NaNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War, November 29, 2019
MaAmerican pavakanga vagara pasi kuKudya kwemanheru, vaIraqis vaichema Varatidziri ve40 vakaurayiwa nemapurisa nemauto nemusi weChina kuBaghdad, Najaf uye Nasiriyah. Vanenge vangangoita 400 varatidziri vakaurayiwa kubvira mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakaenda kumigwagwa kutanga kwaGumiguru. Mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu akatsanangura dambudziko iri muIraq se “Kudeuka kweropa,” Mutungamiri Abdul Abdul Mahdi akazivisa kuti achasiya chigaro, uye Sweden yavhura kuongorora vachipokana negurukota rezvekudzivirirwa kweIraq, Najah Al-Shammari, anove mugari weSweden, mhosva yaakapara.
Maererano ne Al Jazeera, "VaPurotesitendi vari kuda kupidigura boka rezvematongerwo enyika rinoonekwa sehusori uye richishandira kunze kwenyika asi vazhinji vekuIraq vanonetsekana muhurombo vasina mabasa, hutano kana dzidzo." 36 chete yevanhu vakuru veIraq vane mabasa, uye kunyangwe hazvo nzvimbo yeveruzhinji ichitorwa neUS, zvisaririra zvadzo zvakaputsika zvichiri kushandisa vanhu vazhinji kupfuura vemasangano akazvimirira, izvo zvakatonyanya kuipa pasi pechisimba nemhirizhonga yedzidziso yeUS yekutyisidzira.
Kushuma kwekuMadokero kunoendesa Iran nyore nyore semutambo wekunze mutambi muIraq nhasi. Asi neIran ichiri kuwana simba rakakura uye iripo imwe yezvinangwa zvekuratidzira, ruzhinji rwevanhu vanotonga Iraq nhasi vachiri vachiri vatapwa ivo iyo US yakabhururuka ichipinda nemauto ayo ekugara mu2003, "ichiuya kuIraq nehomwe dzisina chinhu kuzadza" semutyairi wetekisi muBaghdad akaudza mutori venhau vekuWestern panguva iyoyo. Zvinokonzeresa kusagadzikana kusingaperi kwematongerwo enyika neupfumi muIraq ndezvekutengesa nyika yavo kwevaimbova nhapwa, huori hwavo hwakazara uye chinzvimbo chepamutemo cheUS mukuparadza hurumende yeIraq, vachichiisa kwavari nekuvachengeta musimba kwemakore gumi nematanhatu.
Uori hwevaviri veUS neIraq vakuru panguva yekutora kweUS rakanyorwa zvakanyatsonaka. UN Security Council resolution 1483 yakagadzira $ 20 bhiriyoni Yekuvandudza Fund yeIraq vachishandisa zvakambobatwa midziyo yeIraq, mari yakasiiwa muchirongwa che "Oiri chekudya" uye mari itsva yeIraq. Ongororo yakaitwa neKPMG pamwe nemutungamiriri mukuru akaongorora vakaona kuti chikamu chikuru chemari iyoyo chakabiwa kana kubirirwa nevakuru veUS neIraq.
Vakuru vetsika veRebhanoni vakawana madhora gumi emamiriyoni 13 mumari mune yeIraq-America yepakati Interior Ministry Falah Naqib. Anoshanda pabasa boss Paul Bremer akachengeta $ 600 miriyoni slush fund isina mapepa. Hushumiri hwehurumende yeIraq nevashandi ve602 vakaunganidza mari dze8,206. Mukuru wemauto eU.S. akawedzera mutengo pachibvumirano chekuvaka chipatara, akaudza mutungamiriri wechipatara kuti mari yekuwedzera "yake yekuzorora." Mukontrakitari wekuAmerica akapa $ 60 million pamushandi weUS $ 20 miriyoni yekuvaka fekitori yekisimendi, uye akaudza vakuru veIraq kuti vanofanirwa kungotenda US yakavaponesa kubva kuna Saddam Hussein. Kontrakita yemapaipi eUS yakapa $ 3.4 mamirioni kune vashandi vasipo uye “zvimwe zvisina mvumo.” Kunze kwechibvumirano che198 kunoongororwa nemhloli wezvemitemo, 44 chete yaive negwaro rekuti ibvumidze kuti basa raitwa.
US "vanobhadhara" vashandi vanogovanisa mari yezvirongwa zvakapoteredzwa muIraq vakaisa mamirioni emadhora mumari. Muongorori mukuru akaongorora nzvimbo imwe chete, pedyo neHillah, asi akawana $ 96.6 mamirioni emadhora asina kunyorwa munzvimbo iyoyo chete. Mumwe mumiriri weAmerican aisakwanisa kuverengera $ 25 mamirioni, nepo imwe chete yaigona kungoita $ 6.3 mamirioni kubva pamadhora 23 mamirioni. "Coalition Provisional Authority" yakashandisa vamiririri vakaita seizvi muIraq yose uye vakango "bvisa" maakaundi avo pavakabuda munyika. Mumwe mumiriri akapikiswa akadzoka zuva raitevera aine $ 1.9 mamirioni mukushaikwa kwemari.
Sangano reUS Congress rakabhadharisa madhora mabhiriyoni gumi nemana emadhora ekuvakisa muIraq muna18.4, asi kunze kwemadhora mazana matatu nemazana mana ezviuru akatsausirwa ku “chengetedzo,” isingasviki madhora bhiriyoni. MaAmerican mazhinji anotenda kuti makambani emafuta eU.S. akaita kunge makororo muIraq, asi hachisi chokwadi futi. Zvirongwa zvakaitwa nemakambani emafuta ekuMadokero naVice President Cheney muna 2001 yaive nechinangwa ichocho, asi mutemo wekupa makambani eWestern Western mari yakawana mari "zvibvumirano zvekugovana" (PSAs) anofanirwa makumi emabhiriyoni pagore akafumurwa se kurova uye kubvuta kupamba uye Iraqi National Assembly yakaramba kuishandisa.
Pakupedzisira, mu2009, vatungamiriri veIraq nevekuUnited States vanopa mari kumaPSA (panguva yacho vari…) uye vakadana makambani ekunze ekunze kuti abvumire “zvibvumirano zvebasa rehunyanzvi” (TSAs) akakosha $ 1 kusvika $ 6 pa bhari imwe yekuwedzera mukugadzirwa kubva kuIraq mafuta emafuta. Makore gumi gare gare, kugadzirwa kwakangowedzera kusvika mamiriyoni 4.6 mbiya pazuva, dze mamiriyoni 3.8 zvinotumirwa kunze. Kubva kuIraq kuburitsa mafuta kunze kwenyika kweanosvika madhora mazana mana emadhora 80 pagore, mafemu ekunze neTSA anowana chete $ 1.4 bhiriyoni, uye zvibvumirano zvakakura hazviitwe nemafemu eUS. China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) iri kuwana mari inoita mazana mana emadhora 430 mu 2019; BP inowana $ 235 mamirioni; Malaysia yePetronas $ 120 mamirioni; Russia yeLukoil $ 105 mamirioni; uye Italy yeEU $ 100 mamirioni. Iyo yakawanda yemari yemafuta eIraq ichiri kuyerera kuburikidza neIraq National Oiri Kambani (INOC) kuhurumende yakashatiswa yeUS-yakatsigirwa muBaghdad.
Imwe nhaka yekuchengetwa kweUS ihurongwa hwekugadziriswa kwesarudzo muIraq uye kutengesa zvisiri pamutemo kunotungamira bhiza iro rinosarudzwa nebazi rezvekutonga rehurumende yeIraq. The 2018 sarudzo yakakwikwidzwa nemapato e143 akaiswa mumubatanidzwa we27 kana "rondedzero," uye 61 mamwe mapato akazvimirira. Chisinganzwisisike, izvi zvakafanana neakasarudzika, akawanda-matanho maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika iyo Briteni yakagadzira kudzora Iraq uye kusabvisa maShiites kubva pasimba mushure mekupanduka kweIraq kwe1920.
Nhasi, ino yakaipa system inochengetedza simba rakakura mumaoko eecab of Shiite akaora uye vezvematongerwo enyika vechiKuddhi avo vakapedza makore akawanda vari nhapwa kuWest, vachishanda naA Ahmed Chalabi's US-based Iraq Iraq National Congress (INC), Ayad Allawi's UK-based Iraq Iraq. National Accord (INA) nemapoka akasiyana eShiite Islamist Dawa Party. Voter Turnout yaderera kubva ku70% mu2005 kusvika 44.5% mu2018.
Ayad Allawi uye INA yaive mudziyo weiyo CIA isina tariro bungled mauto coup muIraq mu1996. Hurumende yeIraq yakateedzera zvese nezveurongwa hweredhiyo yakavharwa nemumwe wevanorangana nekusunga vashandi vese veCIA mukati meIraq nguva yekutanga. Yakauraya vakuru makumi matatu mauto nemajere zana, ikasiya CIA isina huchenjeri hwevanhu kubva mukati meIraq.
Ahmed Chalabi uye iyo INC yakazadza iyo vhezheni newebhu yemanyepo iyo inodziya vashandi veku US vakapa mukamuri ye echo mukamuri yeUS yekuratidza midhiya kurwisa kupinda kweIraq. PaJune 26th 2002, iyo INC yakatumira tsamba kuSeneti Appropriations Committee yekukumbira mari zhinji yekuUS. Yakaratidza iyo "Ruzivo Rokuunganidzira Chirongwa" seyiyo sosi yekutanga 108 nhau nezvekufungidzira kweIraq "Zvombo Zvekuparadzwa Kwakazara" uye zvinongedzo kuAl-Qaeda muUS uye mapepanhau epasi rose nemagazini.
Mushure mekupinda, Allawi naCalabi vakave nhengo dzinotungamira dzehutapwa hweUSI Iraqi Inodzora Council. Allawi akagadzwa kuva Mutungamiriri wehurumende yepakati yeIraq muna 2004, uye Chalabi akagadzwa kuva Mutevedzeri weGurukota uye Gurukota reMafuta muhurumende yezvematongerwo enyika muna 2005. Chalabi akatadza kuhwina chigaro musarudzo dzeNational Assembly dza2005, asi akazosarudzwa kumusangano uye Akaramba ari munhu ane simba kusvika parufu rwake muna2015. Allawi neINA vachiri kuita bhizimusi-rekutengesa nzvimbo dzepamusoro mushure mesarudzo dzese, kunyangwe vasina kumbowana anopfuura mavhoti masere muzana - uye chete 8% muna6.
Aya ndiwo makurukota ehurumende itsva yeIraq anoumbwa mushure mesarudzo ye2018, aine mamwe mafambiro ehukama hwavo hwekuMadokero:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi - Mutungamiriri (France). Akazvarwa muBaghdad mu1942. Baba vaive gurukota rehurumende pasi pehutongi hweBritain. Akagara muFrance kubva ku1969-2003, achiwana Ph.D mune zvematongerwo enyika kuPoitiers. MuFrance, akazova muteveri waAyatollah Khomeini uye nhengo yekutanga yeIran-based Supreme Council yeIslam Revolution muIraq (SCIRI) mu1982. Aive mumiriri weSCIRI muIraq Kurdistan kwechinguva mu1990s. Mushure mekurwiswa uku, vakava gurukota rezvemari muhurumende yaAllawi yepakati mu2004; Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri kubva ku2005-11; Gurukota reMafuta kubva ku2014-16.
Barham Salih - Mutungamiri (UK & US). Akazvarwa muSulaymaniyah muna 1960. Ph.D. muUinjiniya (Liverpool - 1987). Akabatana Patriotic Union yeKurdistan (PUK) muna 1976. Akapfigirwa jeri kwemavhiki matanhatu muna 6 ndokusiya Iraq kumiriri weUK PUK kuLondon kubva 1979-1979; mukuru wePUK hofisi muWashington kubva muna 91-1991. Mutungamiri weKurdish Regional Government (KRG) kubva muna 2001-2001; Mutevedzeri PM muhurumende yepamberi yeIraq muna 4; Gurukota rinoronga muhurumende yezvematongerwo enyika muna 2004; Mutevedzeri PM kubva muna 2005-2006; Mutungamiriri weKRG kubva muna 9-2009.
Mohamed Ali Alhakim - Gurukota rezvekunze (UK & US). Akazvarwa muNajaf mu1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. mu Telecom Engineering (Maodzanyemba California), Purofesa paNortheastern University muBoston 1995-2003. Mushure mekurwiswa, akazova Mutevedzeri Wenyanzvi uye Kuronga Kuronga musangano muIraq Executive Council; Gurukota rezvekudyidzana muhurumende yepakati mu2004; Kuronga Director kuDhipatimendi rekunze, uye Chipangamazano weVP Abdul-Mahdi kubva ku2005-10; uye Mumiriri weUN kubva ku2010-18.
Fuad Hussein - Gurukota rezveMari & Mutevedzeri PM (Netherlands neFrance). Akazvarwa muKhanaqin (guta zhinji reKurdish mudunhu reDiyala) mu1946. Akajoinha Kurdish Student Union uye Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) semudzidzi muBaghdad. Akagara muNetherlands kubva muna 1975-87; isina kukwana Ph.D. muhukama hwepasi rose; akaroora mukadzi wechiDutch wechiKristu. Akagadzwa mutevedzeri wemukuru weKurdish Institute muParis muna1987. Akapinda misangano yezvematongerwo enyika yeIraq muBeirut (1991), New York (1999) & London (2002). Mushure mekupinda, akazove chipangamazano kuIri Ministry Ministry kubva muna 2003-5; uye Chief of Staff kuna Masoud Barzani, Mutungamiri weKRG, kubva muna 2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban - Gurukota reMafuta & Mutevedzeri PM (UK). Akazvarwa muKarbala muna 1945. B.Sc. (UCL) & M.Sc. muPetroleum Injiniya (Imperial College, London). Akabatana Basra Petroleum Co muna 1973. Director General weEngineering uyezve Kuronga kuIraq Mafuta Ministry kubva 1989-92. Akaiswa mutirongo kwemwedzi mitatu uye akabviswa pachigaro mugore ra3, asi haana kubva muIraq, uye akagadzwa zvakare Director General wekuronga muna 1992. Mushure mekupinda, akasimudzirwa kuita CEO weOiri Ministry; Gurukota reMafuta muhurumende yepamberi muna 2001; akasarudzwa kuNational Assembly muna 2004 uye akashanda komiti yevarume vatatu vakanyora iyo Mutemo wemafuta wakakundikana; yakasarudzika Mutungamiriri weVakurukota veMutungamiriri kubva ku2006-16.
Major General (Anorema) Najah Al-Shammari - Gurukota redziviriro (Sweden). Akazvarwa muBaghdad mu1967. Iye chete weSunni Arab pakati pevashandi vakuru. Mukuru wemauto kubvira 1987. Akagara muSweden uye anogona kunge anga ari nhengo yeAllawi's INA pamberi pe2003. Mukuru mukuru muUS-yakatsigirwa maIraq mauto akasarudzika kubva kuIP, INA neKurdish Peshmerga kubva ku2003-7. Mutevedzeri wemukuru we "counterterrorism" anomanikidza 2007-9. Kugara zvakare muSweden 2009-15. Mugari weSweden kubvira 2015. Inonzi ichiongororwa kubatsirwa kwehunyengeri muSweden, uye ikozvino kwe mhosva kune vanhu mukuuraya kwevanopfuura 300 varatidziri muna Gumiguru-Mbudzi 2019.
Mu2003, iyo US nemubatanidzwa wayo vakasunungura isingataurike, chisimba chakarongeka kuvanhu veIraq. Nyanzvi dzehutano hweveruzhinji dzakafungidzira kuti makore matatu ekutanga ehondo uye hutsinye hwekugara muchiuto zvakadhura 650,000 Iraqi anogara. Asi iyo US yakabudirira kuisa hurumende yeudiki yevaimbove vekuMadokero veShiite neveKurdish vezvematongerwo enyika munzvimbo yakavakirwa Green Green Zone muBaghdad, inodzora mari yemafuta eIraq. Sezvatinogona kuona, vazhinji vevashumiri vari muUS-yakagadzwa hurumende yenguva mu2004 vachiri kutonga Iraq nhasi.
Mauto eU.S. akaperekedza mhirizhonga inogara ichikwira neIraq vanoramba kurwiswa pamwe nevemauto kugara nyika yavo. Mu2004, iyo US yakatanga kudzidzisa uto rakakura re Iraqi mapurisa for the Interior Ministry, uye kuburitsa mauto emakomuredhi akatorwa kubva kuScIRI's Badr Brigade mauto se rufu zvikwere muBaghdad muna Kubvumbi 2005. Izvi US-yakatsigira kutonga kwekutyisa yakakwira zhizha re2006, nezvitunha zvevakawanda sevakabatwa 1,800 vakaunzwa kuBaghdad morgue mwedzi wega wega. Boka rekodzero dzevanhu reIraq rakaongorora 3,498 miviri yevakapfurwa vaurawa vakaurayiwa uye vakazivisa 92% yavo sevanhu vakasungwa neInterior Ministry mauto.
Iyo US Defense Intelligence Agency yakateedzerwa “Kurwiswa nevavengi” panguva yese yebasa uye vakawana kuti vanopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana vaipesana neUS uye vakabatana nemauto, kwete "veboka" kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo. Asi vakuru veUS vakashandisa rondedzero ye "mhirizhonga yemapoka" kupomera basa reUnited-Interior Ministry yekuuraya mauto kune vakazvimirira vechiShiite vakaita saMuqtada al-Sadr's Mahdi Mauto.
Hurumende yeIraq iri kuratidzira kupokana nanhasi ichiri kutungamirwa neboka rimwe chete revakadzingwa vekuIraq vanodzoserwa kuIraq avo vakaburitsa manyepo ekunyepa kuti vapinze nyika yavo mu2003, ndokuhwanda kuseri kwemadziro eGreen Zone apo US mauto nemauto erufu kuurayiwa vanhu vavo kuti nyika ive "yakachengeteka" kuhurumende yavo ine uori.
Nguva pfupi yadarika ivo zvakare vakaita sevachati seAmerican mabhomba, rockets uye zvombo zvehondo zvakaderedza akawanda eMosul, guta rechipiri reIraq, kuita marara, mushure memakore gumi nemaviri ekugara, huwori uye kudzvinyirira kunotyisa. akadzinga vanhu vayo mumaoko eI Islamic Islamic. Kurdish huchenjeri mishumo yakaratidza kuti kupfuura 40,000 civilians vakaurayiwa mukuparadzwa kwakatungamirwa kweUSMul. Pokunyepedzera kurwisa Islamic State, iyo US yakagadzirisazve nzvimbo hombe yechiuto kune pamusoro pe5,000 US mauto kuAl-Asad airbase mudunhu reAnbar.
Mari yekumisazve Mosul, Fallujah nemamwe maguta nemataundi anochengetedzwa zvakatemwa $ 88 bhiriyoni. Asi kunyangwe paine $ 80 bhiriyoni pagore mukutengesa kunze uye mubhajeti remubatanidzwa rinodarika $ 100 bhiriyoni, hurumende yeIraq haina kupa mari zvachose kuti ivakezve. Kunze kwenyika, nyika zhinji dzakapfuma dzeArab, vaka vimbisa $ 30 bhiriyoni, kusanganisira chete $ 3 bhiriyoni kubva kuUS, asi zvishoma kwazvo izvo izvo zvakambounzwa, kana zvingangodaro zvichinunurwa.
Nhoroondo yeIraq kubvira 2003 yakave njodzi isingatongoperi kuvanhu vayo. Vazhinji vechizvarwa chitsva ichi cheIraq ivo vakakura pakati pematongo uye mhirizhonga iyo basa reUS rakasara mukumuka kwavo vanotenda kuti hapana chavanogona kurasikirwa kunze kweropa ravo nehupenyu hwavo, sezvavari enda kumigwagwa kudzorerazve chiremerera chavo, ramangwana ravo nehumambo hwenyika yavo.
Matepa eropa evatungamiriri veUS uye mapopira avo ekuIraq ari padambudziko iri anofanirwa kumira seyambiro yakasimba kune vanhu vekuAmerica nezvedambudziko rakaitika risiri pamutemo rekunze rakavakirwa pamasanctions, coups, kutyisidzira uye kushandiswa kwemauto kuedza kumisikidza kuda kwevatungamiriri vekuAmerica vakanyengedzwa pane vanhu pasi rese.
Nicolas JSDavies ndiye munyori we Ropa Pamakumbo Edu: American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. Iye mutori wenhau akazvimirira uye muongorori weCODEPINK.
