Inguva yekubvisa kushandiswa kwekunyora nekudzorera kodzero dzakakwana kuvanhu vehana.

NaBill Galvin naMaria Santelli, Center paHana & Hondo[1]

Nekudzivirira kurwisana kwevakadzi muUnited States Masvingo ikozvino yakasimudzwa, kukurukurirana kwekunyorwa kwekunyora kwakadzoka mumashoko, madare, uye mahofisi emusangano. Asi matambudziko eSelective Service System (SSS) Kuregera kunowedzera zvakanyanya kupfuura kuenzana kwevakadzi. Pane zvido zvishoma zvezvematongerwe enyika mukudzorera zvakare. Asi kunyora kunyoresa kunoramba kuri mutoro pamusoro pevarume vechidiki vedu - uye zvino, zvingangove vasikana vedu vaduku, naizvo.

Izvo zvisarudzo zvisingasaruri zvinopiwa kune avo vanosarudza kusaita kana kukundikana kunyora vanoita kuti upenyu huve hwakaoma kune vakawanda avo vatotanga kusarudzwa, uye avo vanonyanya kuda avo vanoramba zvehana nekuda kwehana vanofunga kuti kunyoresa neSelection Service ndiyo nzira yekutora chikamu muhondo. Hapana mukana wekunyora sehana yehana nehana. Kudzivirirwa kwepamutemo kune avo vanoramba kupinda mune zvehana nekuda kwehana nekuda kwehana nekuda kwehana nekuda kwehana nekuda kwehana,[2] uye yakanyorerwa mumapuranga ekutanga ezvakava yekutanga uye yechipiri kuchinjwa kumutemo wekodzero dzemutemo weUnited States.[3] Panzvimbo yekukudza nekusimudzira rusununguko idzi nekudzivirirwa, vemazuva ano vateereri vemazano vakaisa vasiri vanyori kune mitemo inoramba dzidzo, basa uye mamwe mikana inokosha. Mitemo iyi inomiririra mutoro unogamuchirwa kune avo vasingagoni, nehana yakanaka, kunyora, uye izvo chaizvoizvo vanoshumira kuranga nekuisa mararamiro avo vari kurarama hupenyu hwavo hwechokwadi kune chinonyanya kukosha chedu democracy.

Mushure mokunge hondo muVietnam ipera muna 1975, kunyorwa kunyoresa kwakapera zvakare. Muna 1980 Mutungamiri Carter akadzorera kubhadhara kutumira shoko kune Soviet Union, iyo yakanga ichangopinda Afghanistan, kuti US ingagadzirira hondo chero nguva. Iyi ichiri mutemo wenyika nhasi: inenge varume vose vanogara muUnited States uye vose vagari vemo pakati pemakore e18 ne26 vanofanirwa kunyorwa neSelective Service.

Zvirango zvekutadza kunyoresa zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyisa: ndeye federal felony inotakura chirango chemakore mashanu mutirongo uye faindi inosvika kumadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu.[4] Sezvo 1980 mamiriyoni evarume vaduku vakaputsa murairo kuburikidza nekukundikana kunyoresa. Uye kune avo vakanyoresa, mamiriyoni akawanda akaputsa mutemo kuburikidza nekukundikana kunyoresa panguva yakatarwa mumutemo.[5]  Sezvo 1980 yakawanda yevanhu vane 20 chete vari kutongerwa kusakwanisa kunyoresa. (Nyaya yekupedzisira yaive munaJanuary 23rd, 1986.) Vanenge vose vari kupomerwa vakanga vasingadi kuita zvehana nekuda kwehana avo vakatsigira pachena kuti havana kubhadhara sechitendero, chechitendero kana chematongerwe enyika.[6]

Pakutanga, hurumende yakaronga kutsinhira vashoma vezvinyorwa zvevanhu uye vanotya vamwe vose kuti vabvumirane nezvinodiwa zvokunyora. (Mukutsvaga kwemhosva, chirongwa ichi chinonzi "general deterrence.") Urongwa hwacho hwakadzokorora: avo vanoramba zvehana nekuda kwekutongwa kwaiva pamashoko emanheru vachitaura nezvehutsika hwavo, vachitsigira kuti vari kupindura mitemo yepamusoro yepamitemo, uye kusateererwa nekunyorwa zvirokwazvo yakawedzera.

Mukupindura, kutanga muna 1982, hurumende yehurumende yakagadza mitemo yekuranga uye mitemo yakagadzirirwa kukamanikidza vanhu kuti vanyorwe neSelection Service. Mitemo iyi, inowanzonzi "Soromoni" mitemo mushure memutungamiri weCongress uyo akatanga kuvataurira (kwete nekuda kwezvavanofunga kuti vakachenjera!), Avo vanobvumirwa kuti vasati vanyora vanobvuma zvinotevera:

• Rubatsiro rwezvemari yehurumende kuenda kuvadzidzi vekoroji
• Federal basa rekudzidzisa;
• Basa neFederal executive agencies;
• S. Ubwene hwevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika.

Selective Service yakataura nguva dzose kuti chinangwa chavo ndechekuwedzera kuwandisa kwemari, kwete kushungurudza pasina-registrants. Vanofara kubvuma kunyoresa kwenguva pfupi kusvikira imwe inoshanduka 26, mushure mekunge iyo isiri yechepamutemo kana yepamutemo inogona kubhadhara. Nokuti pane mitemo yemakore mashanu ekukanganiswa kwekuputsa kweSelective Service mutemo, kamwe kana munhu asina kubhadhara achitendeuka 31 iye[7] haigoni kushorwa, asi kukaramba kwehurumende yezvemari, rubatsiro rwemabasa, uye basa rinowedzera muupenyu hwake hwose.

Selective Service yakapupurira pamberi peCongress kuti hapana chinhu chingawana kuburikidza nekuramba zvikomborero kune avo vakwegura zvikuru kuti vasanyorwa.[8] Asi, mukutenderedzwa kwehutenderedzwa, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakataura kuti kuwana mumwe munhu kunyoresa kuri kuita munhu iyeye, nokuti kukundikana kunyoresa kunoita kuti zvirege kubvumirwa kune hurumende idzi "zvikomborero." Kutaura zvazviri, iyo ndiyo mafungiro akaita kuti aimbova mutungamiriri Yokusarudza Basa Gil Coronado kuchengeta,

"Kana tisingabudirire pakuyeuchidza varume vari mukati memaguta nezvezvisungo zvavo zvekunyoresa, kunyanya vashoma nevarume vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, vacharasikirwa nemikana yekuzadzisa chiroto cheAmerica. Ivo vacharasikirwa nekodzero yezvikwereti zvekoreji uye rubatsiro, mabasa ehurumende, kudzidziswa basa uye kunyoresa-zera vatorwa, ugari. Kunze kwekunge isu takabudirira mukuwana kutevedza kwakanyanya, America inogona kunge yave padanho rekugadzira underclass yekusingaperi. "[9]

Panzvimbo pekushanda kubvisa izvi zvisarudzo zvisingasaruri kune vasiri vanyori, uye kunyatsotarisa nharaunda kune vose, Selective Service yakakurudzira kuti vatore zvimwe zvirango kune avo vasinganyorese kunyorwa. Sekureva kwegore ra2015 reSSS Annual Report kuCongress, vanopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevarume vakanyoreswa muFY 2015 vakamanikidzwa nezviyero zvakaita sekurambidzwa kwelayisensi yekutyaira kana kuwana rubatsiro rwemari.[10]

Mumakore kubvira apo hurumende yehurumende yakagadzirisa chirango cheSoromoni-style, 44 inoti, District of Columbia, uye nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakagadza mutemo unokurudzira kana kuti usimbise kubhadhara neSelective Service. Mitemo iyi inotora mhando dzakasiyana-siyana: mamwe maitiro anoramba hurumende rubatsiro rwemari kuvadzidzi vasina kunyora; mamwe mabhadharo ekuregererwa munzvimbo dzehurumende; vamwe vevaya vasina kubhadhara kubhadhara kunze kwe-state chikoro; uye vamwe vanoti vanotora chikamu chezvikwereti izvi. Zvikwereti zvinorega kushanda nehurumende dzehurumende zvakapfuura muZ20 uye ndima imwe.

Mitemo inobatanidza kunyoresa kune reisensi yekutyaira, pemvumo yevadzidzi, kana mufananidzo weZIDZIDZO zvinopesana nehurumende, kubva pakudhakwa kunyoresa kuitira kuti ave akakodzera kugamuchira chiziviso kana kuti reisense, iyo inzvimbo yakatorwa nehurumende dzakawanda, kungopa mukana wekunyoresa. Izvo chete izvo zvisingashanduri chero mutemo wehurumende maererano nekunyorwa neSelection Service ndiNebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, uye Wyoming.

Chero kutyorwa kwemutemo kunotakura chirango kana munhu akabatwa nemhosva. Asi - uye zvakakodzera kudzokorora - hurumende haina kutongesa munhu nekuputsa mutemo weSelective Service kubvira 1986, asi mazana ezviuru zvevagari vomuUnited States vakapomerwa mhosva kubvira panguva iyoyo.[11] Iyi tsika yekutonga pasina kupomerwa kana kutendeseka kunoparadza nzira yemutemo yakagadzwa neMutemo weNyika. Uyezve, kutarisa vanhu munzira dzisingabatanidzi kudarika kwavo - mhosva yavasina kubhadharwa - inopesana nemitemo yedu yemutemo uye pfungwa yedu yeruramisiro. Kana pane chido chezvematongerwe enyika chekusimbisa mutemo, vapomeri vanofanira kupomerwa uye vane kodzero yekutongwa nejuri revezera ravo. Kana pasina hurumende yekuda kuita mutemo, mutemo unofanira kubviswa. 

Zvisinei, panzvimbo pekudzivisa mutemo uyu usingadiwi uye unorema, kunyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika nevekutarisa kwave kuri kutaridzirwa kuwedzera kune vakadzi. Musi waFebruary 2, 2016 Mutungamiriri weVashandi veMasoja uye Mutungamiri weMarine Corps vose vakapupurira pamberi peSenate Armed Services Committee mukutsigira kuparidzira zvinyoresa kune vakadzi. Mazuva maviri gare gare, Representative Duncan Hunter (R-CA) uye Mumiririri Ryan Zinke (R-MT) akatanga Draft America's Daughters Act, iyo, kana ikapfuura, inogona kuwedzera kudiwa kwekubhabhatidzwa kune vakadzi. Izvo zvinogonawo kuisa vakadzi, uye zvisingaverengeki vakadzi vehana, kuve nekupomerwa kwemhosva, pamwe nekurangwa kwehupenyu husina hanya nekuda kweshoko ravo rehana.

Kudzoka ku1981, apo kusarudzwa kwemurume mumwechete-zvepabonde seSection Service kwakapikiswa sekusarura kwepabonde, Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa mutongo wekuti murume-chete Selective Service kubhadhara wakanga uri mutemo. Ivo vakati, "Vakadzi vasiri kubviswa mubasa rehondo," ivo havakwanisi kufanana nechinangwa chekunyora kana kubhadharira kwezvinyorwa, "neCongress, vane kodzero yepamutemo yekusimudza nekuchengetedza" mauto, aiva nechiremera chekufunga "chiuto chehondo" pamusoro pe "kuenzana."[12]

Asi nguva dzakashanduka, uye vakadzi ikozvino pakupedzisira vanozivikanwa se "zvakafanana zviripo." Zvino kuti vakadzi havasisiri kudzivirirwa kubva mukurwisana, chikonzero chikonzero Dare rakabvumira chirume chevarume-chega bedzi chisipo. Mhosva dzinoverengeka dzematare mumakore achangopfuura dzakapikisa varume-chete inongororwa pamusoro pebumbiro remitemo "kuenzana nekudzivirira" nzvimbo, uye chimwe chezviitiko izvi yakanga yakakakavadzana pamberi pe 9^th Dare Federal Court of Appeals muna December 8, 2015. Musi waFebruary 19, 2016, dare rekukumbira rakaramba hurumende yepamusoro yezvikonzero zvekuregera nyaya yacho uye yakadzorera zvakare kuti iwedzere kuongororwa.

Asi kuwedzera vakadzi kune vagari vanorangwa nepamutemo nepamusoro pemitemo yeSelective Service System haigadziri chinhu.

Nezvino mahurumende uye sangano reSelective Service mitemo munzvimbo, kana munhu achida kudzokera kuchikoro gare gare muupenyu kana kutsvaga basa nehurumende kana hurumende yehurumende, anogona kuwana mikana iyo yakavharwa nokuti haana kunyora. Pasina mufananidzo wechifananidzo kana reisensi yekufambisa, kodzero dzevanhu vehana yekufamba dzinoregererwa. Mufananidzo weVID inowanzodiwa kutenga ndege kana tiketi yechitima, kana matikiti ekufamba kune dzimwe nzira dzokufambisa kunyange mukati meU.S. Sangano reZvose reHuman Rights Rinoti 13.1 inoti, "munhu wose ane kodzero yekusununguko yekufamba uye kugara mukati memiganhu yenyika imwe neimwe."[13] Migumisiro yemitemo iyi ndeyokuderedza kodzero iyi yevanhu. Uyezve, kana izvo zvinonzi Zvinotora Zvido zveDhiyabhorosi zvinoramba zvichipararira uye zvinotsigirwa nedare rematare, mitemo iyi inogona kukanganisa kodzero dzevanoramba zvehana nekuda kwenzira yekutonga yenzira yekureva: voti.

Vashomanana vangataura kuti vatongi vari kunze kwemitemo iyi ine mhosva vanotsvaka nekuziva uye nechinangwa kuti vakuvadze kana kuti vadzivise mamwe mapoka, asi izvi hazvisi izvo zvingaitwa nezviito zvavo. Nguva yakasvibiswa kupokana nemitemo iyi - kwete kuwedzera vakadzi vehana (kana vamwe vakadzi) kuboka iri kurangwa. Nguva yacho yakasvibiswa kupikisa Selective Service System pachayo, uye musi waFebruary 10, Mumiririri Mike Coffman (R-CO), pamwe chete nevamiririri Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Jared Polis (D-CO) uye Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) rakazivisa mushumo izvozvo zvaizadzisa zvese zviri zviviri. HR 4523 yaizobvisa iyo Military Selective Service Act, ichibvisa kunyoreswa kune wese munhu, uku ichida kuti "munhu arege kunyimwa kodzero, ropafadzo, kubatsirwa, kana chinzvimbo chebasa pasi pemutemo weFederal" nekuramba kana kutadza kunyoresa pamberi pe bvisa. Chikumbiro iko zvino iri kufamba-famba kuti iite basa iri rinonzwisisika uye rakakodzera.

Zvisinei nekutenderera kunoita kushoma kunorerutsa ("Zvinokurumidza, zviri nyore, mutemo;" Kunyoresa chete, hachisi chirongwa), nhaurirano idzi dzinoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chitsva chekuti, sekutaura kwakaita Dare Repamusorosoro kumashure muna 1981, "chinangwa yekunyoresa kugadzira dziva remauto angangorwiwa. " Chinangwa chekunyoresa ndechekugadzirira hondo. Vanasikana vedu uye vanakomana vedu akakodzera zviri nani.

[1] The Center on Conscience & War (CCW) yakavambwa mu1940 kuchengetedza kodzero dzeVanozvidzivirira Nehana. Basa redu rinoenderera nhasi, richipa hunyanzvi uye nerutsigiro rwemunharaunda kune avo vese vanopokana nekutora kwavo chikamu muhondo kana kugadzirira kwehondo.

[2] Lillian Schlissel, Hana muAmerica (New York: Dutton, 1968) p. 28

[3] Ibid, peji. 47. Pano Schlissel arikudoma James Madison, Zvirongwa kuCongress zveBumbiro Rekodzero, Annals of Congress: Dhiyabhorosi neZvirevo muCongress of the United States, Vol. I, First Congress, First Session, June 1789 (Washington DC: Gales uye Seaton, 1834). onawo Harrop A. Freeman, "Remonstrance for Hana," Univ. Penn. Mutemo Rev., vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 806-830, pana 811-812 (April 1958) (kudzokorora mashoko drafting nhoroondo zvakadzama).

[4] 50 USC App. 462 (a) uye 18 USC 3571 (b) (3)

[5] Kusarudzwa Kwebasa Rinoshandiswa Purogiramu Yegore Negore kuChishanu, 1981-2011

[6] http://hasbrouck.org/draft/prosecutions.html

[7] Tinoshandisa chirevo chokuti "iye" nokuti mutemo unongoguma nevanhurume panguva ino.

[8] Richard Flahavan, Selective Service System Associate Director, Veruzhinji neIntergovernmental Affairs, mumusangano pakati peSelection Service nevashandi veCentre pahana nehondo, Mbudzi 27, 2012

[9] FY 1999 Annual Report kuCongress of the United States, kubva kuMukuru weSelection Service, p.8.

[10] https://www.sss.gov/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Report%202015%20-%20Final.pdf

[11] ibid.

[12] Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 US 57 (1981).

[13] Chinyorwa 13 che Universal Declaration of Human Rights http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml