Nhema: Hondo Isingaitiki

Chokwadi: Hondo isarudzo yevanhu isingagumi nemutemo chero upi zvake wezvinhu zvakasikwa kana zvehupenyu.

Kana hondo yakanga isingagoni kudzivirirwa, pakanga pasina zvishoma pakuedza kuzvigumisa. Kana hondo yakanga isingagoni kudzivirirwa, chikonzero chetsika chingagadzirwa nokuda kwekuedza kuderedza kuipa kwacho apo ichichienderera mberi. Uye zviitiko zvakawanda zveparochichial zvinogona kuitwa kuti zvigadzirire kukunda hondo dzisingadzivisiki kune rumwe rutivi kana rutivi. Ichokwadi, hurumende dzinoita izvi chete, asi mazano avo ari mukukanganisa. Hondo haingadzivisiki.

Kunyange chisimba pamwero muduku hachidziviriki, asi basa rakaoma zvikuru rekugumisa chisimba ndeyemamiriyoni emamiriyoni apfuura iri nyore, kana ichiri iro rakaoma, basa rekugumisa kuurayiwa kukuru kwevanhu. Hondo haisi chinhu chakasikwa nekupisa kwechido. Zvinotora makore ekugadzirira uye kuongorora, kubudisa zvombo uye kudzidziswa.

Hondo haisi inowanikwa. Hapana chakafanana nemhando dzemazuva ano dzehondo dzaivepo mazana emakore kana makumi emakore akapfuura. Hondo, iyo yave iripo nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana, yakanyanya kusisipo muhupenyu hwevanhu uye prehistory. Kunyange zvazvo iyo yakakurumbira zvikuru kutaura kuti pane nguva dzose pane hondo pane imwe nzvimbo pasi pano, pane nguva dzose kuve kusina kwehondo kune zvakawanda zvakawanda pasi pano. Nzanga uye kunyange nyika dzemazuva ano dzakapfuura makumi emakumi nemazana pasina hondo. Anthropologists gakava kunyangwe chero chinhu chakangofanana nehondo chakawanikwa musimboti wokuvhima-gatherer societies, umo vanhu vakave nekushanduka kwekuwanda kwekushanduka kwedu. Mamwe mashoma mashoma ane vasanangurwa kusava nehondo. Heanoi a Pamazita.

Kukudziridza nzira dzekudzivisa kuunza kukakavadzana chikamu chemhinduro, asi zvimwe zviitiko zvekupesana (kana kukakavadzana kukuru) hazvidzivisike, ndicho chikonzero tinofanira kushandisa zvakanyanya uye zvinoparadza zvishoma midziyo kugadzirisa kukakavadzana uye kuwana rugare.

Masangano akagara kwemakore akawanda, uye ayo akanyorwa asina kudziviswa, chaiwo, anokosha, uye akasiyana-siyana mamwe mazwi ezvimwewo zvinokonzera kushorwa, apera mumagariro akasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuipa kwevanhu, kuzvipira kwevanhu, kuedzwa nematambudziko, kutyisa ropa, kubata, teka, chirango chikuru, uye varanda. Hungu, dzimwe dzezviito izvi zvichiripo zviripo zvakaderera zvakanyanya, izvo zvinotsausa zvirevo zvinowanzoitwa nezve kukosha kwehuranda, uye muranda mumwe chete akawandisa. Uye, hongu, hondo ndiyo imwe yemasangano anotambudza zvikuru pamusoro pekuti igutsikane neinongoguma chete. Asi hondo inoenderana nemasangano makuru senge iwo apera zvizere mune mamwe emamwe makesi, uye hondo hachisi chishandiso chinonyanya kushanda kubvisa chisimba chidiki kana hugandanga. Nhumbi yenyukireya haidziviriri (uye inogona kufambisa) kurwisa kwemagandanga, asi mapurisa, kururamisira, dzidzo, rubatsiro, kusagadzikana - zvese izvi zvishandiso zvinogona kupedzisa kubviswa kwehondo. Izvo zvinogona kutanga zvingave zviri kuunza varidzi vepasirese muhondo pasi kusvika padanho revari pasi pavo, uye kumisa ruoko kune vamwe kuburikidza nezvombo zvepasi rese zvinoshanda. Sezvo zvinhu zvakamira, 96% yevanhu inotongwa nehurumende dzinoisa mari zvakanyanya muhondo uye dzinowedzera zvombo zvishoma zvehondo kupfuura zvinoita United States. Kana hondo iri "hunhu hwevanhu," haigone kuve hondo padanho reUS. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana iwe uchida kushandisa chirevo "hunhu hwevanhu," iyo isina kumbopihwa chero dudziro inoenderana, haugone kuishandisa izvo izvo 4% yevanhu zvinoitika, ndoda iyo hama ine vanhu vane simba pakati peiyo 4% yevanhu inoitika. Asi kukwidziridza iyo US kudzoka kuChinese nhanho yekudyara muhondo, uyezve ivo vaviri vachidzokera padanho reSaudi, zvichingodaro, zvingangogadzira nhangemutange yemaoko inodzosera kumashure iyo yaizopa kutuka kwemazwi kwenyaya yekugumisa hondo zvisina basa uye kunyanya kunyengetedza.

Genesisi Yedu:

Hondo, sezvinoita anthropologists Douglas Fry kukakavadzana, zvichida yakangove yakapoteredza chikamu chiduku chekuvapo kwemarudzi edu. Isu hatina kuchinja nayo. Asi isu takava nemafambiro ekubatsirana uye kusada. Munguva iyi ichangopfuura makore e10,000, hondo yave ichirasika. Dzimwe nzanga hadzina kuziva hondo. Vamwe vakazviziva ndokubva vasiya.

Kunyangwe mumireniyamu ichangopfuura, yakawanda yeAustralia, Arctic, Northeast Mexico, iyo Great Basin yeNorth America, uye kunyange Europe kusati kwasimuka kwemadzitateguru ehondo tsika dzakanyanya kana zvachose pasina hondo. Recent mienzaniso yakawanda. Muna 1614 Japan yakazviparadzanisa kubva kuMadokero uye kubva muhondo huru kutozosvikira muna 1853 apo Mauto Ehondo eUnited States akamanikidzira kupinda. Munguva dzakadaro dzorugare, tsika dzinobudirira. Koroni yePennsylvania kwechinguva yakasarudza kuremekedza vanhu veko, kana tichienzanisa nemamwe makoroni, uye yaiziva rugare uye yakabudirira.

Sezvo vamwe vedu vachiona zvakaoma kufungidzira nyika isina hondo kana kuuraya, dzimwe sangano revanhu zvakaona zvakaoma kufungidzira nyika ine zvinhu izvozvo. Mumwe murume muMalaysia, akabvunza kuti sei asingadi kupfura museve kune vapambi vevaranda, akapindura kuti "Nokuti yaizovauraya." Akakwanisa kunzwisisa kuti ani zvake angasarudza kuuraya. Zviri nyore kumufungidzira kuti haana kukanganisa, asi zviri nyore sei kwatiri kufungidzira tsika umo pasina munhu angambosarudza kuuraya uye hondo yaisazozivikanwa? Zvingave zviri nyore kana zvakaoma kufungidzira, kana kuti kusika, izvi zvakasarudzwa nyaya yemaitiro uye kwete yeDNA.

Maererano nenhema, hondo ndeye "yakasikwa." Asi hutano hwakawanda hunodiwa kuti hugadzirire vanhu vakawanda kuti vatore chikamu muhondo, uye kuwanda kwekutambudzika kwepfungwa kunowanikwa kune avo vakatora chikamu. Kusiyana neizvi, hakuna munhu mumwe chete anozivikanwa kuti akatambura zvakadzama mutsika kuzvidemba kana shure-kunetseka mupfungwa kudzvinyirira kubva muhondo yekudzivirira.

Mune dzimwe nyika vakadzi vakadzive vachingobviswa kunze kwekuita hondo kwemazana emakore ndokuzobatanidzwa. Zviri pachena, iri mubvunzo wemutsika, kwete wezvekugadzira maitiro. Hondo inosarudzwa, isingadzivisiki, kuvarume nevarume zvakafanana.

Dzimwe nyika dzinoita mari yakawanda zvikuru mumasimba kupfuura vazhinji uye dzinotora chikamu mune dzimwe hondo dzakawanda. Mamwe marudzi, pasi pekumanikidzwa, anotamba zvikamu zviduku muhondo dzevamwe. Mamwe marudzi akasiya zvachose hondo. Vamwe havana kurwisa imwe nyika kwemazana emakore. Vamwe vakaisa mauto avo mu musamuziyamu.

Mune Chirevo cheSeville nezve Chisimba (PDF), masayendisiti anotungamira epasirese anopokana nepfungwa yekuti mhirizhonga yevanhu [eg hondo] yakarongeka. Chirevo ichi chakagamuchirwa neUNESCO.

Masimba muTsika Yedu:

Hondo yakareba kare inotangira hurumende, uye zvirokwazvo Swiss rudzi rwehurumende yehurumende sezvakangoitwa neUnited States. Asi kune rutendo rwakapararira rwekuti tsika dzehutungamiri - kana hwechimwe chimiro uye chidimbu chemakaro uye kuparadzwa uye kupfupi-kuona-kunoda hondo. Imwe mhinduro yezvinetso izvi ndeyotevera: chero zviitiko zvevanhu zvinoda hondo zvinogona kushandurwa uye hazvisi izvo zvisingadzivisiki. Mauto ehurumende-dhizimusi harisi simba risingaperi uye risingawanikwi. Kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye hupfumi hwezvematongerwe enyika hunobva pamakaro hazvigoni kuchinja.

Kune pfungwa iyo iyi isingakoshi; iyo inoti, tinoda kumisa kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchinja huori hurumende sezvatinofanira kugumisa hondo, pasinei nokuti chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinochinja chinoenderana nevamwe kuti vabudirire. Uyezve, nokubatanidza mishandirapamwe yakadaro muchikwata chakazara chekushandura, simba muhuwandu huchaita kuti mumwe nomumwe agone kubudirira.

Asi pane imwe pfungwa umo izvi zvinokosha; iyo inoti, isu tinoda kunzwisisa hondo semasikirwo emasikirwo ayo uye kuti tisiye kuzvifungidzira sechinhu chakaiswa kwatiri kuburikidza nemasimba anopfuura kwataitonga. Nenzira iyo zvakakosha kuziva kuti hapana mutemo wefizikiki kana hupfumi hwevanhu hunoda kuti isu tive nehondo nekuti tine imwe nzvimbo. Kutaura zvazviri, hondo haitariswi nemararamiro ega kana mararamiro ehupenyu nokuti chero mararamiro evanhu anogona kugadziriswa, nokuti zvisingaverengeki maitiro anofanira kupera netsanangudzo kana pasina hondo, uye nokuti hondo zvechokwadi impoverishes nharaunda dzinoshandisa iyo.

Matambudziko Kupfuura Kutonga Kwatinoita:

Hondo munhoroondo yevanhu kusvikira pano ine kwete kuwirirana ine huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu kana kuti zvishoma zvishoma. Pfungwa yokuti kushanduka kwemamiriro okunze uye njodzi dzinokonzera zvichange zvisingagoni kuunza hondo zvingava uprofita huri kuzadzika. Icho hachisi kufanotaura zvichibva pane zvazviri.

Dambudziko rekukura uye rinokunda mamiriro ekunze ndiro chikonzero chakanaka chekuti tive kunze kwemaitiro edu ehondo, kuitira kuti isu takagadzirira kugadzirisa matambudziko nemamwe, nzira dzinoparadza. Uye redirecting zvimwe kana zvikwereti zvakawanda zvemari nesimba zvinopinda muhondo uye kugadzirira hondo kune basa rinokurumidza rekuchengetedza mamiriro okunze kunogona kuita kusiyana kukuru, zvose nekugumisa mumwe wevamwe vedu zvinokonzera kukanganisa mabasa uye nekubhadhara mari yekuchinja kune dzimwe nzira.

Kusiyana neizvi, kutenda kwakashata kuti hondo dzinofanirwa kutevera mamiriro emamiriro ezvinhu emhepo dzichakurudzira kushandiswa kwekugadzirira mune zvehondo, zvichiita kuti dambudziko remamiriro ekunze riwedzere uye kuwedzera kuwedzerwa kwechimwe chimwe chezvakaipa nezvimwe.

Kugumisa Hondo Zvinobvira:

Pfungwa yekubvisa nzara kubva pasi yakamboonekwa seinokosha. Iye zvino zvinonyatsonzwisiswa kuti nzara inogona kubviswa - uye nokuda kwechikamu chiduku chezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pahondo. Kunyange zvazvo zvombo zvenyukireya hazvina kumbobviswa uye kubviswa, pane sangano rakakurumbira rinoita kuita izvozvi.

Kupedza hondo yose inyaya yakawana kugamuchirwa kukuru munguva dzakasiyana-siyana uye nzvimbo. Yakanga yakakurumbira muUnited States, somuenzaniso, mune 1920s uye 1930s. Kuongororwa hakuwanzoitwa pane kutsigirwa kwekubviswa kwehondo. Heino imwe nyaya apo yakaitwa muBritain.

Mumakumi emakore apfuura, iyo pfungwa yakaparidzirwa kuti hondo ndeyekusingaperi. Pfungwa iyoyo nyowani, yakanyanyisa, uye haina hwaro muchokwadi.