura. Vazhinji vedu hatina kuda kudzidza nhoroondo yechiuto. Vezvenhau vemauto vagara vakatarisisa kune zvakasikwa nyika - segadziriro uye vanogadzira gakava rakawanda - asi basa ravo harina kumbobvira rakurukura nezvehurefu hwakareba hwezvakatipoteredza zvechiuto. Mapurogiramu mazhinji erunyararo ezvidzidzo anogona kuve akagadziriswa pamwe nezvimwe zvakatipoteredza zvinhu.
Tiri kuburitsa zvakateerana zvinoramba zvichikura zvezvidzidzo zvekutsvaga pane nhoroondo yayo kutenderera pasirese zvatiri kunyora pane yedu webhusaiti . Kunyanya isu tese patinoziva zvese zvinokanganisa, zvese zviri kuitika uye zverefu-kwenguva, zvakanyanya kumanikidza nyaya dzedu kuva. Ndosaka ndichifarira Gar nekuisa pamwechete iyo Hondo uye Zvakatipoteredza Reader. Ndinotarisira kuti mose muchawana makopi. Iye zvino ndinoda kuwedzera kuhurukuro yaGar nekusimbisa huwandu hwakadzika hwemamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro edu ezvinhu.
Hondo yezvokutanga (zvekudzivirirwa nekudarika) yakange iri yepamusoro kune dzimwe nharaunda uye nyika yehurumende kuburikidza nehupfumi. Izvo zvakakosha zvakagadzira masangano ezvematongerwe enyika, masangano ezvemari, uye nharaunda. Ikoko nguva dzose mave nemakwikwi ezvombo, anotungamirirwa nehurumende uye akabudiswa nebasa remauto emabhizimisi. Asi mu 20th kwemazana emakore kukanganisa kwehupfumi hwose kwave kusina kumboitika. Tiri kurarama ikozvino muHondo yeHondo iyo yakasikwa muHondo Yenyika II uye yakatsigirwa neCold War. Bhuku redu gumi-munyori pamusoro pezvakaitika zvezvakatipoteredza zveHondo Yenyika Yechipiri muSouth America inoti; iyo ichabudiswa gore rinotevera.
Tichitarisa kumashure muhupenyu hwedu hwakareba, ndinoda kusimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma civilians munguva yehondo - vanhuwo zvavo sevanyajambwa nevatsigiri vemauto. Apa ndipo patinowana kwakawanda kwakabatana kwakabatana pakati pehupenyu hwevanhu uye kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza mune zvese nguva yehondo uye nguva yerunyararo.
Chimwe chepakati chekubatanidza nde Chikafu Agriculture: Varimi vanogara vachirwara zvakanyanya munguva yehondo, sezvo mapurisa emasoja anotsvaira nyika, kubhadhara zvivako, kupisa zvivako, kuparadza zvirimwa - nekukuvadza nyika. Iyi mishandirapamwe yakawedzera nekuuya kwemauto emabhizimisi muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Mipurogiramu yepasi yakaipisisa yakanga yakakurumbira muAmerica Civil War. MuHondo Yenyika I zvekurima kwekurima uye kusagadzikana kwekushaya kudya kwevanhu kwakanyanya kune inharaunda yese yeEurope neEiddle East, sezvatinotarisa munhoroondo yedu yakawanda yezvakatipoteredza zvenhoroondo yeHondo Yenyika I iyo ichazoshandurwa gore rakatevera. Ndiyo nyaya isingagumi inobatanidza vanhu vehurumende kune zvinokonzera kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza
Tichitaura nezvemakwikwi epasi akapisa, ngatitarirei nemaune hondo yezvakatipoteredza zvimwe zvishoma. Counter-insurgency mishandirapamwe, yakagadzirirwa kukanganisa rubatsiro rwevasi vevapanduki, yakaramba ichikonzera kukanganisa kwemaune zvakasikwa. Kushandiswa kwemakemikari muVietnam kwakatorwa muchikamu kubva kumagadziro ehondo-mauto eBritain neFrance, avo vanga vadzidza mazano eAmerica mukukunda kwePhilippines kunotenderedza 1900. Nzira dzakadaro dzinodzokera shure kuburikidza nenhau kusvika kuGreece yekare.
Nguva dzakawanda dzenguva dzehondo dzakakonzera kuwanda kwevapoteri. Munguva dzemazuva ano dzinowanzo shumwa - kunze kwenzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza. Kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza kunowedzera chero vanhu pavanomanikidzwa kusiya dzimba dzavo, uye nenzira dzavanotiza nadzo, uye nekwavanogara. Mumwe muenzaniso unotyisa, unokurukurwa mune yedu ichangoburitswa yakawanda-vhoriyamu vhoriyamu The Long Shadows: A Global Environmental History of the Second World War, yaiva China, uko makumi emamiriyoni evapoteri akatiza misha yavo pakati pe1937 ne1949. Vakawanda vedu isu tiri kudzidza iye zvino mamwe mazana mumakore zana nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri. Mumakore achangopfuura vapoteri vehondo uye vapoteri vepakati pemugumo vari kuwirirana nekusati kwamboitika kudarika kwemamiriyoni makumi manomwe akaparadzanisa vanhu. Zvakatipoteredza zvose zvinokonzera uye chikonzero chezvizhinji zvekufamba.
Izvi zvinonditungamirira ini Civil Wars, iyo inoshatisa mutsauko pakati pevarwi nevanhuwo zvavo; kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza chave chiri chinhu mune yega yega. Zvisinei - pamusoro pezana ramakore rapfuura hapana kana mumwe aingova zvemukati; vese vakapihwa chikafu nekutengesa zvombo zvepasi rese. Izvo zvakabatana zvinongedzo ku Resource Wars uye maitiro emasimba emabhizimisi mukurwisana kwekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvinofanirwa kuve pachena. Iyi hondo dzehondo, dzinoshandisa vanhu vemunharaunda sevanhu vanozvipira, zvinopesana nemhuka. (Kubva kuna Michael Klare, Philippe LeBillon muVancouver, nevamwewo, nokuda kwebasa ravo rinokosha panyaya iyi.) Saka apo patinodzidza kupfuura makumi mashanu ehondo "vehurumende" yezana remakore rapfuura, hatimbofaniri kukanganwa mutengesi wezvombo zvepasi rese. (SIPRI).
Pano ndinoda kuchinja inzwi rangu kweminiti, kuti ndifungisise imwe nyaya inokukurudzira. Dzimwe nguva kune nhau dzinotonhora mwoyo yevashandi vanoshanda pamwe chete mukutsungirira, mumamiriro ezvinhu anowanzobatana nehupfumi hwematongerwo enyika zvinetso zvehutano hwevanhu uye vagari venyika 'kupopotedzana kwemamiriro okunze. Mune dzimwe dzakawanda Soviet Republics munguva yeglasnost-perestroika yakatevera dambudziko reChernobyl, masangano makuru akabuda usiku hwose apo Gorbachev akazarura hwindo rehurukuro yavose. Nevamwe vavakidzani ve1989 vanogona kuronga pachena kuti varatidze hutachiona hwehutachiona uye hwehutachiona uye vanovabatanidza nedambudziko rakawanda rezvakatipoteredza. Chidzidzo chitsva kubva kuKiev ichakurumidza kutaura nyaya iyo zvakananga kuUkraine, umo ma NGOs akaronga nokukurumidza nekubatanidza pakarepo kumasangano enyika dzakadai seGreenpeace, uye kune avo vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika muCanada, US, nekumadokero kweEurope. Asi zvakaoma kutsigira sangano, uye nhau dzechangobva kunge dzisina kukurudzira. Apo hurumende inokanganisa vanhu vayo kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakabatana, sezvazviri kuitika ikozvino muHungary, chiito chekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza chinoitwa zvakaoma.
Pakupedzisira, tinosvika pakuderedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kunobatana nevamwe vose: Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze. Mupiro weuto wekudziya kwepasi rose mune nhoroondo, asi haisati yadzidzwa zvakarongeka. Bhuku rakasimba raBarry Sanders, The Green Zone, ndeimwe yekuedza kwakakosha. Varongi vemauto - muUS, nyika dzeNATO, India, China, Australia - vari kushanda nesimba pazvinhu zvazvino. Asi nhoroondo izere yenguva yemafuta yakasarudzika haigone kunzwisiswa zvakakwana kudzamara taona zvakanyatsojeka kuti chikamu chemauto chave chii, zvese zvinoshandisa mafuta uye kuumba hupfumi hwepasi rose hwemarasha, oiri, uye gasi rechisikigo.
Muchidimbu, patinoziva izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda zvakabatana pakati pehondo uye zvakatipoteredza, munhoroondo yedu yose, inoita kuti basa redu riwedzere kudzvinyirira, zvose mukirasi uye mukuumba munhu wese kuziva kwekuoma uye kukwirira kwedu nguva dzakaoma.
Saka, nzira yekufambira mberi sei munguva dzinotangira? Resilience uye kupora zvakarewo zvikamu zvinokosha zvezvinyorwa zvezvakaitika - kukanganisa kwevanhu uye kwezvakatipoteredza kwakawanzogadziriswa, zvishoma nezvishoma. Handina kutaura zvakawanda pamusoro pechirevo ichocho chenhoroondo yedu yezvakatipoteredza; zvakakodzera kunyanya kufunga. Ndiri kufara kuti vhiki ino ino tine mukana wekushanda pamwechete kuti tiwane mafomu matsva uye akasimbiswa ekurwisana nekuvandudzwa.
Yedu nhoroondo yeprojekiti webhusaiti iri kuongororwa uye kuwedzerwa mwaka uno. Inosanganisira kuverenga mabhuku uye muenzaniso wesirabhasi. Tinoda kuti saiti iwedzere kuwedzera kubatsira kune varwi vanhasi. Ndinogamuchira mazano ekuti ungazviita sei.
