Mano eNzvimbo Yekudzivirira neKuramba Kurwisana Kunotyisa

By Peace Sciences Digest, December 2, 2022

Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza tsvakiridzo inotevera: Saulich, C., & Werthes, S. (2020). Kuongorora zvinogona kuitika munharaunda yerunyararo: Maitiro ekuchengetedza runyararo munguva dzehondo. Kuvaka runyararo, 8 (1), 32-53.

Kutaura Points

• Kuvepo kwenharaunda dzine runyararo, nzvimbo dzerunyararo (ZoPs), uye nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo zvinoratidza kuti nharaunda dzine sarudzo uye sarudzo kunyangwe mune yakakura mamiriro emhirizhonga munguva yehondo, kuti kune nzira dzisiri dzechisimba dzekudzivirira, uye kuti hapana chinodzivirirwa pakukweverwa. kupinda mumhirizhonga zvisinei nekukwezva kwakasimba.
• Kucherechedza "zvingabvira munharaunda yerunyararo" kunoratidza kuvepo kwevatambi venzvimbo - kunze kwevapari vemhosva kana vanyajambwa - nemaitiro matsva ekudzivirira kusawirirana, achiwedzera repertoire yematanho ekudzivirira kupesana aripo.
• Vekunze vanodzivirira kusawirirana vanogona kubatsirwa nekuziva zvakanyanya nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo kana maZoP munzvimbo dzine hondo nekuona kuti "havakuvadze" zvirongwa izvi kuburikidza nekupindira kwavo, izvo zvingangobvisa kana kuderedza masimba enzvimbo.
• Mazano akakosha anoshandiswa nenharaunda dzisiri dzehondo anogona kuzivisa mitemo yekudzivirira kusawirirana, sekusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwevanhu vese munguva yehondo, kudyidzana nevatambi vakapakata zvombo, kana kuvaka nharaunda kuvimba nezvavanokwanisa kudzivirira kana kuramba kupinda muhondo.
• Kuparadzira ruzivo rwenharaunda dzakabudirira dzisiri dzehondo munharaunda yakakura kunogona kubatsira mukuvaka runyararo mushure mekurwisana nekukurudzira kusimukira kwedzimwe nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo, zvichiita kuti dunhu rose riwedzere kugadzikana.

Muono Wakakosha Wekuita Kuzivisae

• Kunyangwe nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo dzichiwanzo kukurukurwa mumamiriro enzvimbo dzehondo dzinoshanda, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika muUnited States anoratidza kuti vanhu vekuAmerica vanofanirwa kunge vachinyatsoteerera kune nzira dzenharaunda dzisiri dzehondo mukuedza kwedu kwekudzivirira kusawirirana-kunyanya kuvaka nekuchengetedza hukama mhiri. polarized identities uye kusimbaradza kuzivikanwa kwakasiyana-siyana kunoramba mhirizhonga.

pfupiso

Zvisinei nekuwanda kuchangobva kuitika kwekuda mukuvaka runyararo munharaunda, vatambi vepasi rese vanowanzo chengeta ivo vekutanga mukugadzira nekugadzira maitiro aya. Vatambi venzvimbo vanowanzotorwa se "vagamuchiri" kana "vabatsiri" vemitemo yenyika, kwete sevamiriri vanozvimirira vekuvaka runyararo ivo pachavo. Christina Saulich naSascha Werthes vanoshuvira kuongorora zvavanodaidza kuti "mikana yomunzvimbomo yerunyararo,” achiratidza kuti nzanga nenzanga dziripo pasi pose dzinoramba kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kunotyisa, kunyange dziya dzakangodzipoteredza, pasina kurudziro inobva kunze. Vanyori vanofarira kuongorora kuti kutarisisa kwakakura sei kune zvingangoita zverunyararo munharaunda, kunyanya nzanga dzisiri dzehondo, inogona kuzivisa dzimwe nzira itsva dzekudzivirira kusawirirana.

Vanyori vanotanga nekutsanangura mapoka matatu akasiyana ezvingangoita zverunyararo munharaunda. Masangano ane rugare zvinosanganisira kuchinja kwetsika kwenguva refu kune rugare, kusiyana nenharaunda dzisiri dzehondo uye nzvimbo dzorugare, izvo zvinova mhinduro dzekukurumidza kune kushingaira kurwisana kwechisimba. Nharaunda dzine runyararo “dzinofarira kuita sarudzo dzine chinangwa chokubvumirana” uye dzinotora “tsika nemaonero enyika [izvo] zvinoramba chisimba (chemuviri) uye zvinokurudzira runyararo.” Havaite mhirizhonga yemubatanidzwa mukati kana kunze, havana mapurisa kana mauto, uye vanosangana nemhirizhonga shoma pakati pevanhu. Nyanzvi dzinodzidza nezvenharaunda dzine runyararo dzinoonawo kuti nzanga dzinoshanduka zvichienderana nezvido zvenhengo dzadzo, zvichireva kuti nzanga dzaimbova nerunyararo dzinogona kudaro kuburikidza nekuita sarudzo nekusimudzira tsika nehunhu hutsva.

Nzvimbo dzerunyararo (ZoPs) dzakavakirwa papfungwa yenzvimbo tsvene, apo dzimwe nzvimbo kana mapoka anotorwa senzvimbo yakachengeteka kubva kumhirizhonga. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, maZoP inharaunda dzakasungwa munzvimbo dzakaziviswa panguva yehondo kana runyararo runotevera, asi dzimwe nguva dzinosungirirwa kune mamwe mapoka evanhu (sevana). Nyanzvi dziri kudzidza maZoPs dzakaona zvinhu zvinoita kuti vabudirire, zvinosanganisira “kubatana kwemukati kwakasimba, hutungamiriri hwakabatana, kubata zvisina tsarukano kwemapato ari kurwa, [ ] zvinojairika,” miganhu yakajeka, kushaikwa kwekutyisidzira kune vekunze, uye kushaikwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha mukati meZoP. (izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kurwiswa). Mapato echitatu anowanzo kuita basa rakakosha kutsigira nzvimbo dzerunyararo, kunyanya kuburikidza neyambiro yekukurumidza kana kuedza kwenzvimbo yekuvaka kugona.

Chekupedzisira, nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo dzakafanana neZoPs pakuti dzinobuda mukupokana nemhirizhonga uye vanoshuvira kuchengetedza kuzvitonga kwavo kubva kune vane zvombo kumativi ese, asi ivo vanonyanya pragmatic mukuita kwavo, nekusimbisa kushoma pakuzivikanwa kwepacifist uye tsika. . Kusikwa kwekuzivikanwa kwakasiyana-siyana kunze kwekuzivikanwa kunogadzirisa kukonana kwakakosha pakumuka nekuchengetedza nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo uye kunobatsira kusimbisa kubatana kwemukati uye kumiririra nharaunda seyakamira yakaparadzana nekukakavadzana. Kuzivikanwa kwakakura uku kunotora "pazvinozivikanwa, zviitiko, misimboti, uye nhoroondo sezvibatanidza zvinojairika uye zvakasikwa kunharaunda asi zvisiri chikamu chekuzivikanwa kwemapato ari kurwisana." Nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo dzinochengetedzawo masevhisi eruzhinji mukati, dzidzira nzira dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza (sekurambidzwa kwezvombo), gadzira hutungamiriri hunotora chikamu, hunobatanidza, uye hunoteerera uye masangano ekuita sarudzo, uye "kunyatso pindirana nemapato ese ari mugakava," kusanganisira nenhaurirano nemapoka ane zvombo. , vachiratidza kusununguka kubva kwavari. Uyezve, kudzidza kunoratidza kuti rutsigiro rwebato rechitatu runogona kunge rwusina kukosha kunharaunda dzisiri dzehondo kupfuura kuZoPs (kunyangwe vanyori vachibvuma kuti mutsauko uyu nevamwe pakati peZoPs nenharaunda dzisiri dzehondo unogona kunge wakanyanyisa, sezvo paine kupindirana kwakakura pakati zviitiko chaizvo zvevaviri).

Kuvepo kweiyi mikana yerunyararo munharaunda kunoratidza kuti nharaunda dzine sarudzo uye ejenti kunyangwe mune yakakura mamiriro emhirizhonga munguva yehondo, kuti kune nzira dzisiri dzechisimba dzekudzivirira, uye kuti, kunyangwe kune simba rekupolarization, hapana chinhu chisingadzivisiki pakukweverwa. kuita mhirizhonga.

Chekupedzisira, vanyori vanobvunza kuti: Ko njere dzinobva kunharaunda dzerunyararo, kunyanya nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo, dzizivise mutemo wekudzivirira kukakavara uye maitiro-kunyanya senzira dzepamusoro-pasi dzekudzivirira kusawirirana kunoitwa nemasangano epasirese anowanzo tarisa zvakanyanya pamaitiro ehurumende uye kupotsa. kana kuderedza mashandiro enzvimbo? Vanyori vanopa zvidzidzo zvina zvekuyedza kudzivirira kukonana. Chekutanga, kutarisisa kwakadzama kwezvingangoitika munharaunda yerunyararo kunoratidza kuvepo kwevatambi venzvimbo - kunze kwevapari vemhosva kana vanyajambwa - nemaitiro matsva ekudzivirira kusawirirana uye kupfumisa repertoire yematanho ekudzivirira kusawirirana anofungidzirwa kuti anogona. Chechipiri, vanoita zvekudzivirira kurwisana kwekunze vanogona kubatsirwa kubva mukuziva kwavo nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo kana maZoP munzvimbo dzine hondo nekuona kuti "havakuvadzi" zvirongwa izvi kuburikidza nekupindira kwavo, izvo zvingangobvisa kana kuderedza masimba emunharaunda. Chechitatu, nzira dzinokosha dzinoshandiswa nenharaunda dzisiri dzehondo dzinogona kuzivisa mitemo chaiyo yekudzivirira, yakadai sekusimbisa vanhu vose vanoramba uye kupfuura kuzivikanwa kwepanguva yehondo, “kusimbisa kubatana kwenharaunda nekubatsira kutaura maonero avo asiri ehondo kunze”; kufambidzana nevatambi vane zvombo; kana kuvaka nharaunda kuvimba nezvavanokwanisa kudzivirira kana kuramba kupinda muhondo. Chechina, kuparadzira ruzivo rwenharaunda dzakabudirira dzisiri dzehondo munharaunda yakakura kunogona kubatsira mukuvaka runyararo mushure mekurwisana nekukurudzira kusimukira kwedzimwe nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo, zvichiita kuti dunhu rose riwedzere kugadzikana.

Kuzivisa Kudzidzira

Kunyange zvazvo nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo dzichiwanzokurukurwa munyaya dzenzvimbo dzehondo dzine simba, mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ari muUnited States anoratidza kuti vanhu vokuAmerica vokuAmerica vanofanira kunge vachinyatsoteerera mazano enharaunda dzisiri dzehondo mukuedza kwedu kudzivirira kurwisana. Kunyanya, nekusimuka kwepolarization uye mhirizhonga yekunyanyisa muUS, mumwe nemumwe wedu anofanirwa kunge achibvunza kuti: Chii chingatora kuita my Mharaunda inotsungirira mhirizhonga? Kubva pakuongorora uku kwezvinogoneka munharaunda yerunyararo, pfungwa shoma dzinouya mupfungwa.

Kutanga, zvakakosha kuti vanhu vazive kuti vane kodzero yekuzvisarudzira—kuti vanokwanisa kuita zvimwe zvinhu—kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurwisana kunotyisa uko vanganzwa sokuti vane zvishoma. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti pfungwa yesangano yaive imwe yeakakosha hunhu hwaisiyanisa vanhu vakanunura vanhu vechiJudha panguva yeHolocaust kubva kune vasina kuita chinhu kana avo vakakuvadza muhondo. Kudzidza kwaKristin Renwick Monroe yevanunuri vechiDutch, vaiona, uye vatsigiri veNazi. Kunzwa kugona kwemunhu idanho rekutanga rakakosha pakuita-uye kuramba mhirizhonga kunyanya.

Chechipiri, nhengo dzenharaunda dzinofanira kuratidza chiziviso chakajeka, chakakura chinoramba uye chinodarika zviratidzo zvepolarized zvekurwisana kwechisimba uku vachitora tsika kana nhoroondo dzine musoro kunharaunda iyoyo - chiziviso chinogona kubatanidza nharaunda apo ichitaura kuramba kwayo kurwisana kwechisimba pachayo. Kunyangwe ichi chingave chiziviso cheguta rose (sezvaive zvakaita kuTuzla ine tsika dzakasiyana munguva yeHondo yeBosnia) kana chiziviso chechitendero chinogona kucheka kupatsanurana kwezvematongerwo enyika kana rumwe rudzi rwechiziviso chingaenderana nekukura kwenharaunda iyi uye kuti nharaunda zvitupa zviripo.

Chechitatu, pfungwa dzakadzama dzinofanirwa kuve dzakapirwa mukugadzira inosanganisirwa uye inoteerera kuita sarudzo uye zvimiro zveutungamiri mukati menharaunda izvo zvinowana kuvimba uye kutenga-mukati kwenhengo dzenharaunda dzakasiyana.

Chekupedzisira, nharaunda dzinofanirwa kufunga zvine hungwaru nezvemanetiweki avo akange aripo uye nzvimbo dzekuwana kune mapato ari kurwisana / vatambi vane zvombo kuitira kuti vanyatsoita basa navo, vachijekesa kuzvitonga kwavo kubva kudivi ripi neripi-asi zvakare kuwedzera hukama hwavo nekuzivikanwa kwakakura mukudyidzana kwavo. nevatambi vakapakatira ava.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvinotsamira pakuvaka hukama-kuenderera mberi kwehukama pakati pemitezo yakasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti kuzivikanwa kwakafanana (kunosiyanisa hunhu hwakasiyana) kunonzwa kwechokwadi uye vanhu vanogovana pfungwa yekubatana mukuita sarudzo. Pamusoro pazvo, kana hukama hwakasimba pakati pemitsara yezvitupa, ndipo panowedzera nzvimbo dzekuwana kune vatambi vakapakata mativi ese/mativi ese emakakatanwa. In kumwe kutsvakurudza, iyo inoratidzika seyakanaka pano, Ashutosh Varshney anocherechedza kukosha kwete kungovaka hukama hwekutsvaga asi "maitiro ekubatana kwekubatana" pane zvakasiyana-siyana-uye kuti nzira iyi yekubatana kwemasangano, yekubatanidza ndiyo inogona kuita kuti nharaunda dzive dzakasimba kumhirizhonga. . Sechiito chidiki sezvachingaite senge, saka, chinhu chakakosha chingaite chero ani wedu izvozvi kudzivirira mhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika muUS inogona kunge iri yekuwedzera network yedu uye kusimudzira mafungiro uye mamwe marudzi akasiyana munharaunda dzedu dzechitendero, zvikoro zvedu, nzvimbo dzedu dzebasa, mibatanidzwa yedu, makirabhu edu emitambo, nharaunda dzedu dzinozvipira. Zvino, kana zvikazove zvakafanira kumisa hukama hwepakati-pakati pakatarisana nemhirizhonga, vanenge varipo.

Mibvunzo Yakasimudzwa

• Vaiti vepasi rose vanovaka runyararo vanogona sei kupa tsigiro kunharaunda dzisiri dzehondo uye zvimwe zvingangove nerunyararo munharaunda, kana zvakumbirwa, pasina kugadzira vanovimba zvinogona kuzopedza simba izvi?
• Ndeipi mikana yaungazive munharaunda yaunogara yekuvaka hukama pakati pehunhu hwakasiyana uye kukudziridza chitupa chinoramba mhirizhonga uye chinoparadzanisa kupatsanurana?

Kuenderera Kuverenga

Anderson, MB, & Wallace, M. (2013). Kubuda muhondo: Nzira dzekudzivirira mhirizhonga. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. https://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/12809/Anderson.Opting%20CC%20Lic.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

McWilliams, A. (2022). Maitiro ekugadzira hukama pakati pekusiyana. Psychology Nhasi. Yakadzorerwa munaNovember 9, 2022, kubva https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/your-awesome-career/202207/how-build-relationships-across-differences

Varshney, A. (2001). Kurwisana kwemarudzi uye masangano evanhu. Zvematongerwo enyika, 53, 362-398. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/egm/paper/Ashutosh%20Varshney.pdf

Monroe, KR (2011). Ethics muzera rekutyisa uye kuuraya rudzi: Kuzivikanwa uye sarudzo yetsika. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691151434/ethics-in-an-age-of-terror-and-genocide

Peace Sciences Digest. (2022). Yakakosha nyaya: Nonviolent nzira dzekuchengetedza. Yakadzorerwa munaNovember 16, 2022, kubva https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/special-issue-nonviolent-approaches-to-security/

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2019). Kumadokero kweAfrica nzvimbo dzerunyararo uye zvirongwa zvekuvaka runyararo. Yakadzorerwa munaNovember 16, 2022, kubva https://warpreventioninitiative.org/peace-science-digest/west-african-zones-of-peace-and-local-peacebuilding-initiatives/

Misangano

Hurukuro dzeMumba yekutandarira: https://livingroomconversations.org/

Kurapa PDX: https://cure-pdx.org

Mashoko Akakosha: nharaunda dzisiri dzehondo, nzvimbo dzerunyararo, nzanga dzine runyararo, kudzivirira mhirizhonga, kudzivirira kurwisana, kuvaka runyararo