Dhata ichaziviswa pachena svondo rino inoratidza kuti zvombo zvakashandiswa sei pa "zvinangwa zvinyoro"
Zvinyorwa zvinorondedzera zvakawanda se181,000 mauto euranium akapfurwa muna 2003 nemauto eAmerica muIraq akafukunurwa nevatsvakurudzi, vachimiririra zvinyorwa zvakakosha zveveruzhinji zvekushandiswa kwezvombo zvine nharo panguva yekurwisa kwakatungamirwa neUS.
naSamuel Oakford, Vadivelu Comedy News
Iyo cache, yakaburitswa kuGeorge Washington University muna 2013 asi kusvika parizvino isati yaburitswa pachena, inoratidza kuti ruzhinji rwema1,116 marongero akaitwa neA-10 jet crews munaKurume naKubvumbi we2003 aive akanangana nezvinonzi "zvinangwa zvinyoro" senge. mota nemarori, pamwe nezvivakwa nenzvimbo dzemauto. Izvi zvinofambirana neakaunzi ekuti ma munitions akashandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana siyana dzezvinangwa uye kwete kungopesana nematangi nemotokari dzine zvombo izvo Pentagon inochengetedza super-inopinza DU munitions inoitirwa.
Mapepa ekuramwa mabasa aya akatanga apihwa zvichitevera chikumbiro cheFreedom of Information Act neNational Security Archive yeGeorge Washington University, asi. hazvina kuongororwa uye kuongororwa zvakazvimirira kusvika zvino.
Kutanga kwegore rino, Archive yakapa marekodhi kune vaongorori veDutch NGO PAX, neboka rinomiririra, International Coalition to Ban Uranium Weapons (ICBUW), avo vairedza ruzivo rutsva. IRIN yakawana zvese data uye ongororo yakaitwa naPAX neICBUW, iyo iri mumushumo unozoburitswa gare gare svondo rino.
Simbiso yekuti zvombo zvakashandiswa zvisina tsarukano kupfuura zvakambobvumwa zvinogona kuvandudza nhare dzesainzi kuti vatarise zvakadzika muhutano hweDU paruzhinji rwevanhu munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga. Zvombo zvave zvichifungidzirwa - asi hazvina kumbobvira zvaratidzwa - zvakakonzera kenza uye birth defects, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
Asi sebasa rekuenderera mberi kusachengeteka muIraq uye kusada kuri pachena kwehurumende yeUS kugovera data nekuita tsvagiridzo, kuchine kushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvechirwere chemuIraq. Izvi zvakagadzira vacuum umo dzidziso dzakawedzera nezveDU, dzimwe kurangana.
Kuziva kuti DU yakapfurwa nyika yese, asi nyonganiso pamusoro pekupi uye muhuwandu hupi hwave kushungurudza maIraqis., avo zvino vatarisanazve nenyika yakasakadzwa nehondo, rufu, uye kutamiswa.
Nhasi, idzo ndege dzeA-10 dzave kubhururuka zvakare pamusoro peIraq, pamwe neSyria, uko dzakananga mauto anonzi Islamic State. Kunyangwe vakuru vemauto eUS vachiti DU haina kudzingwa basa, hapana zvirambidzo zvePentagon pakusaita izvi, uye ruzivo rwunopokana rwakapihwa kuCongress rwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekugona kuendeswa gore rapfuura.
Hunyoro hwesainzi
Uranium yapera ndiyo inosara kana chinhu chakanyanya cheradioactive uranium-235 chapfumiswa - masotopu ayo anopatsanurwa nenzira inoshandiswa kugadzira zvese mabhomba enyukireya nesimba.
DU haina radioactive pane yekutanga, asi ichiri kutorwa sekemikari ine muchetura uye "njodzi yehutano hwemwaranzi kana iri mukati memuviri", according kuUS Environmental Protection Agency.
Vanachiremba vazhinji vanotenda kuti chero mhedzisiro yehutano inogona kuve yakanyanya kunobva mukufemerwa kwezvimedu mushure mekushandisa chombo cheDU, kunyangwe kupinza kuri kunetsekawo. Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa mumarabhoritari marongero uye nenhamba shoma dzevarwi, hapana tsvakiridzo yakakura yekurapa yakaitwa pavagari vemo vakafumurwa kuDU munzvimbo dzine mhirizhonga, kusanganisira Iraq.
Pane "uchapupu hushoma hunovimbika hwakananga hwechirwere" hunoratidza kuwirirana pakati peDU nemhedzisiro yehutano munzvimbo idzi, David Brenner, director weColumbia University's Center for Radiological Research, akatsanangurira IRIN. Mushure mekutanga kuwana chirwere chekutevera - semuenzaniso gomarara remapapu - Brenner akati ongororo yakadai yaizoda "kuona huwandu hwevanhu vakafumurwa, uye nekuona kuti ndezvipi zvakafumurwa kune mumwe nemumwe". Ndipo panopinda data yekunangisa.
Iyo data inogona zvakare kubatsira pakuedza-kuchenesa, kana ichizoitwa pamwero mukuru. Asi 783 chete ye1,116 matanda endege ane nzvimbo dzakananga, uye US haina kuburitsa data rakadaro rekutanga Gulf War, apo zvinopfuura. 700,000 marounds akadzingwa. Varatidziri vakaita dubbed idzo dzinopesana “nechepfu zvikuru” munhau.
Mukati meUnited States, DU inodzorwa zvakasimba, iine miganho yekuti ingani inogona kuchengetwa panzvimbo dzemauto, uye mapuroteni ekuchenesa anotevedzwa pakupfurwa. Muna 1991, pakaitika moto pamuzinda wemauto eAmerica muKuwait uye DU munitions yakasvibisa nzvimbo iyi, hurumende yeUS yakabhadhara kuchenesa uye yakabvisa 11,000 cubic metres yevhu ndokutumirwa kudzokera kuUS kunochengetwa.
Kutya kuti kushandiswa kweDU kutenderera kunogona kuramba kune ngozi kwemakore, nyanzvi dzinoti nhanho dzakadai - uye dzakafanana dzakatorwa muBalkan mushure mekunetsana ikoko - dzinofanira kuramba dzichiitwa muIraq. Asi kutanga, zviremera zvaizoda kuziva pokutarira.
"Iwe haugone kutaura zvine musoro nezve njodzi yeDU kana usina hwaro hune musoro hwekuti zvombo zvakashandiswa kupi uye matanho api akatorwa," akadaro Doug Weir, murongi wepasi rose kuICBUW.
Zvinoratidzwa nedata - uye zvazvisiri
Nekuburitswa kweiyi data nyowani, vaongorori vari padyo neiyi yekutanga kupfuura nakare kose, kunyangwe mufananidzo hausati wapera. Kupfuurisa 300,000 DU kutenderera kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakadzingwa panguva yehondo ye2003, kunyanya neUS.
Kuburitswa kweFOIA, kwakapihwa neUS Central Command (CENTCOM), kunowedzera huwandu hwenzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzine mukana wekusvibiswa kweDU kubva muhondo ye2003 kusvika kune vanopfuura chiuru nemazana matatu - katatu zvakapetwa mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu izvo vakuru vebazi rezvemamiriro ekunze reIraq vakaudza PAX kuti yaizviziva. uye kuedza kuchenesa.
Mamwe mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nenomwe,227,000 marounds eanonzi "combat mix" - musanganiswa weArmor-Piercing Incendiary (API) munitions, ane DU, uye High-Explosive Incendiary (HEI) munitions - anonzi akadzingwa muhondo. PaCENTCOM's own fungidziro reshiyo ye4 API kune yega HEI munition, vaongorori vakasvika pahuwandu hwe181,606 kutenderera kweDU yakashandiswa.
Nepo iyo 2013 FOIA kuburitswa kwakakura, haisati ichibatanidza data kubva kumatangi eUS, kana kunongedzera kune inogona kusvibiswa kubva kunzvimbo dzekuchengetera panguva yehondo, kana chero chinhu nezve kushandiswa kweDU nevamiriri veUS. Iyo UK yakapa ruzivo rwune chekuita nekupfurwa kudiki kwematangi eBritish muna 2003 kusangano reUN rezvakatipoteredza, UNEP.
Ongororo ye1975 US Air Force yakakurudzira kuti zvombo zveDU zvivharwe chete "kuti zvishandiswe kurwisa matangi, vatakuri vevashandi vane zvombo kana zvimwe zvinovavarira". Zvakakurudzirwa kuti kuendeswa kweDU kurwisa vashandi kurambidzwa kunze kwekunge pasina zvimwe zvombo zvakakodzera zviripo. Marekodhi matsva ekupfura, akanyora PAX uye ICBUW mukuongorora kwavo, "zvinoratidza pachena kuti zvirambidzo zvakatsanangurwa muongororo hazvina kunyanya kufuratirwa". Chokwadi, chete 33.2 muzana yezvinangwa zve1,116 zvakanyorwa zvaive matangi kana mota dzine zvombo.
"Zvinoratidza pachena kuti kunyangwe paine nharo dzese dzakapihwa neUS, kuti maA-10 anodiwa kukunda zvombo, mazhinji akarohwa aive asina pfuti, uye huwandu hwakakura hwezvinangwa izvi zvaive pedyo nenzvimbo dzine vanhu," Wim Zwijnenburg. muongorori mukuru paPAX, akaudza IRIN.
Huru hwepamutemo
Kusiyana nemigodhi nemambure emasumbu, pamwe nebiological kana makemikari zvombo - kunyangwe kupofumadza lasers - hapana chibvumirano chakatsaurirwa kudzora kugadzirwa kana kushandiswa kweDU zvombo.
"Nheyo dzekushandisa DU mumamiriro ehondo hadzina magumo," Beth Van Schaack, purofesa wekodzero dzevanhu paStanford University, uye aimbove mukuru weUS State Department, akaudza IRIN.
Mutemo wepasirese wetsika dzehondo zvinosanganisira kurambidza zvombo zvingatarisirwa kukonzera kukuvadza kwenguva refu uye kurambidza nzira dzehondo dzinokonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya uye kutambura kusiri madikanwa. "Kushaikwa data iri nani pazvinokonzeresa uye zvenguva refu zveDU pahutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda yakasikwa, zvisinei, zvakaoma kushandisa zvimiro izvi nechero chaiyo," akadaro Van Schaack.
Mune 2014 Rapport yeUN, hurumende yeIraqi yakaratidza "kunetseka kwayo kukuru pamusoro pemigumisiro inokuvadza" yeuranium yakapera yakashandiswa mumakakatanwa uye yakadana chibvumirano chinorambidza kushandiswa kwayo uye kutamiswa. Yakadana nyika dzakashandisa zvombo zvakadaro mukurwisana kuti dzipe zviremera zvemunharaunda "ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro penzvimbo yekushandiswa uye huwandu hunoshandiswa," kuitira kuti vaongorore uye vakwanise kuva nehutachiona.
Kunyarara uye kuvhiringidzika
Pekka Haavisto, sachigaro weUNEP mushure mekupokana muIraq muna 2003, akaudza IRIN kuti yaizivikanwa panguva iyo kuti DU munitions yakarova zvivakwa uye zvimwe zvisiri zvehondo zvinangwa nguva dzose.
Kunyangwe timu yake muIraq isina kupihwa basa rekuongorora kushandiswa kweDU, zviratidzo zvayo zvaive kwese kwese, akadaro. MuBaghdad, zvivakwa zvehushumiri zvakaratidzwa nekukuvadzwa kubva kuDU munitions, izvo nyanzvi dzeUN dzaigona kujekesa. Pakazosvika Haavisto nevamwe vake pavakabva kuIraq zvichitevera kubhomba kwa2003 kwakananga hotera yeBaghdad yaishanda semuzinda weUN, akati pakanga paine zviratidzo zvishoma zvekuti mauto anotungamirwa neAmerica ainzwa achisungirwa kuchenesa DU kana kuzivisa maIraqi nezvekwayakapfurirwa. .
"Patakabata nyaya yeDU, takaona kuti mauto aiishandisa aive nemaitiro akasimba ekuchengetedza vashandi vavo," akadaro Haavisto, parizvino nhengo yeParamende muFinland.
"Asi zvino pfungwa dzakafanana hadzina basa kana uchitaura nezve vanhu vanogara munzvimbo dzakanangwa - izvo zvanga zvichindinetsa. Kana iwe uchifunga kuti inogona kuisa mauto ako munjodzi, hongu kune njodzi dzakafanana kune vanhu avo mushure mehondo vari kurarama mumamiriro akafanana. "
Mataundi akati wandei nemaguta muIraq, kusanganisira Fallujah, vakashuma hurema hwekuzvarwa hunofungidzirwa nevagari venzvimbo kuti hungave hwakabatana neDU kana zvimwe zvehondo. Kunyangwe zvisine hukama neDU kushandiswa - Fallujah, semuenzaniso, zvisingaite mukuburitswa kweFOIA - vaongorori vanoti kuburitswa kwakazara kweDU nzvimbo yakanangwa kwakakosha pakuitonga sechikonzero.
"Haisi chete [itsva] data ine chekuita, asi mikaha mairi," akadaro Jeena Shah, purofesa wezvemitemo paRutgers University uyo akabatsira magweta kuedza kutsvaga matanda kubva kuhurumende yeUS. Vese vari vaviri veterans veUS neIraqis, akadaro, vanoda data rese pamusoro pemuchetura munitions, kuitira kuti zviremera zvigone "kugadzirisa nzvimbo dzine muchetura kuchengetedza zvizvarwa zvinotevera zveIraqis, nekupa rubatsiro rwekurapa kune avo vakakuvadzwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi".
DU Kudzoka?
Vhiki rino, mutauriri wePentagon akasimbisa kuIRIN kuti hapana "mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kweDU mukurwisa-ISIL mashandiro" muIraq kana Syria.
Uye nepo US Air Force yakaramba ichiramba kuti DU munitions yakashandiswa neA-10s panguva iyoyo, vakuru veAir Force vakapa imwe vhezheni yezviitiko kune imwe nhengo yeCongress. Muna Chivabvu, pakukumbirwa kwemumiriri, hofisi yemumiriri weArizona Martha McSally - aimbove mutyairi weA-10 aine maA-10 anogara mudunhu rake - akabvunza kana DU munitions yakashandiswa muSyria kana Iraq. Mumwe mukuru weAir Force congressional linkation officer akapindura mune email kuti mauto eAmerica anga apfura 6,479 marounds e "Combat Mix" muSyria kwemazuva maviri - "the 18th uye 23rd yaNovember 2015". Mukuru akatsanangura musanganiswa "une 5 kusvika 1 reshiyo yeAPI (DU) kusvika HEI".
"Saka nezvakataurwa, takashandisa ~ 5,100 kutenderera kweAPI," akanyora, achireva DU kutenderera.
update: Musi wa20 Gumiguru, CENTCOM yakasimbisa zviri pamutemo kuIRIN kuti mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa neUS wakadzinga mauto euranium (DU) akapera muSyria musi wa18 na23 Mbudzi 2015. Yakataura kuti zvombo zvakasarudzwa nekuda kwemhando yezvaipfurwa pamazuva iwayo. Mutauriri weCENTCOM akati kuramba kwakamboitika kwakakonzerwa ne "kukanganisa kwekutaura pasi."
Mazuva iwayo akawira mukati menguva yakaoma yekurwisa kwakatungamirwa neUS vachipokana neIS zvivakwa zvemafuta uye mota dzekutakura, inonzi "Tidal Wave II". Sekureva kwemubatanidzwa wenhau, mazana emarori emafuta akaparadzwa muhafu yechipiri yaNovember muSyria, kusanganisira 283 chete pa22 Mbudzi.
Izvo zviri mumaemail uye mhinduro yeAir Force zvakatumirwa kune anopesana nenyukireya activist Jack Cohen-Joppa, uyo akazvigovana neIRIN. Hofisi yaMcSally yakazosimbisa zvirimo zvese zviri zviviri. Yakasvika svondo rino, vakuru vakuru veUS vakatadza kutsanangura mutsauko.
