by David Swanson, September 10, 2018.
Sehurumende yeUS panguva imwe chete anotyisidzira Dare reZveMhosva renyika dzese kunyange kuita sekunge zvingamhan'arira United States mhosva muAfghanistan (musoro "wakaferefetwa" kwemakore ikozvino, neICC ichigere kumhan'arira munhu asiri wemuAfrica chero chinhu) uye (neine mashoma anooneka cuffitive dissonance) tizvishandise kutaura kusinganzwisisike kuti hurumende yeSyria inogona kutyora mutemo sechaizi yekutyisidzira kutyora mutemo wepamusoro-soro wepasi (kuti kurwa nehondo) nekuwedzera kuuraya muSyria, sarudzo pakati pehondo nemutemo haigone kuve yakanyanyisa kana kutsoropodza.
Mubvunzo uyu uchatorwa nevazhinji vane tarenda vakurukuri uye vafambisi veworkwork ku #NoWar2018 gare gare mwedzi uno muToronto. Musangano uyu uchatarisa pakutsiva kuuraya kwavazhinji nekudzivirira kusapora uye kugadzirisa gakava. Vatori vechikamu vanogona kutarisirwa kubvumirana pane izvo zvakawanda uye zvishoma zvimwe.
Mutemo wakashandiswa zvakanyanya kuhondo kana rugare parizvino? Zvaita zvakanyanya kukuvadza kana zvakanaka? Inofanirwa kuve yakakosha yekutarisa musangano werunyararo? Inofanira kutarisa pamitemo yemuno, mitemo padanho renyika, kutora masangano epasi rese, kudzvanyirira masangano akadaro, pakuumba mubatanidzwa mutsva wenyika kana hurumende, kana kufambisira mberi zvombo nezvibvumirano zvekodzero dzevanhu? Hapana kubvumirana kwepasirese, kana chero chinhu chiri pedyo nacho, chiripo pane chero eaya akadai.
Asi kubvumirana kunogona uye kunowanikwa, ndinotenda, pane zvimwe zvirongwa (kana paine kana paine chibvumirano maererano nezvekutungamira kwavo) uye zvingawanikwe - uye zvinobatsira chaizvo kana zvikawanikwa - pane nheyo dzakakura kana zvakanyatsokurukurwa pachena uye pachena.
Ndichangobva kuverenga bhuku raJames 'Ranney, Rugare Rwenyika Kupfuura Mutemo. Ini ndinozviwana ndisingabvumirani zvakanyanya sekubvumirana nemaidi ayo, asi muchibvumirano chakawanda kwazvo kupfuura icho nechimiro chendangariro chakajairika che Western. Ini ndinofunga zvakakosha kuti tifunge kuburikidza nehumwe ruzivo, uye tinosundira mberi pamwe chete sezvatinokwanisa, kunyangwe kana kwete tichibvumirana pane zvese.
Ranney anofunga "zvine mwero" chiratidzo chinogara chiri chipfupi pane chekudyara kwenyika yemubatanidzwa. Achitaura nezvakakurudzirwa, ave nemazana emakore apfuura, aJeremy Bentham, Ranney anonyora kuti "tarisiro yekutorwa kweBentham 'rugare rwepasi rose kuburikidza nemutemo' zvakakura zvakanyanyisa kupfuura nyika yemubatanidzwa inotorwa chero nguva munguva pfupi iri kutevera."
Asi kwete kukwikwidza, sekutsanangurwa kwakaitwa naBentham, akaiswa mumutemo pamusoro pe100 makore apfuura? Zvakanaka, mhando. Heano marongero anoita Ranney icho mune runyorwa rwemitemo yakapfuura: "Chechipiri Hague Convention (inorambidza hondo kuunganidza chikwereti; inogamuchira 'musimboti' wekumanikidza kukakavara, asi pasina mashina anoshanda)." Kutaura zvazviri, dambudziko guru neChipiri Hague Convention kwete kushomeka kwe “michina” asi kushomeka kweanoda chero chinhu. Kana mumwe munhu aizoenda kuburikidza nezvakanyorwa zvemutemo uyu uye kudzima "shandisa kwazvo kugona kwavo" uye "sekukwanisika kunoita" nemitsara yakafanana, iwe unenge uine mutemo unosungira kuti nyika dzigadzirise kusawirirana- mutemo unosanganisira tsanangudzo inonzwisisika yegadziriro yekugadzirisa.
Ranney nenzira yakafanana, asi aine nheyo shoma, anodzinga mutemo wakagadzwa 21 makore akazotevera: "Kellogg-Briand Pact (yakajairwa nheyo inorambidza hondo, asi pasina maitiro ekumanikidza)." Zvisinei, iyo Kellogg-Briand Pact haina kana imwe yemazwi ehezi anowanikwa muPiri Hague Convention, kana chero chipi zvacho chero chipi zvacho maererano nemirau yakajairika. Zvinoda nonviolent gakava kugadzirisa, kuzere kumira. Muchokwadi "chinowanzoitika chinorambidza hondo" - pane kuverenga chaiko kwemutemo uyu - ndiko kunyorwa kwehondo uye hapana chimwe chinhu. Hapana chakarurama chinobatika nekuisa pamusoro peshoko rinoti "unoteedzerwa mutemo." Iko kudiwa kwe “michina,” kana zvisingaiti “kumisikidza” (izwi rakanetseka, sezvatichaona muminiti) chiri kudiwa chaiko. Asi masangano ekugadzirisa gakava anogona kuwedzerwa kurambidzwa kwehondo kuripo muKellogg-Briand Pact usingafungiri kuti kurambidzwa kwacho hakuchiko (kana kana munhu achigamuchira magariro akajekeswa neUN Charter).
Aya matanho matatu ayo Ranney anofunga kuti atore nzvimbo yehondo nemutemo:
"(1) kudzikiswa kwemaoko-kunyanya kudzimiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya, nekudzikisira kwakawoneka mumasimba akajairwa;"
Kutenda!
"(2) nhanho ina yedanho regadziriro yepasirese kugadzirisa gakava (ADR), ichishandisa mutemo pamwe nekuenzana;" ("kumanikidza kutaurirana, kumanikidza kureverera, kutonga kwakamanikidza, uye kutonga kwekumanikidza neWorld Court")
Kutenda!
"(3) zvirinani zvekumanikidzira, kusanganisira UN Peace Force." ("Kwete pacifism")
Pano pane kusawirirana kukuru. UN Peace Force, kunyangwe isina kurairwa nenzira yakafanira naGeneral George Orwell, iripo uye yave ichikundikana zvinoshamisa kubvira pakavambwa vehondo Korea. Ranney anotora mazwi, sezviri kufadza, mumwe munyori achikurudzira kuti kopi yepasi rese ive nezvombo zvenyukireya. Saka, iyo pfungwa yekupenga inyowani. Ranney anofarirawo izvo zvinonzi "basa rekudzivirira" (R2P) nyika kubva kuurudzi hwenyika kuburikidza nehondo (pasina, sezviri sezvairi, nguva dzose kujekesa chinosiyanisa chimwe kubva pane icho). Kunyangwe hazvo tsika yekuremekedza mutemo wakajeka seKellogg-Briand Pact, Ranney anopa ruremekedzo rweR2P kunyangwe isiri mutemo chero upi zvawo: "chenjedzo huru inofanira kushandiswa kurondedzera zvakanyatsonaka kana basa idzva 'rekuita. chengetedza 'zvakajairwa nemvumo yekupindira. ”Hazvidi chero chinhu.
Iko kutenda uku kweUN kurwa-gadziriro yehondo yechikonzero cherunyararo kunotitorepi? Nzvimbo dzakaita seichi (kudavirwa munzvimbo dzakabvumirwa zvisiri pamutemo): "Kunyangwe kupikiswa kwakaitwa mutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica, kushandisa mauto eUN kubatsira nyika-kuvaka chinhu chiri pachena kuti chinofanira kunge chamboitika kare muIraq nekuAfghanistan, zvino kurasikirwa neUS. mabhirioni emadhora, zviuru nezviuru zvehupenyu, uye isu tisina chatiri kuwana kunze kwekuzvidza chikamu chikuru chenyika. "Kuzivikanwa kwe" isu "nehurumende yeUS ndiyo dambudziko rakadzika pano. Pfungwa yekuti idzi hondo dzehumhondi dzakaburitsa mutengo kuUnited States inofanirwa kutaurawo kana ichienzaniswa nemutengo wevanorwiswa muhondo ndiyo dambudziko rakaipisisa pano - rakashata riri muchinyorwa chebepa rinofunga kushandisa dzimwe hondo "kudzivirira kuponda rudzi." ”
Mukuita zvakanaka, Ranney anofarira United Nations yakabatana, iyo yaizoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwayo nemauto kwaizotaridzika kwakasiyana nemabatiro azvinoita nhasi. Asi matinji iwawo ayo nekugara Iraq neAfghanistan ini handigone.
Rutsigiro rwaRanney rwemuchina wakagadziriswa wepasi rose-UN warwira mune rimwe dambudziko rakasimudzwa mubhuku rake, ndinofunga. Iye anotenda kuti World Federalism haina kufarirwa uye iripamutemo sekusakwanisa kukodzera kukurudzira chero nguva munguva pfupi. Asi ini ndinotenda kuti kupa mumwe munhu simba pamusoro pekudziya kuDemocratised United Nations kwakatonyanya kusarongeka uye kusingafananidzwe. Uye ini ndinobvumirana nemafungiro akakurumbira panguva ino. Hurumende yakazara yenyika inokwanisa kuyedza kudzora kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo nomoomo sapiens inonyatsodiwa, ichirambidzwa zvine simba. Sangano rinorwira hondo yenyika kubva pasi pegunwe reUnited States rakatopikiswa zvakanyanya, uye zano rinotyisa.
Ndinofunga pfungwa yekuti nei iri zano rakaipa rakanyatsojeka. Kana kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga inouraya kuchidikanwa kuti uite zvimwe zvakanaka munyika zvisingakwanise kuitwa zvisirizvo (chidimbu chakashamisika, asi chakatenderwa uye chakatenda zvakazara) vanhu vachada kudzora mhirizhonga inouraya, uye vatungamiriri venyika vachada kumwe kudzora pamusoro pechisimba chinouraya. Kunyangwe Sangano reUnited Nations rine demokrasi raizotungamira kutonga kubva mumaoko emapato anozvida kwazvo. Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, isu tichitenda iyo data yekuti kusagadzikana kunoshanda kupfuura chisimba, saka hapana muchina wehondo unodiwa - ndicho chikonzero chikonzero vazhinji vedu vanoona kuedza kubvisa hondo.
Ranney anopa mimwe mienzaniso yezvaanoti "chakasimba" mutemo wenyika, wakadai seWTO, asi hazvibatanidze zvehondo. Hazvizivikanwe kuti nei kushandisa kwakasimba kwemitemo inopesana nehondo vanoda kushandisa hondo mukuzvipesanisa. Achitaura nezvekusimbiswa kwechirambidzo chezvombo zvenyukireya, Ranney anonyora kuti: "anodzosera mari kunze kwenyika anofanirwa kubatwa nenzira imwe chete nemhondi yepamusha." Ehe. Kugona. Asi izvozvo hazvitsvage "simba rerunyararo" rine "zvombo." Mhondi hadziwanzoitirwa nekupfura munhu wese anenge ari pedyo navo (zvikonzero zvekurwiswa kweAfghanistan mu2001 kuve pachena uye kwakaipa kunze kwemutemo iwo).
Ranney anotsigirawo seye afterthched yandinofunga kuti inofanirwa kunge iri musimboti pachirongwa ichi. Anonyora kuti: “Kwete kuti UNPF [United Nations Peace Force] haifanirwe kuita chimwe chinhu kunze kwekushandisa simba. Pane kusapindirana, panofanirwa kuve ne 'rugare uye nekuyananisa' simba iro rinoshandisa zvizere kugadzirisa kurwisanisa uye dzimwe nzira dzisina hunhu, chimwe chinhu senge iripo Yekusapwanya Peaceforce. Panofanirwa kuve nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzerunyararo, dzakashanda zvakafanira uye dzakadzidziswa kutarisana nematambudziko akasiyana siyana. "
Asi nei uchiita iyi nzira yepamusoro saruro yekucherekedza? Uye kuita kudaro kwakasiyana papi nezvatinowana izvozvi?
Zvakanaka, zvakare, Ranney arikusarudza Democratized UN isina kutungamirwa nevashanu vashanyi vehondo hari uye vatengesi vezvombo. Iyi ipfungwa huru yekubvumirana. Kunyangwe iwe unonamatira kumhirizhonga kana kwete, mubvunzo wekutanga ndewekuti uchaunza sei United States pamwe nemubatanidzwa wayo munharaunda yepasirese yemutemo - kusanganisira maitirwo ezvinhu kana kubvisa United Nations.
Asi kana tichifunga nezvebato renyika rakasununguka, ngatiregei kuzviona tichishandisa zvishandiso zveMiddle Ages, pamwe nekusimudzira kunotyisa kwehunyanzvi. Izvi zvakafanana mune yangu pfungwa sainzi manyepo madrama mune vanhu vakadzidza nzvimbo kufamba asi vane shungu kwazvo kutanga kurwisa zvibhakera. Icho hachisi chinhu chinogona kuitika. Uye hakuna imwe nyika umo United States yakasiya hutsinye-nyika chinzvimbo uku hukama hukama pakati penyika hune vanhu vanoputika mabhomba.
Kusvika kune world beyond war usingashandisi hondo kuita kudaro haisi nyaya yekuzvichenesa kwemunhu, asi yekuwedzera mukana wekubudirira.
