Mutauro wakagadzirwa wakawana hupenyu hwechipiri paIndaneti

NaJose Luis Penarredonda, January 10, 2018, BBC-Remangwana.

Mune imwe imba diki kuchamhembe kweLondon, majaya matanhatu anoshingaira ari kudzidza vhiki yevhiki mutauro. Ivo vari kutora chikamu chetsika yechinyakare ye130 iyo yakapona muhondo nekuzvidza, nyonganiso uye kurambwa, Hitler naStalin.

Ivo havasi kuwana imwe tsika mukati pamberi perwendo kuenda kune imwe nyika. Mutauro wavari kudzidza haungambovabatsira kuwana basa kana kutenga zvidyaradzo paguta rinopwanya kunze - vazhinji vacho vanongosvika pakuzvitaura kamwe chete pasvondo, mune izvi zvidzidzo.

Asi, irimi yakazara izere runyorwa, izere nhetembo nehumwari. Sezvo yakatanga kutsanangurwa mubhuku diki rakanyorwa naLudwik L Zamenhof mu1887, yakabuda mumutauro wakawanikwa, unoraramisa uye unonyanya kuzivikanwa wakambogadzirwa.

Asi, vazhinji vangakuudza, Esperanto kukundikana. Anopfuura zana ramakore mushure mekunge ragadzirwa, parizvino mutauri wechivanhu akangori mamirioni vanhu - geeky niche, isina kusiyana neiyo fan fan yehumwe hunhu hwakavanzika.

Saka nei vanhu vakawanda kupfuura zvavaimboedza kuzvidzidza?

Kubva kuChibatanwa chaMarudzi kuenda kuVatauri Vekona

Esperanto yakagadzirirwa kuve mutauro wechipiri wepasi rese, ivo chete vanhu vaizodzidza vamwe kunze kwavo. Ndicho chikonzero nei zviri nyore kwazvo kudzidza: mazwi ese nemitsara zvakavakirwa kubva ku16 mitemo yekutanga iyo inogona kukwana mukati mekapepa kana maviri pepa. Iyo haina misiyano yese inovhiringidza uye mimhanzi yemimwe mitauro, uye chirevo chayo chakatorwa kubva kumazwi muChirungu, chiGerman, uye mimwe mitauro yeRomance, seFrench, Spanish, kana Italian.

Yakamboonekwa semutauro wenguva yemberi. Yakaratidzirwa muExposition Universelle ye1900, muParis, uye nekukurumidza yakabata mhepo pakati pevadzidzi veFrance akili., akazviona sechiratidziro chechimanjemanje chekuvandudza nyika kuburikidza nerationality nesainzi. Kugara kwayo uye kufunga kusinetsi kwakakwanira maonero ano epasirese - vaifungidzirwa sedombo rakaringana rekutaurirana kupfuura mitauro 'yechisikigo,' yose yakakwenenzverwa nemisikanzwa.

Asi Esperanto yaive chikamu chehukuru hukuru. Mubhuku rekutanga remutauro, Zamenhof akafunga kuti kana munhu wese akataura mitauro imwe, "dzidzo, pfungwa, kuvimba, zvinangwa, zvichave zvakafanana, uye nyika dzese dzinobatana muhukama hwakafanana". Mutauro wacho waifanirwa kutumidzwa nyore lingvo internacia, mutauro wepasi rese. Asi Zamenhof nom de plume "Dr Esperanto", chiremba ane tariro, aive akakodzera moniker. Mureza wayo wepamutemo wakasvibira uye chena, mavara etariro nerunyararo. Chiratidzo chayo nyeredzi-mishanu nyeredzi, inomiririra makondinendi mashanu.

Pfungwa yakavaka traction muEurope. Vamwe vatauri vakatanga kubata mahofisi eruzhinji munzvimbo dzinoverengeka, uye Zamenhof iye akasarudzwa 14 nguva yeiyo Nobel Peace Prize. Kwakanga kune kunyange kuyedza kwekutanga nyika inotaura Esperanto: Amikejo, 3.5 sq km ndima pakati peNetherlands, Germany neFrance. Sekureva kwemurimi Arika Okrent, munyori webhuku MuNyika yeKupinda Mitauro, 3% yevagari ve4,000 vakataura mutauro - chikamu chisina kuzadzikiswa, pamberi kana kana shure, mune imwe nzvimbo.

Nenguva isipi, yeganda rine ndebvu uye ndebvu dzakashanduka kuva chinhu chakafanana nemutsvene waEsperantio, 'rudzi' rwevatauri veEsperanto. Ivo vanopemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake, 15 Zvita, vaine zviitiko zvakakosha pasi rese. Mumakorokoto akazotevera, pakave nemafambiro akatungamirwa nebhodhi rechiso chake, zvisina kufanana neizvo zvakagadzirwa nemaCatholic paGood Friday. Kune zvidhori, migwagwa uye mapepa ekurangarira iye pasi rese, pamwe ne asteroid uye rudzi rwemarara akatumidzwa zita shure kwake. Kune kunyange sekete reJapan, Oomoto, iyo inokurudzira kushandiswa kweEsperanto uye inomutora semumwe wavamwari vayo vakawanda.

Kunyangwe mushure meHondo Yenyika Imwe yakadzamisa pfungwa yeAmikejo ndokudhonzera zviroto zvepasiperi kumashure, Esperanto yainge ichibudirira. Yakakurudzirwa semutauro wepamutemo weiyo inopinda League of Nations, asi France yakadzima pfungwa. Zvisinei, Hondo Yenyika yechipiri yakagumisa zvese izvozvo. Vese Stalin naHitler vakapokana nazvo. Yepakutanga nekuti yaiona sechishandiso cheZionism, iyo yekupedzisira nekuti iye aisada zvayo zvinopesana nenyika. Esperanto yakataurwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi - vana vaZamenhof vakaurayiwa muTreblinka - uye veSoviet esperantist vakatumirwa kuGulag.

Vapukunyuki vakatanga kuronga zvakare, asi kufamba kwacho kwakange kushaya simba, uye kusingaitwe zvakanyanya. Mu1947, nguva pfupi yapfuura musangano wevechidiki muEngland, wechidiki achiri kuyaruka George Soros akazowanikwa achiparidza evhidhiyo yeEsperanto muLondon, VaSports ', nzvimbo yekusangana muHyde Park yaiwanzochengeterwa vanyori vezvekurangana nevaiti. Pamwe kuenda ikoko kwaingova kupusa kwehudiki, asi haana kuwana chikuva chiri nani. Iye bhirionia-kuve-nekukurumidza kusiya basa.

Nharaunda inozvarwa

Kudzidza Esperanto kwaimboita kunge uri wega kubvunza. Unogona kuitisa nekugara kwemavhiki nebhuku uye duramazwi, uchitsvaga mutemo uye nekumusoro mazwi. Asi kazhinji pakanga pasina purofesa wekugadzirisa zvaunokanganisa kana kupurudzira mataurirwo ako.

Ndiwo maitiro aAnna Lowenstein paakazvidzidzisawo iye Esperanto pazera rake rekuyaruka, mushure mekushushikana nekusanzwisisika kweFrance yaaidzidza kuchikoro. Mune peji rekupedzisira remanyoro ake, pakanga paine kero yeBritish Esperanto Association. Akatumira tsamba, uye imwe nguva gare gare akakokwa kumusangano wevakuru vechidiki muSt Albans.

Akafara: yaive rwendo rwake rwekutanga kunze kweLondon ega. Anoyeuka kuti, “Ndainzwisisa zvaitaurwa nemunhu wese, asi ini ndainyara kutaura pachangu. Vazhinji vevamwe vatauri vaive varume muma20s avo. Chiitiko ichi chaive nesimba: Esperanto yaive pikicha yaaive akagadzirisa ega, uye zvino aive ave kugona kuigoverana nenyika. Iye zvishoma nezvishoma akavaka kuvimba kwake uye munguva pfupi akabatana neboka kuchamhembe kweLondon; kufarira zvakakwana kutakura uchitora mabhasi matatu akasiyana kuenda kumusangano wese.

Nharaunda yepasi rese iyo Lowenstein aibatanidza yakaiswa pamwechete kuburikidza nesail mail, magazini emapepa uye musangano wegore. Kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika makuru uye zvishuwo zvepasirese zvemazuva ekare, vakavaka tsika kubva pane kungoita nzvimbo yekuwirirana, pakuva "vanhu vanongotaura nevanhu," anodaro Angela Teller, mutauri nemuongorori weEsperanto. Vakasangana mumusangano uye vakava shamwari. Vamwe vakasangana nevavakabatana navo ipapo, sezvaakaita iye. Vana vavo vakava vatauri vekuEsperanto mutauri.

Chizvarwa chitsva hachina kuita seinoshivirira, uye havafanirwe kudaro. Kusiyana nevakawanda vevakuru vavo, avo vaisawanzove nemukana wekutaura Esperanto, vatauri vanhasi vanogona kushandisa mutauro zuva rega rega online. Kunyangwe ekare makomputa ekukurukurirana masevhisi senge Usenet aive neEsperanto-inotaura hubs, uye mazhinji mapeji uye makamuri ekukurukurirana akatumbuka mumazuva ekutanga eWebhu. Nhasi, chidimbu chidiki cheEsperantio chiri kuda kushandisa vezvenhau: vanounganidza vakatenderera mapoka akati wandei muFacebook neTeregiramu, iri basa rekutaura.

Esperanto neinternet zvaive zvakanaka zvemukati. Iko kufamba kunoenderana chaizvo nemasangano anoshanda emazuva ekutanga eWebhu. Vatauri veEsperanto vanowanzozvipira kune chakakonzera, uye vakaona yavo basa semupiro kwairi. Zvakare, internet yaive nzvimbo yakasangana yekusangana yeiyo yakaparadzaniswa nenzvimbo vanhu vazhinji.

"Izvi ndizvo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzepamhepo nezve: kugadzirisa mafomu uye mapurojekiti munzvimbo itsva," anotsanangura Sara Marino, mudzidzisi mukukurukurirana kuBournemouth University. "Iyo nzira iyo yakabatana nayo zvakasiyana: iri nekukurumidza, haina kudhura uye itsva. Asi pfungwa iripo haisi itsva. ”

Zvese izvo zvakaita kuti Esperanto ive imwe yemitauro yakanyanya pamusoro pane internet. Parinhasi, iyo Wikipedia peji ine zvimwe 240,000 zvinyorwa mairi, inoisa kanenge parutivi neTurkey (mutauro une vanenge 71 mutauri) kana shanduro dzeKorea (77 miriyoni). Vese Google neFacebook vanga vaine Esperanto vhezheni yezvinhu zvavo zvinonyanya kufarirwa zvigadzirwa kwemakore mazhinji, uye mimwe mitauro yekudzidza mutauro yakaonekwa pano nepapo. Iko kune kunyange yemahara yekugamuchira vaenzi sevhisi yeEsperanto vanonzi Pasporta Servo (pasipoti service).

Asi iyo chaiyo shanduko yave ichigadzira munzvimbo isingafungirwe.

Chikamu chitsva

Mu2011, Luis Von Ahn akange aine zano. Iye ndiye murume akaita kuti internet iverenge mamirioni emabhuku emahara nekunyora zvinogumbura Captchas, saka vanhu vakamuteerera. Kupa a TEDx kutaura, akati achadudzira Webhu kuburikidza nekudzidzisa mitauro mitsva kune vashandisi. Chishandiso chaaizozviita chinotumidzwa zita rekuti Duolingo.

Chuck Smith akatanga kufara. Akadzidza nezveEsperanto paaitsvaga pepa pakoreji. Akakurudzira kuishandisa se 'bhiriji' pakati pemitauro miviri isina dudziro yemitauro. Yakanga iri mhinduro iri nani pane chiRungu, anodaro, nekuda kwekuita kwayo uye kusavapo kwezvakabatanidzwa. Zvakadaro, kufarira kwake kwanga kuri kwehunyanzvi: "Ndakafunga kuti ingave mutauro unonakidza kuti makomputa adzidze, asi ndakafunga kuti ipfungwa dzevanhu."

Nokukurumidza akawana Pasporta Servo, uye kamwe kamwe kuidzidza kwakaita kuti kuve nekunzwisisa. Yakanga ichingova nyaya yenguva chete asati ave muvambi weshanduro yeEsperanto yeWikipedia, uye mumiriri anoshingairira mutauro wepamhepo. Kwaari, Duolingo "aive akagadzirira kuputika kuita chimwe chinhu chikuru," uye Esperanto aifanira kunge aripo.

Akatumira email kuna Von Ahn, muzvinabhizimusi ane mbiri uyo anga atengesa makambani maviri kuGoogle uye akaramba basa kubva kuna Bill Gates iye. Akapindura kuemail zuva riya. Mutauro wakapihwa waive pane radar, akadaro, asi wanga usiri wekutanga.

Nhengo dzepamhepo dzeEsperantio dzakabva dzabatanidzwa. Vakaita ruzha, uye vanhu kumashure kweiyo duolingo app vakatarisa. "Vakatigonesa kuti pakanga pachidiwa chikoro ichi," anodaro Michaela Kron, mutauriri weDuolingo. Mu2014, shanduro yekutanga yakaburitswa. Shanduro yeSpanish yakazoburitswa mumashure, imwe yechiPutukezi iri kuvandudzwa, uye kudzidziswa kwechirungu iko zvino kuri mumabasa.

Smith akatungamira timu ye10 vanhu vanoigadzira, vachishandisa mamwe maawa e10 pavhiki kwemwedzi misere. Hapana kana mumwe wavo akabhadharwa, asi havana hanya. Kuita zviitiko zvepamhepo kazhinji “kunopa vanhu kunzwa kuti vanongoida, pfungwa yekubudirira, pfungwa yekuve yakakosha uye kubatsira,” anodaro Marino.

Mumwe weavo aive Ruth Kevess-Cohen, chiremba ainyanya kufarira mutauro uyo, mukati megore, akaenda kubva kurwufundira kurudzidzisa. "Iyi puratifomu yakakosha kwazvo, uye nharaunda yeEsperanto yaigamuchira mahara," anodaro.

Esperanto inokodzera mushe muDuolingo chikuva. Iwo makosi anoitika zvine musoro, achiunza izwi idzva kana pfungwa nedanho rega rega. Vashandisi vanogona kushandisa izvo ivo zvavakangodzidza kufumura zvinhu zvitsva, uye zvese zvinoteera zvine musoro uye zvine chekuita nekumhanyisa. Aya maratidziro anoita kuti zvive nyore kufambira mberi, asi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuchinja nzira kuti vanzwisise zvinhu senge zvisinga enzwi kana kutsanangudza kusanzwisisika. Esperanto haina kana imwe yeiyi oddities.

Kushandisa iyo app iri nyore, uye rudzi rwekunakidzwa. Iwe unogona kuita chidzidzo nekukurumidza pane yekuzorora kwemaminitsi mashanu, kana parwendo rwako kuenda nekubva kubasa. Kana iwe uchishandise iyo nguva dzose, yako chikoro inovandudza uye kabheji diki rinoshongedza avatar yako. Uye kana usati waivhura munguva, bhuruni yakasvibira inonzi Duo inozoonekwa pafoni yako ndokupa hunyoro. Hazvidi basa rakawanda, uye izvo zvinogona kunge zviri kukurudzira vanhu avo vaingofarira zveEsperanto.

Ndiyo inonyatsobudirira kunyoresa mudziyo mutauro uyu wakambove unawo. App yacho inotaura kuti vamwe vashandisi ve1.1 mamirioni vakasaina kuita imwe yeEsperanto kosi - hafu yevanhu vanonyatsozvitaura. Vamwe 25% yevanhu vanotanga kosi muDuolingo vanopedzisa, anodaro Kron.

Hazvireve kuti vakadzidza mutauro, zvakadaro. Ivo vachiri kuda kuishandisa muhupenyu chaihwo kuti vanyatso kuputira pfungwa yavo vakaitenderedza; iyo inotidzosa kuimba ino kuchamhembe kweLondon. Vazhinji vevadzidzi pano vakatanga kudzidza Esperanto neapp. Zvino, Lowenstein anovadzidzisa iwo madiki mashoma iwe aunongogona kudzidza nekudzidzira.

Kune nyeredzi yakasvibira pamusuwo; vashanyi vanokwaziswa netyava yekurova kubva kuimba imbwa uye mukombe wakanaka weti inopisa. Iyo inodziya uye inonakidza studio inoumbwa nemazari mabhuku akazara eakasiya anomira: Marx, Engels, Rosa Luxembourg, Lenin. Kune mamwe mabhuku muEsperanto zvakare, uye kopi yeorenji yeThomas More's Utopia. "Ipfungwa yakanaka." Kubatana kwevanhu, uye rugare rwenyika, ”anodaro mueni wedu, Eric Lee.

Ehezve, vamwe vadzidzi vaisakwanisa kuve nehanya shoma - iwe unoona tsvaga dzekukakavadzana kwekare mukamuri iri chairo. Kune vanhu vakaita saJames Draper, "munhu anofunga zvesainzi," vane tarenda shoma remitauro, vakasarudza kupa Esperanto kuenda "kunze kwehurongwa hwekuita." Zvakaratidzika senge mutauro wekunze nyore. Vamwe vadzidzi vanongova vakazvitsaurira mapolyglots, vanowana Esperanto inonakidza, chishandiso chinonzwisisika kunzwisisa Quirks dzemimwe mitauro.

Havafanirwe kubvumirana - vanhu vanoita nzvimbo dzepamhepo vachitsvaga zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana. Zvinogona kuve "imwe yemhando yemunhu kana yekugutsikana kwevanhu, kana pfungwa yekubatanidzwa munharaunda, kana pfungwa yekuita chisarudzo chevanhu, kana pfungwa yekuva nhengo," anotsanangura Marino. Isu tinofanirwa kuramba muedzo wekugadzira katuni yemavhiki Esperanto mudzidzi, anodaro. "Zvinokurudzira zvevanhu uye zvemagariro zvinobatsira zvakasiyana pamunhu nemunhu."

Asi vazhinji vavo vane chimwe chinhu chakafanana: kuona kwakashata, kwakavhurika, uye kwakajeka mweya wenyika, uko pasina munhu mutorwa. Teller akaziva makore apfuura, vana vake pavakadzoka kubva kumusasa weEsperanto. Akavabvunza mibvunzo yenguva dzose: wakaitei, ndiani waunogara naye, shamwari dzako dzaibvepi. Ivo ndokuti: Hatizivi.

"Nyika dzakanyangarika neimwe nzira," anodaro. "Zvakangoita sezvazvinofanira kuva."