Mukuona kwevazhinji pasi rese, diplomacy yatora chigaro kumashure kumabasa echiuto muUS yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo. Iyo drone chirongwa muenzaniso wakanaka.
NaAnn Wright | Chikumi 2017.
Yakadzorerwa June 9, 2017, kubva The Foreign Service Journal.
Iyo MQ-9 Reaper, drone yekurwisa, mukubhururuka.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Kuitwa kwechiuto kwemitemo yekunze yeUS hakuna kutanga neMutungamiri Donald J. Trump; chokwadi, inodzokera kumashure makumi emakore anoverengeka. Nekudaro, kana mazuva zana ekutanga aTrump ari muhofisi ari chero chiratidzo, haana chinangwa chekudzikisira maitiro.
Mukati mevhiki imwe chete muna Kubvumbi, hutongi hwaTrump hwakapfura makomba makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe eTomahawk munhandare yendege yeSyria, uye akadonhedza bhomba hombe muuto rehondo reUS pane anofungidzirwa kuti eISIS tunnel muAfghanistan. Iyi 59-pound incendiary percussion mudziyo wanga usati wamboshandiswa muhondo - Massive Ordinance Air Blast kana MOAB, inozivikanwa se "Amai Vese Mabhomba" - yakashandiswa mudunhu reAchin kuAfghanistan, uko Special Forces Staff Sajeni Mark De. Alencar akanga aurayiwa vhiki yakanga yapfuura. (Bhomba rakaedzwa kaviri chete, kuElgin Air Base, Florida, muna 21,600.)
Kusimbisa kuda kwehutongi hutsva hwekumanikidza pamusoro pediplomacy, danho rekuyedza simba rinoputika rebhomba guru rakatorwa unilaterally naGeneral John Nicholson, mukuru mukuru wemauto eUS muAfghanistan. Mukurumbidza chisarudzo ichocho, Pres. VaTrump vakazivisa kuti vakapa "mvumo yakazara" kumauto eUS kuita chero basa ravaida, chero pasirese - izvo zvinoreva kuti pasina kubvunza komiti yezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika.
Zviri kutaura zvakare kuti Pres. VaTrump vakasarudza vatungamiriri vezvinzvimbo zviviri zvakakosha zvekuchengetedza nyika zvakagarwa nevanhuwo zvavo: Secretary of Defense uye National Security Advisor. Asi nemwedzi mitatu mukutonga kwake, akasiya mazana ezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro muhurumende kuHurumende, Dziviriro nekumwewo.
Kuwedzera Kusatendeseka Kurambidza
Nhengo dzeNew York Air National Guard's 1174th Fighter Wing Maintenance Group inoisa choko paMQ-9 Reaper mushure mekunge yadzoka kubva kumishini yekudzidzira munguva yechando paWheeler Sack Army Airfield, Fort Drum, NY, Kukadzi 14, 2012.
Wikimedia Commons / Ricky Best
Apo Pres. VaTrump havasati vataura mutemo wenyaya yekupondwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, pari zvino hapana chinoratidza kuti anoronga kushandura tsika yekuvimba nekuurayiwa kwedrone kwakatangwa nevaakatangira.
Kare muna 1976, zvisinei, Purezidhendi Gerald Ford akagadza muenzaniso wakasiana zvikuru apo akapa wake Executive Order 11095. Izvi zvakazivisa kuti "Hapana mushandi wehurumende yeUnited States achaita, kana kurangana kuita, kuuraya zvematongerwo enyika."
Akamisa kurambidzwa uku mushure mekuferefetwa neDare reChechi (Seneti Sarudza Komiti yeKudzidza Mashandiro eHurumende neRemekedzo kune Intelligence Activities, inotungamirwa naSen. Frank Church, D-Idaho) uye Pike Committee (mumiriri wayo weImba, anotungamirwa naRep. Otis. G. Pike, DN.Y.) akanga aratidza kukura kwemabasa ekuuraya eCentral Intelligence Agency achipikisa vatungamiri vedzimwe nyika muma1960 nema1970.
Kunze kwezvishomanana, vatungamiri vanoverengeka vakatevera vakatsigira kurambidzwa. Asi muna 1986, Mutungamiri Ronald Reagan akarayira kurwiswa kwemusha wemurume ane simba weLibya Muammar Gaddafi muTripoli, mukudzorera kubhomba kweimwe nightclub muBerlin iyo yakauraya mushandi weUnited States uye vagari vaviri veGermany uye vakakuvadza 229. Mumaminitsi gumi nemaviri chete, ndege dzeAmerica dzakadonha. 12 matani emabhomba eUS pamba, kunyangwe vakatadza kuuraya Gaddafi.
Makore gumi nemaviri gare gare, muna 1998, Mutungamiri Bill Clinton vakaraira kupfurwa kwezvombo zvinokandwa makumi masere panzvimbo dzeAl-Qaida muAfghanistan neSudan, vachitsiva kubhomba kwevamiriri veAmerica muKenya neTanzania. VaClinton vakapembedza danho iri vachiti chirevo chekupondwa hachina kuvhara vanhu vakatemerwa nehurumende yeUS kuti vane chekuita nehugandanga.
Mazuva mashoma mushure mekunge al-Qaida yaita Sept. 11, 2001, kurwiswa kweUnited States, Mutungamiri George W. Bush vakasaina gwaro re "intelligence" richibvumira Central Intelligence Agency kuita "mabasa anouraya akavanzika" kuuraya Osama bin Laden uye. paradza network yake yemagandanga. White House neCIA magweta akapokana kuti kurongeka uku kwaive kwebumbiro nezvikonzero zviviri. Kutanga, vakagamuchira chinzvimbo cheClinton manejimendi chekuti EO 11905 haina kutadzisa United States kutora matanho kumagandanga. Zvikurukuru, vakazivisa kuti kurambidzwa kwokupondwa kwezvematongerwe enyika kwakanga kusingashandi munguva yehondo.
Tumira muDrones
Kuramba kwehutongi hweBush kurambidzwa kwekuuraya kwakanangwa kana kupondwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakadzoreredza chikamu chezana remakore chebipartisan US mutemo wekunze. Yakavhurawo musuwo wekushandiswa kwemotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu kuti dziite kuuraya kwakanangwa ( euphemism for assassinations).
Mauto emuchadenga eUS anga achibhururuka nendege dzisina munhu (UAVs), kubva kuma1960s, asi semapuratifomu ekutarisa asina munhu. Kutevera 9/11, zvakadaro, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro neCentral Intelligence Agency vakashandisa "drones" (sekudanwa kwavakadanwa) kuuraya vese vatungamiriri nemasoja etsoka eAl-Qaida neTaliban.
United States yakamisa mabhesi muAfghanistan nePakistan nekuda kwechinangwa ichocho, asi mushure mekurwiswa kwakauraya vanhuwo zvavo, kusanganisira boka guru rakaungana kumuchato, hurumende yePakistani yakaraira muna 2011 kuti mauto eUS nemauto eUS abviswe. kubva kuShamsi Air Base yayo. Nekudaro, kuuraya kwakanangwa kwakaramba kuchiitwa muPakistan nemadrones ari kunze kwenyika.
Muna 2009, Mutungamiri Barack Obama akasimudzira pakanga pasiira mutevedzeri wavo. Sezvo kushushikana kweruzhinji nekongiresi kwakawedzera pamusoro pekushandiswa kwendege inodzorwa neCIA nevarwi vemauto vari 10,000 mamaira kure nevanhu vavakarairwa kuuraya, White House yakamanikidzwa kubvuma zviri pamutemo chirongwa chekuuraya chakanangwa uye kutsanangura kuti vanhu vakave sei zvinangwa zve chirongwa.
Panzvimbo pekudzosera chirongwa kumashure, zvakadaro, hutongi hwaObama hwakapetwa kaviri. Yakanyatso sarudza varume vese vezera remauto munzvimbo yekune dzimwe nyika sevarwi, uye nekudaro zvingangonangwa zvezvavakadana kuti "masaini ekurova." Zvakatonyanya kunetsa, yakazivisa kuti kurohwa kwakanangana nemagandanga emhando yepamusoro, anozivikanwa se "kurova kwevanhu," kunogona kusanganisira vagari vekuAmerica.
Izvozvo zvingangoitika zvokufungidzira zvakakurumidza kuva chokwadi chinosuruvarisa. Muna Kubvumbi 2010, Pres. VaObama vakabvumidza CIA "kunanga" Anwar al-Awlaki, mugari wemuAmerica uye aimbove imam pamusikiti weVirginia, kuti aurawe. Pasati papera makore gumi zvisati zvaitika, Hofisi yeMunyori weMauto yakanga yakoka imam kuti atore chikamu mushumiro yezvitendero zvakasiyana zvichitevera 9/11. Asi al-Awlaki akazove mutsoropodzi we "hondo yehugandanga," akatamira kumusha kwababa vake kuYemen, ndokubatsira al-Qaida kutora nhengo.
Kuramba kwakazara kwehurumende yeBush kurambidza kuponda kwakavhura musuwo wekushandiswa kwemotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu kuita kuuraya kwakanangana.
Musi waSeptember 30, 2011, drone yakauraya al-Awlaki nemumwe wekuAmerica, Samir Khan - uyo aifamba naye muYemen. MaDrones eUS akauraya mwanakomana waAl-Awlaki ane makore gumi nematanhatu, Abdulrahman al-Awlaki, mugari wemuAmerica, mazuva gumi gare gare mukurwiswa kweboka remajaya akatenderedza moto. VaObama manejimendi havana kumbojekesa kuti mwanakomana ane makore gumi nematanhatu akanangwa ega nekuti aive mwanakomana waal-Awlaki kana kuti akabatwa ne "signature" yekuramwa, zvichienderana nerondedzero yemukomana mudiki wechiuto. Nekudaro, panguva yemusangano wevatori venhau kuWhite House, mutori wenhau akabvunza mutauriri waObama, Robert Gibbs kuti angadzivirira sei kuuraya uku, uye kunyanya kufa kwemugari wemuUS mudiki "akatariswa pasina nzira, pasina kutongwa."
Mhinduro yaGibbs haina chayakaita kubatsira chimiro cheUS munyika yechiMuslim: “Ndingakurudzira kuti waifanira kunge uine baba vane mutoro zvakanyanya kana vaine hanya nekugara zvakanaka kwevana vavo. Handifunge kuva al-Qaida jihadist gandanga ndiyo nzira yakanaka yekuita bhizinesi rako. "
Musi waNdira 29, 2017, mwanasikana waAl-Awlaki ane makore masere, Nawar al-Awlaki, akaurayiwa mukurwiswa kwemauto eUS muYemen akarairwa nemutsivi waObama, Donald Trump.
Zvichakadaro, vezvenhau vakaenderera mberi nekutaura zviitiko zvekuuraiwa kwevanhuwo zvavo mukurova kwe drone mudunhu rese, izvo zvinowanzotarisana nemapato emuchato nemariro. Vagari vazhinji vedunhu riri pedyo nemuganhu weAfghan-Pakistani vainzwa ruzha rwema drones achitenderera nharaunda yavo siku nesikati, zvichikonzera kushungurudzika mupfungwa kune vese vanogara munzvimbo iyi, kunyanya vana.
Hutongi hwaObama hwakashoropodzwa zvikuru nezano re "double-tap" -kurova imba yainongedzerwa kana mota nerukova rweHellfire, vobva vapfura chechipiri muboka rakauya kuzobatsira avo vaive vakuvara kwekutanga. kurwisa. Nguva zhinji, avo vaimhanya kununura vanhu vakanga vakavharirwa mukati mezvivako zvakadonha kana kuti motokari dzinobvira moto vakanga vari vagari vomunzvimbomo, kwete varwi.
Nzira Inowedzera Kudzivisa Kubereka
Chikonzero chinowanzopihwa chekushandisa drones ndechekuti vanobvisa kudiwa kwe "bhutsu pasi" - vangave nhengo dzemauto kana CIA vashandi vemauto - munzvimbo dzine njodzi, nekudaro kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwehupenyu hweUS. Vakuru veUS vanotiwo maUAV ehungwaru anoungana kuburikidza nekutariswa kwenguva refu kunoita kuti kurova kwavo kuve kwakanyanya, zvichideredza huwandu hwevanhu vafa. (Kuruboshwe kusingataurwe, asi chinenge chimwe chinokurudzira chine simba, inyaya yekuti kushandiswa kwemadrones kunoreva kuti hapana vanofungidzirwa kuti varwi vangatorwa vari vapenyu, nekudaro kudzivirira zvematongerwo enyika nemamwe matambudziko ekuvharirwa.)
Kunyangwe kana zvikumbiro izvi zviri zvechokwadi, zvisinei, hazvigadzirise kukanganisa kwehunyanzvi hwemutemo wekunze weUS. Chinonyanya kunetsa inyaya yekuti drones inobvumira vatungamiri kubvunza mibvunzo yehondo nerunyararo nekusarudza sarudzo inoita seinopa kosi yepakati, asi iine mhedzisiro yenguva refu yemitemo yeUS, pamwe nenharaunda. pamagumo ekugamuchira.
Nekutora njodzi yekurasikirwa nevashandi vekuUS kubva pamufananidzo, vagadziri vemitemo veWashington vanogona kuyedzwa kushandisa simba kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuchengetedza pane kutaurirana nemapato ane chekuita. Zvakare, nehunhu hwavo chaihwo, maUAV anogona kunge achinyanya kumutsa kutsiva kuAmerica pane zvakajairika zvombo masisitimu. Kune vazhinji muMiddle East neSouth Asia, drones inomiririra kushaya simba kwehurumende yeUS nemauto ayo, kwete simba. Varwi vakashinga havafanire kurwira pasi here, ivo vanobvunza, panzvimbo yekuhwanda seri kwechidhiraivho chisina chiso chiri mudenga, chinoshandiswa nemunhu wechidiki ari pachigaro chiri kure nezviuru zvemamaira?
Drones inobvumira vatungamiri kuti vape mibvunzo yehondo nerunyararo nekusarudza sarudzo inoita seinopa kosi yepakati, asi chaizvoizvo ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvenguva refu mhedzisiro yemutemo weUS.
Kubva 2007, vangangoita zana nemakumi mashanu evashandi veNATO vanga vari "vakarwiswa mukati" nenhengo dzemauto eAfghan nemapurisa enyika ari kudzidziswa nemubatanidzwa. Vazhinji vevaAfghan vanoita kuuraya kwakadaro "kwegirinhi pabhuruu" kwevashandi vekuAmerica, vese vakapfeka yunifomu uye vasiri varwi, vanobva kumatunhu emuganho weAfghanistan nePakistan uko US drone yakarova. Vanotsiva kufa kwemhuri neshamwari nekuuraya vadzidzisi vavo vemauto eUS.
Hasha pamusoro pe drones dzakaitika muUnited States zvakare. Musi waChivabvu 1, 2010, Pakistani-American Faisal Shahzad akaedza kumisa bhomba remota muTimes Square. Muchikumbiro chake chemhosva, Shahzad akapembedza kunanga vanhu nekuudza mutongi, "Kana drone ikarova muAfghanistan neIraq, havaone vana, hapana wavanoona. Vanouraya vakadzi, vana; vanouraya munhu wose. Vari kuuraya maMuslim ese.
Sezvo ye2012 iyo US Air Force yakanga ichitora vatyairi vendege vakawanda kupfuura vatyairi vendege dzechinyakare-pakati pe2012 ne2014, vakaronga kuwedzera vatyairi ve2,500 uye kutsigira vanhu kuchirongwa che drone. Ndiko kanenge kaviri nhamba yevamiriri veDhipatimendi reHurumende vanohaya mukati memakore maviri.
Kushushikana nevezvenhau pamusoro pechirongwa ichi kwaita kuti hutongi hwaVaObama vabvume misangano yagara ichiitwa neChipiri ichitungamirwa nemutungamiri wenyika kuti vaone zvinangwa zvemhondi. Munhepfenyuro dzepasirese, "Kutyisa Chipiri" kwakava chiratidzo cheUS yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo.
Kwete Kunonoka
Kune vakawanda pasi rese, mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weUS wakadzorwa kwemakore gumi nematanhatu apfuura nezviito zvemauto kuMiddle East neSouth Asia, uye kudzidzira kwemauto epasi negungwa muNortheast Asia. Padanho repasi rose, kuedza kweAmerica munyaya dzehupfumi, kutengeserana, nyaya dzetsika nekodzero dzevanhu zvinoita sekunge dzakadzosera kumashure kurwiswa kwehondo dzinogara dziripo.
Kuenderera mberi nekushandisa drone warfare kuita kuuraya kunongowedzera kusavimba kwekunze kwezvinangwa zveAmerica uye kuvimbika. Iyo nokudaro inotambira mumaoko evadzivisi chatiri kuedza kukunda.
Munguva yemushandirapamwe, VaDonald Trump vakavimbisa kuti vaizogara vachiisa "America Kutanga," uye akati aida kubuda mubhizinesi rekuchinja hurumende. Hazvina kunyanyononoka kuti achengete chivimbiso ichocho nekudzidza kubva mukukanganisa kwevakamutangira uye nekudzoreredza kuenderera mberi kwechiuto chemutemo wekunze weUS.
Ann Wright akapedza makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe muU. Akashanda kwemakore 29 ari muBato reKune dzimwe nyika muNicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia neMongolia, uye akatungamirira boka duku rakavhurazve muzinda weUnited States muKabul muna December 16. Akasiya basa muna March 2001 achipikisa. hondo yeIraq, uye munyori-mubatanidzwa webhuku rinonzi Dissent: Voices of Conscience (Koa, 2003). Anotaura kutenderera pasirese nezve mauto eUS kunze kwenyika mutemo uye anoshanda nesimba muUS anti-war movement.
Maonero aburitswa muchinyorwa chino ndeemunyori uye haaratidzi maonero eDhipatimendi reNyika, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro kana hurumende yeUS.
