Grant Pine paTemberi yeZojoji, yakasimwa neMutungamiriri weAmerica panguva iyoyo Ulysses S. Grant panzvimbo inoera yemhuri yekwaTokugawa.
NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, October 25, 2021
Muchinda Iyesato Tokugawa wekuJapan zvichida anofanira kutifadza chaizvo iyezvino kupfuura mwanasikana wamambokadzi wekuJapan ari kuroora “munhuwo zvake,” kana kuti mabhaisikopo emuHollywood anonangana nenguva dzemhirizhonga munhoroondo zvekuti atova nevatambi vanopfura mabhaisikopo.
Ndakatumirwa bhuku rinonzi “The Art of Diplomacy: Makumi Mashanu Makore Echakavanzika US-Japan Relations Revealed” naStan Katz. Pane zvishoma kana paine chakavanzika mairi. Inosvetuka-svetuka zvichitevedzana zvekuti handizivi kana angangoita makore makumi mashanu. Inotaura zvisinganzwisisike zvinyorwa kana kuti hapana, haina magumo, inosanganisira ruzivo rwenhema (sekutsanangurwa kwakagadzirwa kwezviri muKellogg-Briand Pact, iyo inogona kunge yakagadziriswa mumaminitsi maviri nekuverenga Kellogg-Briand Pact), uye yakanyorwa. somusanganiswa wezvokwadi, pfungwa, uye tsumo yokunyepedzera isingagumi (“Zvinoita sokupokanidzana, asi kuti uchengetedze runyararo, rudzi harudi kuonekwa serwasina simba kana kuti rusina simba.” Chaizvoizvo? Nyika? Rune zvido? nyika? Mupfungwa dzipi?), asi musoro wacho haurambikidzwe, zviri pachena kuti wakaregeredzwa, uye kuedza kuuunza kune nyika yose muna 50 kunoyemurika zvikuru.
Seneti yeUS inoita kunge ine chinangwa chekupfugama pamberi peMuchinda Biden uye kutumira Rahm Emanuel semumiriri weUS kuJapan, nechinangwa chekutengesa zvimwe zvombo uye kuvaka kutyisidzira kukuru kwehondo kuChina. Muchinda Tokugawa aive wenguva yakasiyana, iyo iyo Joseph Grew, mumiriri ane njere uye akadzidza uye ane ruzivo akashanda - uye yaive basa - semumiriri weUS kuJapan. Mauto eJapan paakarwisa ndokunyudza ngarava yeUS muna 1937, Tokugawa naGrew vakaita zvese zvavaigona kuti vadzivise hondo, uye — kungave kuburikidza nekuedza kwavo, kana kungoti Franklin Roosevelt akange asisade hondo — runyararo rwakachengetwa. (Grew akayambirawo hurumende yeUS nezvePearl Harbor, kunyangwe yambiro yake isina kufuratirwa, uye rave rimwe basa rekuda nyika kuti urambe ukadzifuratira.)
Tokugawa akafa muna June 1940, uye pakasvika September Japan yakanga yabatanidzwa neGermany neItaly. Kuti rufu rwaTokugawa rwakanga rwakasimba sei mukusimudzirwa ikoko kwaizoda tsvakurudzo yakawanda. Sezviri pachena, kurwisana pakati perukova nenjiva muhurumende dzose dzeJapan neUnited States kwakanga kwave kuda kukunda kukuru kwegora kwemakore. Zviripachena kuti tanga tichirarama nenzira imwechete zvakare kwemakore ikozvino, zvisinei neJapan neUnited States dzakabatana kurwisa China kwete China neUnited States dzakabatana kurwisa Japan. Mhedziso inoshamisa yaStan Katz yekuti kutonga kwaObama naAbe kuUS neJapan kungadai kwakaonekwa naTokugawa sekuzadzikiswa kwezviroto zvake kuchipotsa kubviswa kweChinyorwa 9 chinorambidza hondo muBumbiro reJapan, pivot kuenda kuAsia, mauto. yeese inch yekupedzisira yeOkinawa, zvigadziko zvitsva zveUS zvakatenderedza Pacific, kuwedzera kwekutengeswa kwezvombo, uye kuwanda kweiyo hyper-militarization inosundirwa naAbe naObama - tisingatauri vatevedzeri vavo.
Prince Iyesato Tokugawa (1863-1940) akanga ari mugari wenhaka yeShoguns akatonga Japan kubva muna 1603 kusvika muna 1868, akadzidziswa kuEton, Mutungamiri weimba yepamusoro yeParamende yeJapan kwemakore makumi matatu, mutungamiri uye mutungamiri mukuru kuna Emperor Hirohito, mufambi wenyika uye mudiplomate. , murongi akakosha weWashington Naval Conference ye30-1921 (musangano wekutanga wepasi rose wekudzikisa zvombo, wakavhurwa zuva rakatevera Armistice Day, uye wakabudirira zvakanyanya, kunyangwe USisora kune vamiriri veJapan uye kukura kwemauto maindasitiri anoshanda maburi). Tokugawa anga ari mumiriri aitaura nezverunyararo kwemakumi emakore, uye ari mutungamiri mukusimudzira Rotary Club, Red Cross, uye zvisingaverengeki zvirongwa zvekutsinhana tsika, kusanganisira chipo chemiti yemacherry kuWashington DC nekuvandudzwa kwemutambo wakavatenderedza. Prince Tokugawa akatanga yekutanga yekuJapan symphony orchestra, akagadzira kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi hweJapan muUnited States, akatanga zvirongwa zvekutsinhana kwevadzidzi pakati peUS neJapan, uye akaitisa musangano wepasi rose wezvedzidzo, pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda. Akatsvaga tsika yerunyararo achipikisa kuurayiwa kwevaArmenia uye kuwedzera kwekusafarira. Aive mutauri akakosha paRotary International's 1922th Anniversary Convention muna 25.
Kunyangwe mumakore ake ekupedzisira, kunyangwe kuUnited States, Tokugawa akataura achipokana nekutyisidzirwa kwehondo, achikurudzira runyararo maererano nekuti zvakaoma kuwana chero kukanganisa. CBS ichikurudzira rugare pakati pe“mhuri yamarudzi” yenyika. Tokugawa akatomboedza kusangana naWilliam Randolph Hearst mukuyedza kukanganisa pro-war "journalism" - nekubudirira kusiri pachena. Vaparidzi veChina vakasanganiswa nezvido zvezvombo uye kutsunga kweFDR kutsvaga nzira yekupinda muhondo muEurope aive masimba ane simba.
The Los Angeles Times yaMarch 21, 1934, papeji 22, maererano naKatz, yakabatanidza chikamu—haatauri naani, asi anofanira kunge ari pano kana iwe uchibhadhara (handisati) - iyo yakati:
“Muchinda Tokugawa anotaura mutauro wekujekesera nekunzwisisa paanoti hapana chikonzero chekunetsana pakati peUnited States neJapan. Angangovewo akarurama mukutaura kwake kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vekuJapan vanoda rugare, sezvo ari chokwadi mukutaura kuti vazhinji veAmerica vanochida. Icho jingoism munyika mbiri uye kutya kwadzinokonzeresa uko kune njodzi kurunyararo. Kusvika pakuita kero dzake kudzikamisa kutya, Muchinda Tokugawa anoita basa rakasiyana nerwendo urwu. Mushumo wake kunyika yake yezvaakaona pano unofanira kukurira jingoism yakanaka. Kana muchina wokudhinda we<em>Hearst muno nemienzaniso yawo yechiJapan [mienzaniso] yaigona kunyaradzwa nemirangariro yavose, kusanzwisisa kwose pakati penyika mbiri kwaizonyangarika nokukurumidza.”
Zvinhu zvakanyanya kuchinja . . . .
