NaDavid Swanson
San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick akapihwa chikwereti chakakodzera chekuratidzira rusarura nekugara kunze Star Spangled Banner, iyo isingangokudze hondo (iyo munhu wese, kusanganisira Kaepernick inotonhorera zvachose) asi zvakare inosanganisira rusaruro mundima isina kuimbwa uye yakanyorwa nemuridzi muranda muridzi uyo vhezheni yake yekutanga yaisanganisira kupokana kwevaMuslim. Chero bedzi isu tichivhura maziso edu kune isingafadzi nhoroondo yakavanda pachena, zvakakosha kubvunza kuti nei ma49ers risiri zita rechikwata iro munhu wese anobatana nekuuraya rudzi. Sei Kaepernick asiri kuratidzira yunifomu yake?
Ehezve, kuratidzira kusaruramisira kumwe kwakakodzera kuvonga kusingaperi, uye ini handitarisiri kuti chero munhu anotaura chinhu chimwe aratidzire zvimwe zvese. Asi ini ndangoverenga bhuku idzva rinotyisa randinofungidzira kuti rakawana nhoroondo iyo vazhinji veCalifornian vasingazive nezvayo. Bhuku iri An American Genocide: United States neCalifornia Indian Njodzi, 1846-1873, naBenjamin Madley, anobva kuYale University Press. Ndine chokwadi chekuti ndaona rakatsvagiswa uye rakanyorwa bhuku pane chero chinhu chakamboitika. Kunyange bhuku iri riine nhoroondo yekuverenga, uye nepo paine kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda mumarekodhi akashandiswa, iwo mapeji 198 ezvinyorwa zvakanyora kuuraya kwakati, uye mapeji makumi manomwe nematatu emanotsi anotsigira nyaya inotyisa yekuparadza rudzi nerondedzero yeUN yepamutemo.
United States payakabira hafu yeMexico, kusanganisira California, kuve neruzivo rwevanhu rwakatorwa, ndinofungidzira kuti isu tese taizove nekuziva kuti zvakafamba sei uye nezvakange zvamboitika. MaCaliforian angangorangarira nekutyisa hutsinye hwakaitirwa vanhu vekuCalifornia nemaRussia, maSpanish, nemaMexico, dai hutsinye uhu husina kukura zvakanyanya nevema49. Mune imwe nhoroondo yakadai, huwandu hwazvino hweCalifornia hwevanhu vane dzinza rekuzvarwa raizove rakakura, uye marekodhi avo uye nhoroondo dzakajeka zvakare.
Kunyangwe takapihwa zvakanyatsoitika, dai isu taive netsika nhasi yekufunga maNative America sevanhu chaivo uye / kana tikakunda tsika yekusiyanisa zvinoitwa nemauto eUS munzvimbo yakaita Iraq ("hondo") kubva pane zvishoma -akashongedzerwa nemhirizhonga muAfrica mudzvinyiriri anoita ("genocide") ipapo mabhuku ezvakaitika kuUS muzvikoro aisazokwakuka kubva kuhondo kuMexico kuenda kuHondo Yenyika, nechinangwa che (oh chinotyisa) rugare pakati. Pakati pehondo dzakarwiwa pakati paive nehondo kuvanhu veCalifornia. Hongu, kwaive kuuraiwa-mativi kweruzhinji rwevanhu vasina zvombo. Ehe, vakaurayiwa vakaiswawo kumisasa mumisasa uye vakarohwa uye vakashungurudzwa uye nenzara, vakadzingwa kubva kudzimba dzavo, uye vakakuvadzwa nechirwere. Asi kana iwe uchifunga chero yazvino hondo dzeUS dzinoshaya chero eaya matekiniki, wanga uchidya zvakanyanya US media.
"Kuuraya kwakananga nemaune kwemaIndia muCalifornia pakati pa1846 na1873 kwaive nekuuraya zvakanyanya uye kwakatsigirwa [kupfuura] chero kupi zvako muUnited States kana nharaunda dzayo dzekoloni," anonyora Madley. "Hurumende nehurumende," anonyora kudaro, "mukubatana nemhirizhonga yevarindi, vakaita mukurumbira mukuparadzwa kwevaIndia veCalifornia mukati memakore ekutanga makumi maviri nemanomwe ekutonga kweUS. . . . [kuderedza] nhamba dzeIndia dzekuCalifornia neinenge makumi masere kubva muzana, kubva pa80 kusvika kune zviuru makumi matatu. Mumakore asingasviki makumi matatu vatsva - nerutsigiro rwehurumende nehurumende - vakapotsa vaparadza maIndia eCalifornia. ”
Iyi haisi nhoroondo yakavanzika. Ingori nhoroondo isingadiwe. Mapepanhau, vezvematongerwo enyika, uye nhengo dzeCongress vari pachinyorwa vachida kuparadzwa kwevanhu vavanozivikanwa sevashoma pane vanhu. Asi vaive vanhu vaive vagadzira inoenderera uye inoyemurika uye zvikuru nzira ine hupenyu yehupenyu. California yakanga isina kuzara nehondo kudzamara vanhu avo vana vavo vaizozivisa hondo kuva chikamu che "hunhu hwevanhu" vasvika.
Vakasvika pakutanga vari vashoma kwazvo kuti varwe nevagari vese. Zvimwe zvakajairika kupfuura kuuraya vanhu vazhinji kusvika 1849 hwaive huranda. Asi hunhu hunoshoresa hwehuranda, nevanhu vachena vachiona vanhu veko vachidyiswa muzvidyiro zvakaita senguruve, nemaIndia vakashanda kusvika kufa uye vakatsiviwa nevamwe, zvakakonzera kufunga kwaifungidzira maIndia sezvikara zvemusango, zvakafanana nemapere, vachida kuparadzwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsara wenhema wakasimudzwa uyo waiti kuuraya maIndia kwaizo "dzidzisa vamwe chidzidzo." Uye pakupedzisira iwo mukurumbira rationalization yaizove yekunyepedzera kuti kubviswa kwevaIndia kwaingova kusingadzivisike, kurara kunze kwekutonga chero kwevanhu, kunyangwe iyo yevanhu vanozviita.
Asi izvo hazvaizove maonero akapararira kusvika kusvika kwema49ers, yeavo vakasiya zvese kumashure kuti vatsvake yero matombo - uye chekutanga pakati pavo paive nevaya vakabva Oregon. Izvo zvakaitika ipapo zvakada kufanana nezvakanga zvaitika kumberi kumabvazuva uye zvinoitika nhasi muPalestine. Mapoka asina mutemo aivhima maIndia zvemitambo kana kutora goridhe ravo. Kana maIndia vakapindura nemhirizhonga (yakanyanya kudiki), kutenderera kwacho kwakawedzera zvakanyanya kuve kuuraya kukuru kwemisha yese.
Ivo 49ers vakafashamira mukati kubva kumabvazuva zvakare. Nepo chete 4% yevakafa parwendo rwekumadokero kwaive nekuda kwekurwa nemaIndia, ivo vatamiririri vakasvika vakapakata zvombo zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutya njodzi yakanyanya. Vaya vakauya negungwa vakauya vakapakata zvombo zvakare. Vanopinda munyika vakakurumidza kuziva kuti kana ukauraya murungu waizosungwa, nepo kana ukauraya muIndia waisazove. Vatendi "vemahara" vakauraya maIndia semakwikwi asina basa, nekuti maIndia aishandirwa sevaranda. Mafashama evatsva vanosvika akacheka chikafu chevaIndia, ichivamanikidza kuti vatsvage hupfumi hutsva. Asi vaive vasingadiwe, vaizvidzwa sevasiri maKristu, uye vaityiwa kunge zvikara.
Vanababa vekuCalifornia vanovamba muna 1849 vakagadzira rusaruraganda umo maIndia vaisagona kuvhota kana kushandisa dzimwe kodzero dzekutanga. Uranda, zvakadaro, hwakateedzerwa pasina zita rakajeka razvo. Sisitimu dzakagadzirwa zviri pamutemo uye dzakashivirirwa zvakawedzera-zviri pamutemo umo maIndia vaigona kubvisirwa mari, kuchengetwa muzvikwereti, kurangwa mhosva, uye kuburitswa, vachivaita varanda mune zvese kunze kwezita. Kunyange Madley asingazvitaure, ndingazoshamisika kana iyi nzira yeuranda ikasashanda semuenzaniso weiyo yakagadzirirwa maAmerican America muSoutheast post-Reconstruction - uyezve, nekuwedzera, kwevasungwa vakawanda uye basa revasungwa muUnited States nhasi. Uranda nemamwe mazita muCalifornia hwakaenderera pasina kumbomira kuburikidza neEmancipation Proclamation uye nekupfuura, nekurendesa kwevasungwa veIndia vakasara zviri pamutemo uye mhondi vachiita nhapwa nhapwa kumaIndia emahara achiumburuka pamwe pasina vatambi veterevhizheni kuvapa mhosva.
MaMilitias akapinda mukuuraya-vazhinji maIndia haana kurangwa, asi akabhadharwa nehurumende nehurumende. Wekupedzisira akabvarura zvibvumirano gumi nezvisere zvaivepo, achibvisa maIndia eCalifornia chero chengetedzo yepamutemo. California's 18 Militia Act, zvichitevera mutsika yeU.S. Second Amendment (Yakatsveneswa Nezita Rayo) yakagadzira mauto ekumanikidza uye ekuzvidira e "vese vakasununguka, vachena, vanhurume vagari" vane makore 1850-18, uye varwi vanozvipira - 45 vavo umo maCalifornians makumi matatu nemashanu vakapinda pakati pa303 na35,000. Vakuru vemunharaunda vakapa madhora mashanu pamusoro wega wega wemuIndia waiunzwa kwavari. Uye zviremera zvemubatanidzwa zvakadzokera kumabvazuva kuCongress zvakabhadhara mari yekuuraya vanhu nemauto eCalifornia kakawanda uye vachiziva, kusanganisira musi waDecember 1851, 1866, zuva rakatevera South Carolina kuzvitonga (uye nguva yehusiku yeimwe yehondo zhinji dze "rusununguko").
MaCalifornians vanoziva here nhoroondo iyi? Vanoziva here kuti Carson Pass neFremont neKelseyville nemamwe mazita enzvimbo anokudza mhondi dzakawanda? Ivo vanoziva zvakafanotaurwa zvemaJapan ekuvharira misasa yema1940, uye yemakambi emaNazi enguva imwe cheteyo? Isu tinoziva here kuti nhoroondo iyi ichiri mupenyu? Kuti vanhu vaGeorge Garcia, ruzhinji rwevanhu rwakadzingwa kubva muvhu rayo, vari kuda kudzoka mushure memakore makumi mashanu? Isu tinoziva here kuti vazhinji venyika variko uye vasina kumboitika nhamba yevapoteri vanobva? Kuti vatize hondo dzeUS? Isu tinofunga nezve izvo mauto eUS ari kuita zvachose zvakavakirwa mumarudzi zana nemakumi manomwe nemashanu, mazhinji kana asiri ese ayo avakamboti "Nyika yeIndia"?
MuPhilippines, United States yakavaka mabheseni pane ivhu revanhu vechiAetas, avo "vakapedzisira vaunganidza marara ehondo kupona. "
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, US Navy yakabata chitsuwa chidiki cheHawaii cheKoho'alawe kuti itore nzvimbo yekuyedza zvombo ikaraira vagari vayo kuti vaende. Chitsuwa chave chiripo rakaparadzwa.
Mu1942, maNavy akadzinga Aleutian Islanders.
Mutungamiri Harry Truman akafunga kuti vagari zana nemakumi manomwe vekuBikini Atoll havana kodzero kuchitsuwa chavo. Akavaita kuti vadzingwe muna Kukadzi naKurume wa170, ndokukandwa sevapoteri kune zvimwe zviwi vasina nzira yekutsigira kana chimiro chemagariro munzvimbo. Mumakore anotevera, United States yaizobvisa vanhu zana nemakumi manomwe nevatanhatu kubva kuEnewetak Atoll uye nevanhu vese vari paLib Island. Kuongororwa kweatomic nehydrogen bhomba kwakapa zvitsuwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvine vanhu uye zvisingagarike, zvichitungamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kusvika kuburikidza nema1946, mauto eUS akadzinga mazana evanhu kubva Kwajalein Atoll. Ghetto ine vanhu vazhinji-zhinji yakagadzirwa paEbeye.
On Vieques, kubva kuPuerto Rico, Navy yakabvisa zviuru zvevagari pakati pa1941 na1947, yakazivisa hurongwa hwekudzinga zviuru zvisere zvakasara muna 8,000, asi yakamanikidzwa kudzoka uye - muna 1961 - kumisa kubhomba chitsuwa.
PaCulebra iri padyo, maNavy akadzinga zviuru pakati pe1948 ne1950 uye akaedza kubvisa izvo zvakasara kuburikidza ne1970s.
Navy iri ikozvino yakatarisa kuchitsuwa che Pagani sekukwanisa kuchinjwa kweViqueque, chizvarwa chave chave chabviswa nekuputika kwemakomo. Zvechokwadi, chero mikana yekudzoka ingadai yakaderera zvikuru.
Kutanga panguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye kuenderera kuburikidza ne1950s, mauto eUS akadzinga mamota ekota maOkinawans, kana hafu yevagari, kubva munyika yavo, vachimanikidza vanhu kumisasa yevapoteri nekutumira zviuru zvavo kuBolivia - uko ivhu nemari zvakavimbiswa asi kwete kununurwa.
Mune 1953, United States yakaita sangano neDenmark kubvisa 150 Inughuit vanhu kubva kuThule, kuGreenland, vachivapa mazuva mana kuti vabude kana kuti vatarise bulldozers. Vari kurambidzwa kodzero yekudzoka.
Pane nguva dzekuti maitiro akadaro anoruramiswa seanopokana neCommunism uye nenguva dzazvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinopesana nehushushi. Asi chii chinotsanangudza kurongeka kwaro, kuenderera mberi kuvapo kubvira kare goridhe risati rawanikwa muCalifornia kusvika nhasi?
Musi waAugust 1 wa2014 mutevedzeri wemutauri weParamende yeIsrael akaisa pane yake FaceBook peji chirongwa yekuparadzwa kwakazara kwevanhu veGaza vachishandisa misasa yevasungwa. Akange aronga chirongwa chakada kufanana muna Chikunguru 15, 2014, column.
Imwe nhengo yeParamende yeIsrael, Ayelet Shaks, akadanwa kuuraya rudzi muGaza pakutanga kwehondo iripo, ichinyora kuti: “Kumashure kwegandanga rega rega kune varume nevakadzi vazhinji, pasina ivo aisagona kuita zvehugandanga. Ivo vese varwi vevavengi, uye ropa ravo richava pamisoro yavo yese. Zvino izvi zvakare zvinosanganisira vanaamai vevakafira, vanovatuma kugehena nemaruva nekutsvoda. Ivo vanofanirwa kutevera vanakomana vavo, hapana chingadai chiri chakarurama. Ivo vanofanirwa kuenda, sekuitawo dzimba dzenyama kwavakasimudza nyoka. Zvikasadaro, dzimwe nyoka diki dzinomutswa ipapo. ”
Kutora maitiro akasiyana zvishoma, Middle East nyanzvi Dr. Mordechai Kedari weBar-Ilan University yakave yakawanda yakataurwa mune vezvenhau veIsrael vachiti, "Chinhu chete chinogona kudzora [Gazans] kuziva kuti hanzvadzi yavo kana amai vavo vachabatwa chibharo."
The Times of Israel rakabudiswa chinyorwa musi waAugust 1, 2014, uye ndokuzozviburitsa, zvine musoro unoti "Kana Kuuraya Vanhu Kuchibvumidzwa." Mhinduro yakazove: ikozvino.
PaAugust 5th, 2014, Giora Eiland, aimbova mukuru weIsrael National Security Council, akaburitsa a column nemusoro wenyaya unoti “MuGaza, Hamuna Chinhu Chakadai se'Vasina Mhosva Vasina Mhosva '.” Eiland akanyora kuti: "Tinofanira kunge takazivisa hondo nenyika yeGaza (kwete kupokana nesangano reHamas). . . . "Chinhu chaicho chaanofanira kuita kuvhara kuvhara nzira, kudzivirira kupinda kwechero zvinhu, kusanganisira chikafu, uye kunyatso kudzivirira kupihwa gasi nemagetsi."
Chose chikamu chekuisa Gaza "pane chikafu," mune chinotyisa kutaura yemupi wezano kune aimbova Mutungamiriri weIsrael, achidudzira mutauro nekuita kubva kuurayiwa kwevanhu veCalifornia.
Ndinokurudzira chero munhu ane hanya kuti anyatso tarisa pane zvakaitwa kuCalifornia uye pane zviri kuitirwa Palestine, uye mundiudze kuti mutsauko ndeupi. Avo vari kutsvaga kuuraya vanhu zvino vanotarisira kuti kuuraya kwakare kuchakanganikwa, uye kuti mune ramangwana kuuraya kwazvino kuchakanganwika. Ndiani achati vakanganisa? Tiri!
