NeChechi yeKaturike, yezvinhu zvese, kupandukira dzidziso iyo inotsigira panogona kuve ne "hondo chaiyo," zvakakodzera kuti titarise zvakakomba kufunga shure kweiyi dzidziso yepakati, yakatangira musimba rehumwari remadzimambo, rakagadzirwa ne mutsvene uyo aipikisa kuzvidzivirira asi akatsigira uranda uye achitenda kuuraya mahedheni kwaive kwakanaka kune vahedheni - dzidziso isingabvumirwe iyo nanhasi ichiri kutsanangura mazwi ayo akakosha muchiLatin. Bhuku raLaurie Calhoun, Hondo uye Kuparara: Kuongorora Kunokosha, anokanda ziso rakatendeseka remuzivi panharo dzevadziviriri ve "hondo chaiyo", vachitora kukomba kwavo kwese kusanzwisisika, uye nekutsanangura zvakanyatsonaka kuti vanokanganisa sei. Sezvo ndichangobva kuwana bhuku iri, heino runyorwa rwangu rwakagadziridzwa rwekuverenga kunodiwa pakubviswa kwehondo:
A Global Security System: An Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015.
Hondo: Chimhosva Kuvanhu by Roberto Vivo, 2014.
Hondo uye Kuparara: Kuongorora Kunokosha naLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: Kutanga Kwehondo, Kupera Kwehondo by Judith Hand, 2013.
Kuguma kweHondo naJohn Horgan, 2012.
Kuchinja kune Rugare naRussell Faure-Brac, 2012.
Kunze kweHondo: Munhu Anokwanisa Kuita Rugare naDouglas Fry, 2009.
Kurarama Kupfuura Hondo by Winslow Myers, 2009.
Aya ndiwo mazano eChohoun jus ad bellum:
- ichaziviswa pachena
- vane tariro yakanaka yekubudirira
- ngazviitwe chete sechisarudzo chekupedzisira
- ngaitungamirirwe nechiremera chakarurama nechinangwa chakarurama, uye
- vane chikonzero zvose zviri zviviri uye zvakaenzana (zvakaringana zvakakwana kuti zvirevere chiyero chakanyanya chehondo)
Ndinogona kuwedzera zvakare sechinhu chinonzwisisika:
- vane tariro inonzwisisika yekutungamirirwa nayo jus muBlolo.
Aya ndiwo mazano eChohoun jus in barolo:
- kungofanana chete zvinoreva kuratidza zvinangwa zvehondo zvinogona kuendeswa
- vasingabatanidzi varwere vanorwiswa
- Masoja emuvengi anofanira kuremekedzwa sevanhu, uye
- vasungwa vehondo vanofanira kuonekwa sevasingaiti nharo.
Pane matambudziko maviri neaya mazita. Chekutanga ndechekuti kunyangwe dai chinhu chese chakasangana chaicho, chisina kumboitika uye chisingatomboitika, izvo hazvaizoita kuuraya kukuru kwevanhu tsika kana mutemo. Fungidzira kana mumwe munhu akagadzira maitiro ehuranda chete kana kungoita lynching uye obva asangana nezvinodiwa; zvingakugutsa here? Dambudziko repiri nderekuti maitiro acho, sezvandambotaura - sekungofanana neMutungamiri Obama zvakafanana, zvakawedzera-pamutemo, zvimiro zvekuzvisarudzira zvekuponda kwedrone - hazvina kumbosangana.
"Yakaziviswa pachena" inoita senge chinhu chimwe chinogona kuzadzikiswa nehondo dzazvino uye dzichangoburwa, asi ndizvo here? Hondo dzaimboziviswa ivo vasati vatanga, kunyangwe zvichirongwa nekubvumirana kwemapato mune dzimwe nguva. Ikozvino hondo, pazvakanakisisa, dzakaziviswa mushure mekunge mabhomba atanga kudonha uye nhau dzazozivikanwa. Dzimwe nguva, hondo hadzina kumboziviswa. Zvakaringana zvekune dzimwe nyika kunoungana kune vanoshingairira vatengi venhau muUnited States kuti vaone kuti nyika yavo iri muhondo, kuburikidza nedrones isina kurongwa, neimwezve nyika. Kana basa rekununura vanhu, senge muLibhiya, rinotsanangurwa sechimwe chinhu kunze kwehondo, asi nenzira inojekesa kune anoona zvakanyanya kuti kumwe kupidigura kwehurumende kuri kuitika nemhirizhonga uye nhamo dzevanhu nemauto epasi kutevera. Kana muongorori akakomba mugari angangoona kuti mauto eUS ari kubatsira Saudi Arabia kubhomba Yemen, uye vozoona kuti US yaunza mauto epasi - asi hapana hondo inoziviswa pachena. Ndakabvunza mhomho yevanhu vanoita zverunyararo kana kunyangwe ivo vachigona kutumidza nyika nomwe dzakapihwa nebhomba nemutungamiriri wenyika yeUS, uye kazhinji hapana anogona kuzviita. (Asi vabvunze kana dzimwe hondo dzisina kutaurwa dzakarurama, uye maoko mazhinji achapfura kumusoro.)
Kune chero hondo "dzine tarisiro yakanaka yekubudirira"? Izvi zvinogona kutsamira mune imwe nyaya yakasarudzika kana makesi kuti unotsanangura sei "budiriro," asi zviri pachena kuti dzinenge hondo dzese dzeUS dzemakore makumi manomwe apfuura (uye pakave nemakumi mazhinji) kwave kutadza pane avo vega mazwi. "Dzodzivirira" hondo dzagadzira njodzi nyowani. Hondo dzeumambo dzakundikana kuvaka humambo. "Hondo dzekubatsira" dzakundikana kubatsira vanhu. Hondo dzekuvaka nyika dzakundikana kuvaka nyika. Hondo dzekubvisa zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda dzakaitwa munzvimbo dzisina zvombo zvakadaro. Hondo dzerunyararo dzaunza dzimwe hondo. Inenge hondo nyowani nyowani inodzivirirwa zvichibva pamukana wekuti neimwe nzira ingaite sehondo yakaitwa makore anodarika makumi manomwe apfuura kana sehondo isina kumboitika (muRwanda). Mushure meLibya, zvikonzero zviviri izvi zvakashandiswa zvakare muSyria, nemuenzaniso weLibya wakadzima uye wakanganikwa sevamwe vazhinji.
"Waged chete sekupedzisira sarudzo" iri pakati pe jus ad bellum, asi harina kumbobvira rasangana uye haigoni kusangana. Icho chiri pachena pachena nguva dzose pane imwe nzvimbo. Kunyangwe kana nyika kana nzvimbo yakakonzerwa kana kuparadzwa, zvishandiso zvisiri izvo zvinowanzobudirira uye zvinogara zviripo. Asi United States inobhadhara hondo dzayo inofadza kunze kwenyika. (Calhoun anotaura kuti 2002 National Security Strategy yaisanganisira mutsetse uyu: "Tinoziva kuti kuzvidzivirira kwedu kwakanaka imhosva yakanaka.") Muzviitiko izvi, zvakatonyanya pachena, pane matanho asingaverengeke anodzivirira anogara achiwanikwa - uye anogara ari nani sezvazviri, muhondo, kuzvidzivirira kwakaipisisa kwakanaka kukanganisa.
"Wakaneta nemvumo yepamutemo nechinangwa chakarurama," hunhu husina musoro. Hapana munhu akatsanangura izvo zvinokosheswa sechiremera chepamutemo kana vane zvibvumirano zvavanofunga vatinofanira kutenda. Chinangwa chikuru chemupimo uyu kusiyanisa chero divi rehondo rauri kubva kune rimwe divi, iro risiri repamutemo uye rakaitirwa zvakaipa. Asi rimwe divi rinotenda zvakapesana, sekungove pasina hwaro. Ichi chirevo chinoshandawo kubvumidza, kuburikidza neUnyengeri hweMiddle Medhi Monkish Bullshitting, chero uye kwese kutyorwa kweiyo nzira ye jus muBlolo. Uri kuuraya akawanda evasiri varwi here? Waizviziva here kuti uri kuenda? Zvese zvakanyatsonaka chero bedzi iwe uchitaura kuti chinangwa chako chaive chimwe chinhu kunze kwekuuraya vese avo vanhu - chimwe chinhu icho muvengi wako asingatenderwe kutaura; muvengi wako anogona kupomerwa mhosva yekubvumira vanhu ivavo kuti vagare pakanga pawira mabhomba ako.
Hondo inogona "kuve nechikonzero zvese zviri zviviri zvakaenzana uye zvakaenzana (zvakakwana zvakakomba kuti zvipe muyero wakakomba wehondo)"? Huye, chero hondo inogona kuve nechakanaka chikonzero, asi icho chikonzero hachigone kupembedza hondo inoputsa zvese zvimwe zvinodiwa mune iyi runyorwa pamwe nezvinodiwa zvehunhu nemutemo. Chikonzero chakarurama chinogara chichiteedzerwa nenzira dzisiri dzehondo. Kuti hondo yakarwiwa isati yapera hutapwa haishandure kusarudzika kwenzira iyo nyika zhinji dzakatora mukugumisa uranda pasina hondo yevagari. Hatidi kururamisa kuurayana muminda mikuru izvozvi, kunyangwe tikapedza mafuta ekushandisa mushure. Zvakawanda zvikonzero zvinogona kufungidzirwa kana izvo zvatinoudzwa izvo chaizvo hondo zvinorwirwa, hazvireve kugumisa kana kudzivirira chero chinhu chiri kure zvakashata sehondo. Hondo Yenyika II, isati yasvika uye panguva iyo vakuru veUS neBritain vakaramba kununura vaNazi avo vaizobatwa, zvinowanzo ruramiswa nehuipi hwekuuraya vanhu mumisasa, kunyangwe iko kururamisa kwakamuka mushure mehondo, uye kunyangwe Hondo yakauraya akati wandei. zvakapetwa sevanhu vakawanda semisasa.
Nei ndakawedzera chinhu ichi: “kuva netariro inonzwisisika yekuitiswa naJus mu bello”? Zvakanaka, kana hondo chaiyo ichifanira kusangana nematanho maviri, saka haifanire kuvhurwa kunze kwekunge iine tariro yekusangana neyechipiri - chimwe chinhu chisina kumboitwa nehondo uye hapana hondo ichamboitwa. Ngatitarisei pazvinhu izvi:
"Nzira dzakaringana chete dzekunzwisisa zvinangwa zvemauto ndidzo dzinogona kuiswa." Izvi zvinogona kuzadzikiswa chete nekuti hazvina zvazvinoreva zvachose, zvese kuti zvive zvekuzvishandira zvakagadzirwa neziso rehondo-monger kana iye anokunda. Iko hakuna bvunzo yehunyanzvi yekubvumidza bato risingarerekere kuzivisa kuti chimwe chinhu chiri kana chisina kuenzana kana kurira, uye hapana hondo inozivikanwa kuti yakadzivirirwa kana kudzivirirwa zvakanyanya nemuedzo wakadai. Iyi nzira haimbofi yakasangana nekugutsikana kwevanotambudzwa kana vakundwa.
"Varwi vasinga pikisi vanotapukirwa." Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisati zvasangana. Kunyangwe vadzidzi vanopokana nehondo vanowanzo tarisa kuhondo dzakapfuura pakati penyika dzakapfuma pane hondo dzakapfuura dzekuparadza dzakaitwa nenyika dzakapfuma kurwisa vanhu vemo. Chokwadi ndechekuti hondo yaigara iri nhau dzinotyisa kune vasiri varwi. Kunyangwe vepakati pezana eEuropean nguva munguva iyo dzidziso isina musoro iyi yakarongedzwa yakaratidza kukomberedzwa kwemaguta, nzara uye kubata chibharo sezvombo zvehondo. Asi mukati memakore makumi manomwe apfuura vasiri varwi ndivo vanga vari vazhinji vevakabatwa nehondo, kazhinji ruzhinji, uye kazhinji vese kudivi rimwe. Chinhu chekutanga chakaitwa nehondo dzichangoburwa kuuraya vanhuwo zvavo kudivi rimwe rehondo yega yega. Hondo ingori kuuraya kwakarerekera divi rimwe chete, uye kwete bhizimusi rekufungidzira umo "vasiri varwi vanodzivirirwa pakurwiswa." Kutsanangura "kurwisa," sezvataurwa pamusoro, kusanganisa chero kuuraya kwakawanda kwete "kuitirwa" nemhondi hakuzoshandure izvi.
"Mauto emuvengi anofanirwa kuremekedzwa sevanhu." Chaizvoizvo? Kana iwe ukafamba padyo nekuuraya muvakidzani wako, uye woenda pamberi pemutongi kuti utsanangure kuti unoremekedza sei muvakidzani wako semunhu, waizoti kudii? Pamwe iwe une basa rakavhurika kwauri se "akarurama hondo" theorist, kana iwe watotanga pari zvino kuona upenzi hweiro bhizinesi.
"Vasungwa vehondo vanofanirwa kubatwa sevasiri varwi." Ini handizive nezve chero hondo umo izvi zvasangana zvizere uye handina chokwadi chekuti zvingaitwe sei pasina kusunungura vasungwa. Ehe mamwe mapato mune dzimwe hondo auya padhuze kupfuura mamwe kuzadzisa muyero uyu. Asi United States yakatora iyo ichangoburwa kutungamira mukufambisa zvakajairika tsika kure kure, pane kuswedera padyo neiyi yakanaka.
Kunze kwemarudzi aya ematambudziko nedzidziso ye "kungorwa hondo", Calhoun anonongedza kuti kubata nyika sekunge munhu kunonetsa kusingaperi. Pfungwa yekuti masoja anotumirwa kuhondo vari kuzvidzivirira pamwe haishande nekuti vanogona kuzvidzivirira nekusiya. Muchokwadi vari kuzviisa panjodzi yekuuraya vanhu avo kazhinji vasina chekuita nemhosva ipi neipi vatungamiriri vevanhu vacho yavanopomerwa - uye vachizviita kubhadhara.
Calhoun anoita chimwe chinhu mubhuku rake, achingopfuura, izvo zvakagadzira kurwisa kwakashata apo Jane Addams akaiyedza iyo yekuti mukuru werunyararo akapotsa arohwa pasi akadzingwa mumunda. Calhoun akataura kuti masoja anorapwa mukugadzirira hondo. Addams akataura, muhurukuro muNew York, panguva yeHondo Yenyika I, kuti munyika dzaakange ashanyira muEurope, masoja madiki aive ataura kuti zvainge zvakaoma kuita bayonet kuchaja, kuuraya mamwe majaya padyo, kunze kwekunge "kuchisimudzwa." , ”Kuti maRungu akapiwa rum, maGerman ether, uye absinthe yeFrance. Kuti ichi chaive chiratidzo chetariro chekuti varume havazi vese mhondi dzechisikigo, uye kuti zvaive zvechokwadi, vakasungwa padivi pakurwiswa kwe "kuchera" kweAdamsams kwemauto akachena. Muchokwadi mauto eUS anotora chikamu muhondo dzemazuva ano vanofa nekuzviuraya kupfuura chero chikonzero, uye miedzo to chimbomira kukanganisa kwavo kwetsika kungave akazviita the most medicated killers in nhoroondo.
Uyezve pane dambudziko rekuti United States yakazviita iro rekutanga zvombo zvekutengesa kune ese akasiyana mavaiti ehondo kutenderera pasirese uye kazhinji inozviwana ichirwa nemauto eUS, uye inotowana mauto eUS-akashongedzerwa nemauto akadzidziswa eUS vachirwisana. izvozvi muSyria. Sangano chero ripi rinogona kubvunza zvakaringana uye zvinodzivirira zvinokurudzira zvichitungamira mukubatsira maoko nekuwanda?
Nepo dzidziso ye "ingori hondo" ichipunzika kana ichitarisa kuvepo kwekutengeserana kwemaoko, inozviita pachayo yakafanana nekutengeserana kwemaoko. Iko kushambadzira uye kuwanda kwe "ingori hondo" rhetoric kutenderera pasirese kunopa ese marudzi ese evagadziri vehondo nenzira dzekukunda pamusoro pevatsigiri vezviito zvavo zvakaipa.
Nguva pfupi ndadzoka, ndakanzwa kubva kublogga ichibvunza kana ndaiziva kana dzidziso yekuti "ingori hondo" yaive nezvose zvaitadzisa hondo nekuda kwekusaruramisira. Heino iyo zvichikonzera blog:
"Mukugadzirira chinyorwa ichi ndakanyora vanhu makumi mashanu - varwiri vehondo uye varwi chete, vadzidzi-kune-varatidziri, vanoziva chimwe chinhu nezvekushandiswa kwedzidziso yehondo chete - ndichibvunza kana vaigona kutaura humbowo hwehondo inogona kudzivirirwa (kana kuchinjwa zvakanyanya) nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zveyambiro yehondo chete. Vanopfuura hafu vakapindura, uye hapana kana mumwe chete aigona kutumidza kesi. Chii chinonyanya kushamisa iyo nhamba yakafunga mubvunzo wangu senhau imwe. "Kana iyo chete matrix yehondo ichizofanira kuve mutengesi akatendeka wezve sarudzo sarudzo, zvirokwazvo panofanira kuve nemitriki inosimbiswa."
Hezvino zvandanga ndapindura kumubvunzo:
"Mubvunzo wakanakisa, nekuti chero munhu anogona kunyora akawanda ehondo akadzivirirwa achishandisa 'hondo chete,' asi chinangwa chagara chichiita kunge chiri chekudzivirira hondo idzodzo kana zvikamu zvadzo kana pfungwa dzazvo, kusiyana nedzimwe 'hondo dzisakarurama,' ' kwete kudzivirira chaizvo dzimwe hondo. Ehezve, nedzidziso dzekare dzakapararira kudaro, munhu anogona kupa kuzvidzora kwese kwese, kurapwa kwakanaka kwevasungwa, chero sarudzo yekusashandisa zvombo zvenyukireya, danho reIran rekusashandisa zvombo zvemakemikari kutsiva Iraq, nezvimwewo. chimwe chezvikonzero chandisina kumbofunga nezve 'kungori hondo' senzira yekudzivirira kana kupedza kana kudzikamisa hondo chaidzo ndechekuti hachisi chaicho chiratidzo. zvese zviri muziso reanodziya. Pane imwe nhanho yekuponda 'yakaenzana' kana 'inodikanwa'? Ndiani anoziva! Iko hakuna kumbobvira paita chero nzira yekunyatso kuziva. Hazvina kumboitika mumakore 1700 zvakagadzirwa kuva chishandiso chekushandisa chaicho. Icho chishandiso chekuzvidzivirira kwekutaura, kwete kutariswa zvakanyanya "Tikatarisa mukatarisa izvozvi, tinogona kutarisira, zvichaonekwa kune vamwe vanhu vazhinji zvakanyatsoenderana sehuranda, kungobata chibharo, uye kushungurudzwa kwevana chete."
