Nick Turse, September 28 2017, The Intercept.
"Ndinofunga kuti kana vaAmerica taura nezveHondo yeVietnam ... tinowanzotaura pamusoro pedu chete. Asi kana tichida chaizvo kuinzwisisa ... kana kuedza kupindura mubvunzo wekutanga, 'Chii chakaitika?' Iwe unofanira kutora katatu, " anoti filmmaker Ken Burns wepemberera yake PBS documentary series "Hondo yeVietnam." "Unofanira kuziva zviri kuitika. Uye isu tine hondo dzakawanda umo mave nemasoja eSouth Vietnam uye mazano maAmerica kana ... vamwe vavo uye Vietcong kana North North Vietnamese. Iwe unotofanira kupinda imomo uye unonzwisisa zvavari kufunga. "
Burns uye yake co-director Lynn Novick akapedza 10 makore pa "Hondo yeVietnam," yakabatsirwa nomurimi wavo Sarah Botstein, munyori Geoffrey Ward, vauriri ve 24, nevamwe. Vaiunganidza mifananidzo ye25,000, inowanikwa pedyo neHNUMX hurukuro dzeAmerican uye veVietnam, uye dzakashandisa $ 80 mamiriyoni purojekiti. Izvozvo zvinoguma 30-awa mahedheni zvinoshamisa Storytelling, chimwe chinhu umo Burns naNovickick vanotora kuzvikudza pachena. "Hondo yeVietnam" inopa zvakawanda zvemafirimu mafirimu mafirimu, zvinoshamisa zvemafirimu, yakasimba Age of Aquarius soundtrack, uye yakawanda inotyisa. Zvichida izvi ndizvo zvinoreva Burns triangulation. Nyaya dzinotaridzika dzinoita sounyanzvi hwokugadzira hurumende kune vateereri vakawanda vanogona kuAmerica. Asi kusvika pakutitaurira "zvakaitika," handioni humwe humwe uchapupu hwokuti.
Kufanana neBurns naNovickick, iniwo ndakapedza makore gumi ndichiita hondo yeVietnam yekare, kunyange zvazvo ndakaitwa pabhadharo yakareba zvikuru, bhuku rakanzi "Kaura Chinhu Chinofambisa. "SaBurns naNovickick, ndakataura nevarume nevakadzi, maAmerica uye veVietnam. Kufanana neBurns uye Novick, ndakafunga kuti ndaigona kudzidza "zvakaitika" kubva kwavari. Zvakatora makore kuti ndizive kuti ndakanga ndisina kufa. Izvo zvingava chikonzero nei ndichiwana "Hondo yeVietnamese" uye kuratidzika kwayo kusingaperi kwemauto uye guerrilla kutaura misoro kunorwadza kutarisa.
Hondo haisi kurwisana, kunyange hondo iri chikamu chehondo. Vanokakavadzana havasi ivo vatori vechikamu chikuru muhondo yemazuva ano. Hondo yemazuva ano inokanganisa vagari venyika yakareba zvikuru uye yakareba kwenguva refu kupfuura varwi. Varwi vakawanda veAmerica uye Marines vakapedza 12 kana kuti 13 mwedzi, pamwe chete, kushumira muVietnam. Chivietinamu kubva kune imwe nguva yeVietnam Vietnam, mumapurovhinzi akaita seQuang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, pamwe chete neyeMeong Delta - nzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzaivewo dzakasvibiswa zvekuvandudza - dzakagara vhiki yevhiki shure kwevhiki, mwedzi nemwedzi , gore negore, kubva kune rimwe gumi kusvika kune rinotevera. Burns uye Novick vanoita sevanonyanya vasuwa vanhu ava, vakashaya nyaya dzavo, uye, nokudaro, vakashaya mwoyo wakaoma wehondo.
Kuti vadzivise vavengi vavo veVietnamen vezvokudya, vanotora, njere, nekumwe kutsigirwa, mutemo weAmerica mutemo wakashandura majeredzi makuru emapurovhesi aya kuva "nzvimbo dzisina moto," zvichienderana nekuputika kwebhomba uye zvombo zvehondo, izvo zvakanyatsogadzirirwa "kubudisa" vapoteri, kuendesa vanhu kubva kumisha yavo muzita re "pacification." Dzimba dzakarongedzwa, misha yose yakasvibiswa, uye vanhu vakamanikidzwa kupinda mumisasa yevapoteri uye vakaipa mumasasa emumaguta pasina mvura, zvokudya, uye pokugara.
Mufananidzo: Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Ndakataura nemazana eVietnam kubva munzvimbo idzi dzekumaruwa. Mune hut mushure musha, vakandiudza nezvekutsvaga kubva kumisha yavo uye vachimanikidzwa kudzokera zvakare kumatongo, nekuda kwetsika-tsika dzezvitendero uye zvikonzero zvechitendero, uye kazhinji kungopona. Vakatsanangura kuti zvakanga zvakaita sei kurarama, kwemakore pamagumo, pasi pekutyisidzira kwebhomba uye zvombo zvehondo uye helicopter gunships. Vaitaura nezvemisha yakatsva zvakare uye zvakare, vasati varega kuvakazve uye vakatanga kurarama hupenyu huri pasi-pasi mumakamuri akachengeterwa mabhomba akaiswa pasi. Vakandiudza nezvekuputira mukati me bunkers apo mabhodhi moto akatanga. Uye zvino vakanditaurira nezvemutambo wokumirira.
Iwe wakagara nguva yakareba sei mumugwagwa wako? Yakareba kwenguva yakareba kuti usapinda kubata, hongu, asi kwete kwenguva refu zvokuti iwe wakanga uchiri mukati mavo apo vaAmerica uye mabhenja avo akasvika. Kana iwe wakasiya hugaro hwacho hunovhara nokukurumidza, pfuti-muto moto kubva helicopter inogona kukucheka iwe hafu. Kana iwe unogona kubatwa mumoto pakati pekutora mapurisa uye kuendesa mauto eUnited States. Asi kana iwe ukamirira kwenguva yakareba, vaAmerica vangazotanga kupinza mabhendi mumubhadharo bhomba rako nokuti, kune avo, chaive chingave chinogona kuitika muvengi.
Vakandiudza nezvekumirira, kumira murima, kuedza kufungidzira kuti zvingaitika zvevane-vakashonga, vakashatirwa uye vanotya, vechidiki veAmerica vakange vauya pamasuo avo. Chipiri chega chega chakakosha zvikuru. Hakanga isiri hupenyu hwako chete pamutsara; mhuri yako yese inogona kuparadzwa. Uye izvi zviyero zvakaenderera mberi kwemakore, kuumba sarudzo dzose dzekusiya zvigaro zvekugara, masikati kana usiku, kuzvisunungura kana kutora mvura kana kuedza kuunganidza miriwo yemhuri ine nzara. Kuvapo kwezuva nezuva kwakava mararamiro asingagumi ehupenyu-kana-kufa panjodzi yekuongorora.
Ndaifanira kunzwa shanduro dzenyaya iyi nekudarika ndisati ndatanga kuwana pfungwa dzekutambudzika uye kutambura. Ipapo ndakatanga kuonga nhamba yevanhu vakavhiringidzika. Maererano nePentagon mifananidzo, munaJanuary 1969 chete, mhirizhonga yemhepo yakaitwa panzvimbo kana pedyo nemisha umo 3.3 mamiriyoni yeVietnam akagara. Ndiyo mwedzi umwe wehondo yakapedza makore anopfuura gumi. Ndakatanga kufunga nezvevanhu vose vemazuva ano vakawirwa nekutya sezvo mabhomba akawira. Ndakatanga kutengesa kutyisa uye kuipa kwayo. Ndakatanga kunzwisisa "zvakaitika."
Ndakatanga kufunga nezvedzimwe nhamba, zvakare. Kuwanda kwevarwi veuto reUnited States veZimbabwe uye 58,000 vevashanduri vavo vekuSouth Vietnam vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo muhondo. Vavengi vavo, varwi vokuNorth Vietnam uye South South guerrillas, vanotambura zvakanyanya kurasikirwa kukuru.
Asi kuurayiwa kwevanhu vasingagoneki kwakakwana kwakakwana nhamba idzi. Kunyange pasina munhu achazomboziva chimiro chechokwadi, chirongwa cheC2008 nevatsvakurudzi vanobva kuHarvard Medical School uye Institute for Health Metrics uye Kuongorora paYunivhesiti yeWashington uye kuongororwa kwehurumende yeVietnamese, zvinoratidza kuti kune mamiriyoni maviri evanhu vakafa, vanhu vazhinji muSouth Vietnam. Chirongwa chekuchengetedzwa kwekukuvadzwa-chinokuvadza chinobereka chimiro chevanhu vane mamiriyoni e5.3 vakakuvadzwa. Wedzera kune nhamba idzi 11 mamiriyoni evanhu akatungamirirwa kubva munyika dzavo uye akagara vasina pokugara pane imwe nguva kana imwe, uye vazhinji vane mamiriyoni e4.8 vakaputirwa nevhututi hwehutu hwakaita seAgent Orange. "Hondo yeVietnam" inongoita zvisiri izvo zvisiri izvo zvehurumende yehurumende uye zvinorevei.
Mufananidzo: AP
Chikamu chechishanu che "Hondo yeVietnam," iyo inonzi "Ichi Ndicho Chinoita," inotanga naMarine Corps veteran Roger Harris vachitaura nezvemaitiro ehondo. "Iwe unofanana nehutsinye hwehondo. Iwe unofanana nekuuraya, kufa, "iye anoti. "Mushure mechinguva, hazvikuvhiringidzi. Ndinofanira kutaura, hazvina kukuvhundutsa zvakanyanya. "
Icho chinotyisa uye chinonzwisisika chakapiwa kuvatarisi sewindo pazviso zvechokwadi zvehondo. Zvakaita kuti ndifunge, zvisinei, pamusoro pomumwe munhu akawana hondo yakareba kwenguva refu uye kupfuura zvakanyanya kupfuura Harris akaita. Zita rake rainzi Ho Thi A uye mumeso akareruka, akayera akanditaurira nezvezuva rimwe mu1970 apo US Marines akauya kune imwe imba yeLe Bac 2. Akanditsanangurira kuti sei, semusikana muduku, aifukidza mumubhedha pamwe naambuya vake uye muvakidzani akwegura, vachifamba sezvakaita boka reMarines - uye kuti mumwe wevaAmerica akanga aita sei bfuti rake ndokupfura vaviri vakwegura vakadzi vakafa. (Mumwe wevaMarines munharaunda iyoyo zuva iroro akandiudza kuti akaona mukadzi akwegura "gut-shot" uye kufa uye mashoma mashoma mashoma evanhu vakafa, kusanganisira vakadzi nevana, sezvaaifamba.)
Ho Thi A akamuudza nyaya yacho yakanyarara uye yakaunganidzwa. Ndizvo chete pandakaenderera mberi kune mibvunzo yakawanda iyo yakangoerekana yavhunika, ichichemera chikafu. Akachema kwemaminitsi gumi. Zvadaro yaiva gumi namashanu. Zvadaro makumi maviri. Zvadaro zvakawanda. Pasinei nekuedza kwake kwose kuzvidzivirira, mafashamo emisodzi akaramba achidurura.
SaHarris, akanga achinja uye akaenderera mberi noupenyu hwake, asi utsinye, kuuraya, kufa, kwakamuvhiringidza
Ho Thi A mu 2008.
Mufananidzo: Tam Turse
- chaizvo zvishoma. Izvozvo hazvina kundishamisa. Hondo yakauya pamusuo wake, akatora mbuya vake, ndokumukuvadza hupenyu hwake. Akange asina rwendo rwakafanotaurwa rwebasa. Akararama hondo mazuva ose ehuduku hwake uye achiri kurarama matanho kubva munzvimbo iyoyo yekuuraya.Awedzera pamwe chete kutambura kwevose veSouth Vietnam Ho Ho AA, vakadzi vose nevana nevarume vakwegura vaifamba muavo bunkers, avo vaiva nemisha yavo vakapisa, avo vakave vasina pokugara, avo vakafira pasi pemabhomba uye kubvongodza, uye avo vakaviga marwadzo akaparara, uye iyo inoshamisa, inenge isingafungidziki-uye, nenhamba huru chete, iyo chaiyo yehondo.
Ikoko kune ani zvake anofarira kuiwana. Ingotarisa varume vacho vane napalm-tsvuku kana kuti nyeupe phosphorus-zviso zvakanyunguduka. Tarisa kuti vanambuya vanoshayiwa maoko nemakumbo, vakadzi vekare vane shrapnel zvikara uye vasiri maziso. Hapana kushayikwa kwavo, kunyange kana kune vashoma zuva rimwe nerimwe.
Kana iwe uchida chaizvo kuwana pfungwa ye "zvakaitika" muVietnam, nenzira dzose uone "Hondo yeVietnam." Asi sezvaunoita, iwe unogara ipapo uchiyemura "zvisingamboonekwi uye zvinyorwa zvekare zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemifananidzo," panguva kugomera ku "zviratidzo zvemimhanzi zvinyorwa kubva kune [va] vanyori vepamhanzi venguva iyo," uyewo kufungisisa "kutyisa mimhanzi yepakutanga kubva kuTrent Reznor neAtticus Ross," fungidzira kuti iwe wakanyatsoputika muimba yako yepasi, kuti imba yako iri kumusoro inopisa, iyo inouraya helicopter iri kufamba-famba kumusoro, uye iyo inofamba-yakareba-yevatorwa-vatorwa vanoita ' T taura mutauro wako - uri kunze kwejeri rako, kupopota kuraira iwe usinganzwisisi, kuputika grenades muimba yako yevanogara, uye kana iwe ukabuda uchipinda mumoto, kupinda mune mhirizhonga, mumwe wavo angangokupfura iwe.
Mufananidzo wepamusoro: US Marine imire nevana veVietnam sezvo vachiona imba yavo ichipisa pashure pokunge patrol ichiisa moto shure kwekuwana AK-47 zvombo, Jan. 13, 1971, 25 kumaodzanyemba kweDha Nang.
Nick Turse ndiye munyori we "Kaura Chero Chinhu Chinofambisa: Hondo Yechokwadi yeAmerica muVietnam, "Rimwe remabhuku rakarondedzerwa se" zvinowirirana nefirimu "paPBS Website nokuda kwe "Hondo yeVietnam." Anowanzopa mukana weThe Intercept.
