mune statement musi wa8 Kubvumbi 2018, Muchuchisi weInternational Criminal Court (ICC), Fatou Bensouda, akanyevera kuti avo vane mhosva yekuurayiwa kwevaPalestine pedyo nemuganhu weGaza neIsrael vanogona kutongwa neICC. Akati:
"Zviri kushushikana zvikuru kuti ndinoona mhirizhonga uye kuderera kwemamiriro ezvinhu muGaza Strip mumamiriro ekuratidzira kwevanhu vakawanda munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kubva 30 Kurume 2018, vanosvika makumi maviri nevaviri vePalestine vanonzi vakaurayiwa neIsrael Defence Forces, nevamwe vanopfuura chiuru vakakuvara, vazhinji, nekuda kwekupfura vachishandisa pfuti mhenyu uye mabara erubha. Mhirizhonga inopesana nevagari vemo - mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai seaya aripo muGaza - anogona kuita mhosva pasi peRome Statute ... "
Akaenderera achiti:
"Ndinoyeuchidza mapato ese kuti mamiriro ePalestine ari kuongororwa neHofisi yangu [ona pazasi]. Kunyange kuongororwa kwekutanga kusiri kuferefeta, chero hutsva hunofungidzirwa hwemhosva hwakaitwa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu muPalestine hunogona kuongororwa neHofisi yangu. Izvi zvinoshanda kuzviitiko zvemavhiki apfuura uye kune chero chiitiko chiri kuuya. "
Kubva payambiro yemuchuchisi, nhamba yekufa nekukuvadzwa kwePalestine yakawedzera, makumi matanhatu vakaurayiwa musi wa60 Chivabvu zuva iro US yakatamisa embassy yayo kubva kuTel Aviv kuenda kuJerusarema. Pakazosvika 14 Chikunguru, maererano neHofisi yeUN yeCo-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), 146 Palestinians vakaurayiwa uye 15,415 vakakuvara kubva pakatanga kuratidzira musi wa30 Kurume.. Pavakakuvara, 8,246 vaida kurapwa muchipatara. Mumwe musoja weIsrael akaurayiwa nepfuti yaibva kuGaza. Hapana vagari vemuIsrael vafa nekuda kwekuratidzira uku.
Kuratidzira uku, uko kuri kuda kumisa kuvharirwa kweIsrael paGaza uye kodzero yekudzoka kwevapoteri, kwakaitika mumavhiki anotungamira kusvika makumi manomwe.th mhemberero yeNakba, apo, senyika yeIsrael payakava, vanenge zviuru mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu ePalestine vakadzingwa kubva kudzimba dzavo uye havana kuzombobvumidzwa kudzoka. Vanosvika mazana maviri ezviuru zvevapoteri ava vakamanikidzwa kupinda muGaza, uko ivo nezvizvarwa zvavo nhasi uno uye vanosvika 750,000% yevagari vemuGaza vanosvika miriyoni imwe nesere, vanogara mumamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa pasi pekudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kwehupfumi kwakaitwa neIsrael makore anodarika gumi apfuura. Zvishoma zvinoshamisa kuti zviuru zvePalestine zvakagadzirira kuisa hupenyu panjodzi uye nhengo kuratidzira nezvemamiriro avo.
Palestine inopa masimba kuICC
Yambiro yoMuchuchisi inoruramiswa chose. ICC inogona kuyedza vanhu vanopomerwa mhosva dzehondo, mhosva dzekurwisa vanhu uye kuuraya rudzi kana ikapihwa simba rekuita kudaro. Vakuru vePalestine vakaupa hutongi musi wa1 Ndira 2015 nekuendesa a chirevo kuICC pasi peChikamu 12(3) cheICC's Rome Statute "inozivisa kuti Hurumende yeNyika yePalestine inobvuma hutongi hweDare nechinangwa chekuzivisa, kumhan'ara nekutonga vanyori uye kubatanidzwa kwemhosva dziri mukati mehutongi hwedare. Dare rakazvipira munzvimbo yakatorwa yePalestine kusanganisira East Jerusalem, kubva munaChikumi 13, 2014 ”.
Nekudzoreredza kugamuchirwa kwekutonga kweICC kusvika nhasi, zviremera zvePalestine zvinotarisira kuti zvichagoneka kuti ICC ipomera mauto eIsrael mhosva nezvekuita kana mushure mezuva iroro, kusanganisira panguva yeOperation Protective Edge, kurwisa kwemauto eIsrael paGaza muna Chikunguru/ Nyamavhuvhu 2014, apo vanopfuura zviuru zviviri vePalestine vakaurayiwa.
Aka hakasi kekutanga kuti zviremera zvePalestine zviedze kupa ICC hutongi kuburikidza nekuzivisa kwerudzi urwu. Musi wa21 Ndira 2009, nguva pfupi mushure meOp Operation Cast Lead, yekutanga yekurwisa kukuru kwemauto eIsrael paGaza, vakaita zvakafanana. chirevo. Asi izvi hazvina kugamuchirwa nemuchuchisi weICC, nekuti panguva iyoyo Palestine yakanga isati yazivikanwa neUN senyika.
Yakagamuchirwa neUN muna Mbudzi 2012 pakapfuura UN General Assembly Chisarudzo 67/19 (ne138 mavhoti ku9) kupa Palestine mucherechedzi kodzero kuUN se "nyika isiri nhengo" uye ichitsanangura nharaunda yayo kuve "nzvimbo yePalestine inogarwa kubva 1967", ndiko kuti, West Bank (kusanganisira East Jerusalem) neGaza. . Nekuda kweizvi, Muchuchisi akakwanisa kugamuchira kupihwa kwekutonga kwePalestine musi wa 1 Ndira 2015 uye kuvhura bvunzo yekutanga mu "mamiriro ePalestine" musi wa 16 Ndira 2015 (ona. ICC kuburitswa kwenhau, 16 Ndira 2015).
Maererano Hofisi yemuchuchisi weICC, chinangwa chekuongorora kwekutanga kwakadaro "kuunganidza ruzivo rwese rwakakosha kuti usvike pakuziva zvakakwana kana pane chikonzero chakanaka chekuenderera mberi nekuongorora". Kwemakore matatu gare gare iyi ongororo yekutanga ichiri kuenderera. Nemamwe mashoko, Muchuchisi haasati aita danho rekuti oendera mberi here nekuferefeta zvizere, izvo zvingazopedzisira zvaita kuti vanhu vasungwe. Zvemuchuchisi 2017 mushumo wegore rakabudiswa muna Zvita 2017 harina kupa chiratidzo chekuti sarudzo iyi ichaitwa riini.
(Nyika inowanzopa masimba kuICC nekuva bato rehurumende kuRome Statute. Musi wa2 Ndira 2015, zviremera zvePalestine zvakaisa magwaro akakodzera chinangwa ichocho kuMunyori Mukuru weUN, Ban Ki-moon, uyo zvakaziviswa musi wa 6 Ndira 2015 kuti Mutemo weRome "uchatanga kushanda kuNyika yePalestine musi waApril 1, 2015". Saka, kana zviremera zvePalestine zvakasarudza nzira iyi yekupa hutongi hweICC, Dare ringadai risina kukwanisa kupomera mhosva dzakaitwa pamberi pe 1 April 2015. Ndicho chikonzero zviremera zvePalestine zvakasarudza nzira ye "declaration", zvinoreva kuti mhosva dzakaitwa. musi wa13 Chikumi 2014 kana mushure, kusanganisira panguva yeOperation Protective Edge, inogona kutongwa.)
"Referral" nePalestine sebato rehurumende
Zvinonzwisisika kuti vatungamiri vePalestine vari kushushikana kuti makore anodarika matatu apfuura pasina kufambira mberi kuri pachena kuri kuitwa mukusvitsa Israeri mugwaro remhosva yekupomerwa mhosva dzakaitwa munzvimbo dzakatorwa dzePalestine kwemakore akawanda. Mhosva idzi dzakaramba dzichienderera mberi kubva muna Ndira 2015 apo Muchuchisi akatanga ongororo yake yekutanga, kuurayiwa kwevanhu vanopfuura zana nemauto eIsrael pamuganhu weGaza kubvira 30 Kurume ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa.
Vatungamiri vePalestine vanga vachipa Muchuchisi mashumo emwedzi nemwedzi anotsanangura zvavanoti imhosva dziri kuenderera mberi neIsrael. Uye, mukuedza kukurumidzira zvinhu, pa15 Chivabvu 2018 Palestine yakaita pamutemo "zvivabatsire"sebato renyika nezve" mamiriro muPalestine" kuICC pasi peZvinyorwa 13(a) uye 14 yeRome Statute: "Nyika yePalestine, zvichiteerana neChinyorwa 13(a) uye 14 cheRome Statute yeInternational. Criminal Court, inoreva mamiriro ezvinhu muPalestine kuti iongororwe neHofisi yeMuchuchisi uye inokumbira Muchuchisi kuti aongorore, maererano nekutonga kwenguva pfupi kweDare, mhosva dzakapfuura, dzinoenderera mberi uye dzemangwana mukati mehutongi hwedare, dzakaitwa munzvimbo dzese dzedare. nharaunda yeNyika yePalestine.”
Hazvina kujeka kuti sei izvi zvisina kuitwa kana Palestine yave bato rehurumende kuStatute muna Kubvumbi 2015. Hazvizivikanwe zvakare kana "kutumirwa" iko zvino kuchakurumidza kufambira mberi mukuferefeta - maari. mhinduro ku "referral", Muchuchisi akataura kuti bvunzo dzekutanga dzaizoenderera sepakutanga.
Ndezvipi zviito zvinoumba mhosva kune vanhu / mhosva yehondo?
Kana Muchuchisi akaenderera mberi nekuvhura kuferefeta nezve "mamiriro ezvinhu muPalestine", ipapo mhosva dzinogona kuendeswa kune vanhu mhosva yekupara mhosva dzehondo uye/kana mhosva dzevanhu. Vanhu ava vangangove vachimiririra nyika yeIsrael panguva yekupara mhosva kwavo, asi zvinogoneka kuti nhengo dzeHamas nemamwe mapoka ePalestine paramilitary vachapomedzerwawo mhosva.
Chisungo chechinomwe cheRome Statute chinodonongodza zviito zvinoumba mhosva kune vanhu. Chinhu chakakosha chemhosva yakadai ndechekuti chiito "chakaitwa sechikamu chekurwiswa kwakapararira kana kwakarongeka kwakanangana nechero vagari vemo". Mabasa akadai anosanganisira:
- umhondi
- kuparadzwa
- kudzingwa kana kutamiswa kwevanhu nechisimba
- kurwadziswa
- mhosva yerusaruraganda
Chisungo chechisere cheRome Statute chinonyora zviito zvinoumba "mhosva yehondo". Zvinosanganisira:
- kuuraya nemaune
- kurwadziswa kana kubatwa zvisina hunhu
- kuparadza kukuru uye kugovewa kwezvinhu, zvisingakodzeri kudiwa nemauto
- kudzingwa munyika zvisiri pamutemo kana kutamiswa kana kuvharirwa zvisiri pamutemo
- kutora nhapwa
- kurwisa nemaune vanhuwo zvavo kana kuti vanhuwo zvavo vasingatori rutivi mukurwisana
- kurwisa nemaune zvinhu zvisiri varwi, kureva zvinhu zvisiri zvehondo
uye zvakawanda.
Kutamiswa kwevagari vemo munzvimbo inogarwa
Imwe yezvekupedzisira, muChinyorwa 8.2(b)(viii), "kuchinjisa, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, neSimba reKutora rezvikamu zvevagari vemo munharaunda yarinogara".
Zviripachena, mhosva yehondo iyi inonyanya kukosha nekuti Israel yakatamisa vanenge zviuru mazana matanhatu evagari vayo muWest Bank, kusanganisira East Jerusalem, nharaunda yayakatora kubvira 600,000. Rome Statute, yakazvipira - uye icharamba ichizvipira kune ramangwana rinoonekwa, sezvo zvisingafungidzike kuti chero ramangwana reIsrael richamisa chirongwa ichi chekoloni nekuzvidira kana kuti kumanikidzwa kwakaringana kwenyika kuchaiswa kuti irege.
Muchiedza cheizvi, pane prima facie kesi yekuti vanhu veIsrael vane mhosva yeiyi chirongwa chekoloni, kusanganisira iyezvino Prime Minister, vane mhosva dzehondo. Uye zvinogona kuitika kuti maAmerican nevamwe vanopa mari yeprojekiti vanogona kupomerwa mhosva yekubatsira uye kubvisa mhosva dzavo dzehondo. Vese mumiriri weUS kuIsrael, David Friedman, uye mukuwasha wemutungamiri weAmerica, Jared Kushner, vakapa mari yekuvaka pekugara.
The Mavi Marmara zvivabatsire
Israel yakatove nebhurashi neICC apo muna Chivabvu 2013 iyo Union yeComoros, inova bato rehurumende kuRome Statute, yakataura nezvekurwiswa kwemauto eIsrael. Mavi Marmara ngarava musi wa31 Chivabvu 2010 kuenda kumuchuchisi. Kurwiswa uku kwakaitika mumvura dzepasirese, payaive chikamu chechikwata chekubatsira vanhu kuenda kuGaza, uye zvakakonzera kufa kwevafambi ve9. The Mavi Marmara yakanyoreswa kuComoros Islands uye pasi peChinyorwa 12.2(a) cheRome Statute, ICC ine masimba maererano nemhosva dzakaparwa, kwete munzvimbo yebato renyika chete, asiwo pangarava kana ndege dzakanyoreswa mubato rehurumende.
Nekudaro, munaNovember 2014, Muchuchisi, Fatou Bensouda, akaramba kuvhura kuferefeta, kunyangwe kugumisa kuti "pane chikonzero chine musoro chekutenda kuti mhosva dzehondo dziri pasi pesimba reInternational Criminal Court ... dzakaitwa pane imwe yengarava, iyo Mavi Marmara, apo Israel Defence Forces yakabata 'Gaza Freedom Flotilla' musi wa31 Chivabvu 2010”.
Zvakadaro, akafunga kuti "nyaya inogona kuitika kubva mukuferefetwa kwechiitiko ichi haizove 'yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi' kuti rive chikonzero chechimwe chiito neICC". Ichokwadi kuti Chinyorwa 17.1 (d) cheRome Statute chinoda kuti nyaya ive "yesimba rakakwana kuti riratidze chimwe chiito neDare".
Asi, apo Union yeComoros yakanyorera kuICC kuti iongororwe danho reMuchuchisi, ICC Pre-Trial Chamber. upheld chikumbiro uye akakumbira Muchuchisi kuti afungezve nezvechisarudzo chake chekusatanga kuferefeta. Mukupedzisa kwavo, vatongi akadaro kuti Muchuchisi akaita mhosho dzakatevedzana pakuongorora kuomarara kwenyaya dzingangoitika kana kuferefetwa kwakaitwa uye akamukurudzira kuti afungezve nezvechisarudzo chake chekusatanga kuferefeta nekukurumidza. Zvisinei nemashoko akaomesesa aya kubva kuvatongi, Muchuchisi akakwidza nyaya yechikumbiro ichi kuti “afunge zvakare”, asi nyaya yake rakarambwa neICC Appeals Chamber musi waMbudzi 2015. Saka aisungirwa kuti "afungezve" danho rake raNovember 2014 rekusaita ongororo. MunaNovember 2017, iye zvakaziviswa kuti, mushure me "kufungazve" kwakakodzera, aiomerera kuchisarudzo chake chepakutanga muna Mbudzi 2014.
mhedziso
Ko kutanga kuferefetwa kwoMuchuchisi pamusoro pe“mamiriro ezvinhu muPalestine” kuchasanganawo nedambudziko rakafanana here? Zvinoita sezvisingabviri. Payo pachayo, kushandiswa kwemoto mhenyu nemauto eIsrael kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo pedyo nemuganhu neGaza kwaive kwakaipisisa kupfuura kurwisa kwemauto eIsrael pa Mavi Marmara. Uye kune zvimwe zviitiko zvakawanda zvakakosha umo mhosva dzehondo dzakaparwa nevanhu veIsrael, semuenzaniso, nekuronga kuendeswa kwevagari veIsrael kunzvimbo dzakagarwa. Saka, mukana wekuti Muchuchisi anozopedzisira aona kuti mhosva dzehondo dzaparwa, asi idanho rakakura kubva pane iro rekuona vanhu vane mhosva uye kuvavakira mhosva kuitira kuti vagopomerwa mhosva uye matsamba akapihwa neICC kune avo. kusunga.
Zvakadaro, kunyangwe vanhu vakapihwa mhosva, kashoma kuti vazotongwa kuThe Hague, sezvo ICC isingakwanise kutonga vanhu vasipo - uye, sezvo Israel isiri bato kuICC, haina chisungo chekuisa vanhu mumaoko edare. ICC kuti itongwe. Zvakadaro, semutungamiri weSudan, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, akapomerwa neICC mhosva yekuuraya vanhu muna 2008, vakapomera vanhu mhosva vaifanira kudzivisa kuenda kumatunhu ari muICC kuti vasazosungwa vopihwa.
Mugumo wekupedzisira
Musi wa13 Chikunguru, Pre-Trial Chamber yeICC yakapa "Sarudzo pamusoro peRuzivo uye Kusvikira kune Vakabatwa neSituation muPalestine”. Mariri, Chamber yakaraira iyo ICC manejimendi "kugadza, nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, hurongwa hweruzivo rweveruzhinji uye zviitiko zvekuparidzira kuti zvibatsire vakakuvadzwa uye nharaunda dzakakanganiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu muPalestine" uye "kugadzira peji ine ruzivo nezve Webhusaiti yedare, kunyanya yakanangidzirwa kune vakabatwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ePalestine".
Pakupa chirevo, Chamber yakarangarira basa rinokosha rakaitwa nevakabatwa mumatare edzimhosva, uye vakatumira kune chisungo cheDare kuti ribvumire maonero uye zvinonetsa zvevakabatwa kuti zviunzwe sezvakakodzera, kusanganisira panguva yekuongorora kwekutanga. Murairo wakavimbisa kuti "kana uye kana Muchuchisi akatora danho rekuvhura kuferefeta, Chamber, mudanho rechipiri, ichapa mimwe mirairo".
Iyi nhanho isina kujairika nePre-Trial Chamber, iyo inoreva kuti vakabatwa nemhosva dzehondo varipo muPalestine, yakatorwa yakazvimirira kubva kuICC Muchuchisi. Uku kungave kumukurudzira kunyoro here kuti atange kuferefeta zviri pamutemo?
