MunaDecember 1914, kubuda kunoshamisa kwerunyararo, kunyangwe kupfupi, kwakaitika apo vazhinji vakaita se100,000 yemamirioni, kana gumi muzana, akamira padivi pe500 mamaira Western Front muHondo yeNyika I, zvakatenderedza, uye zvakangoita, akamira kurwa kanenge 24-36 maawa, Zvita 24-26. Nzvimbo dziri kure dzematunhu emunharaunda dzakaitika angangoita kutanga kwaZvita 11, ndokuenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kuNew Year's Day uye kutanga kwaJanuary 1915. Zvimwe zvikamu zvekurwa zve115 zvaive nechekuita pakati pevarwi veBritish, Germany, French neBelgian. Kunyangwe rairo dzejenareji dzichirambidza chose kubatirana ne muvengi, mapoinzi akawanda pamberi pemiti akapupurira nemakenduru, mauto achibuda mumawereji chete 30 kune 40 mayadi parutivi kubatana maoko, kugovana kuputa, chikafu newaini, uye kuimba pamwe mumwe nemumwe. VaTroops kubva kumativi ese vakatora mukana kuviga vakafa vavo vakarara munzvimbo dzese dzehondo, uye kwaitove nemishumo yebasa rekuviga. Mune zvimwe zviitiko maoffice akabatana nekupararira kwakatekeshera. Iko kutaurwa zvakare pano uye uko kwemutambo wenhabvu wakaridzwa pakati peGerman neBritain. (Ona SOURCES).
Sezvo inoratidzira inoshamisa yemweya wemunhu seizvi, yakanga isiri, zvisinei, chiitiko chakasiyana munhoroondo yehondo. Muchokwadi, kwaive kutangazve kwetsika yakatangwa kare. Matunhu asina kurongwa uye zvidiki zvakavanzika zviitiko uye zviitiko zvehukama zvakagovaniswa pakati pevavengi zvakaitika pane imwe nguva yakareba yekurwira kwemauto kwemazana emakore, pamwe kwenguva refu.[1] Izvi zvinosanganisira hondo yeViet Nam zvakare.[2]
Wakaregedza Mauto Lt.Col Dave Grossman, purofesa wesainzi wemauto, akataura kuti vanhu vane hwakadzika, hwekudzivirira kuramba kuuraya izvo zvinoda hunhu hwakakosha kuti vakunde.[3] Ini ndakanga ndisingakwanise kukanda bayonet yangu mudhiramu panguva yekudzidziswa kweranger yeU.SA pakutanga 1969. Dai ndanga ndiri mukuru wemauto pachinzvimbo cheMauto Emuchina, uye makore mashoma, ndinoshamisika, zvingadai zvakave nyore kuuraya nekurayira? Mutungamiriri wangu aive pachena kuti aive asina kugadzikana pandakaramba kushandisa bayonet yangu, nekuti mauto anonyatsoziva kuti varume vanogona kungoitwa nekuuraya nekumanikidza. Udzvinyiriri hwaida kuitwa kuti uto rishande rinotyisa. Inoziva kuti haigone kubvumira nhaurirano nezvechinangwa chayo uye inofanira kukurumidza kutora chero humwe hungwanda mune yekuteerera kwemapofu. Ini ndakazoiswa pa "Officer Control Roster" ndikatarisana nekushorwa kumambo mumasuo akapfigwa umo mandakatyisidzirwa nemhosva dzekutongwa kwechiuto, ndikanyara kazhinji, uye ndichipomerwa mhosva yekutya uye mutengesi. Kuramba kwangu kusingafungidziriki kutora chikamu mukubiwa kwe bayonet, ndakaudzwa, kugadzira matambudziko ehutsika ayo akatyisidzira kukanganisa basa redu.
Yale University nyanzvi yezvezvemagariro evanhu Stanley Milram mu1961, achingova nemwedzi mitatu chete kutanga kwekutongwa kwaAdolph Eichmann kuJerusarema nekuda kwebasa rake pakuronga kuuraya vanhu, akatanga nhoroondo yekuyedza kunzwisisa zviri nani chimiro chekuteerera kune masimba. Mhedzisiro yacho yaityisa. Girafu akanyatsoongorora vanhu vake kuti vamiririre vanhu vekuAmerica. Kuudzwa nezvekukosha kwekutevera mirairo, vatori vechikamu vakarairwa kuti vadzvanyirire mucheki achinyudza izvo zvavaitenda kunge zvakateedzana, achiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma pazviitiko gumi neshanu-volt, nguva imwe neimwe Mudzidzi wepedyo (mutambi) paakakanganisa nebasa rekufananidza neshoko. . Vadzidzi pavakatanga kupopota vachirwadziwa, Muongorori (wechiverengero) akaramba achiomerera kuti kuedza kwacho kuenderere mberi. Anoshamisika 65 muzana yeVamiririri veMiratidziri akapija mwero wepamusoro-soro wemagetsi-jolt inouraya inogona kunge yakauraya mumwe munhu ari kugamuchira izvo zvekuvhundutsa. Kuedza kwakawedzerwa kwakaitwa makore apfuura kumamwe mayunivhesiti muUnited States, uye mune dzimwe nyika pfumbamwe muEurope, Africa, neAsia, zvese zvakaratidza mwero yakakura yekuteerera kuchiremera. Chidzidzo che2008 chakagadzirirwa kudzokorora muyedzo wekuteerera weMiratori uchinzvenga zvinoverengeka zvezvinhu zvayo zvinopokana, wakawana mhedzisiro yakafanana.[4]
Girafu yakazivisa chidzidzo chakakosha kwazvo
Vanhuwo zvavo, vachingoita mabasa avo, uye vasina kana ruvengo kwavari, vanogona kuve vamiririri mune yakaipa nzira yekuparadza. . . Iko kugadziridzwa kwakajairika kwepfungwa mune inoteerera nyaya ndeyekuti iye (iye) azvione iye (iye amene) seasina mhaka yezvaari (zvake) zviito zvake. . . Iye (iye) anozviona iye pachake (kwete) semunhu ari kuita zvine mutsindo nenzira yekuzvibata asi semumiriri wezvekunze masimba, "kuita basa rako" iro rakanzwikwa kakawanda mune zvidziviriro zveavo vakapomerwa kuNuremberg. . . . Mune nzanga dzakaomarara zviri nyore mupfungwa kushaya basa kana mumwe achingova wekubatana muketani yezviito zvakaipa asi ari kure nemhedzisiro. . . . Saka pane kupatsanurwa kwechiito chevanhu chese; hapana murume mumwe (mukadzi) anosarudza kuita chiito chakaipa uye anotarisana nemhedzisiro yacho.[5]
Graffiti akatiyeuchidza kuti kuongorora kwakadzama kwenhoroondo yedu kunoratidza "demokrasi" yechiremera chakaiswa chisiri chidzvinyiriri, kufambira mberi kwehuwandu hunoteerera hwevatengi vasingagumi vanovimba nehukasha hwevamwe, kutaura nezve kuparadzwa kwevagari vekutanga maIndia, kuvimba nehuranda mamirioni, kudzidziswa kwevaJapan vekuAmerican, uye kushandiswa kwepasalm kurwisa vagari vemuVietnam.[6]
Sezvakataurwa naMirigiramu, "kuremara kwemunhu mumwechete, kwenguva yakareba sezvazvingave zvirimo, hakuna mugumo. Achatsiviwa nemurume anotevera mumutsetse. Ngozi bedzi yekushanda kwemauto inogara mune mukana wekuti defector imwechete inokurudzire vamwe. "[7]
Mu 1961 mutsika wezvematongerwo enyika uye wezvematongerwo enyika Hannah Arendt, muJuda, akapupurira kutongwa kwaAdolf Eichmann. Akashamiswa kuona kuti "akange asina kutsauka kana kushungurudzika." Pane kudaro, Eichmann nevamwe vazhinji vakaita saiye ", uye zvakadaro, zvakanyanyisa kuitika."[8] Arendt akatsanangura mukana wevanhuwo zvavo kuita chinoshamisa chinoshamisira nekuda kwekumanikidzwa munharaunda kana mune imwe nzvimbo yemagariro, se "kurambidzwa kwezvakaipa." Kubva mukuedza kwaMilgramu, tinoziva kuti "kutadza kwezvakaipa" hakuna kwakasiyana kune VaNazi.
Eco-psychologists uye tsika nhoroondo vakapokana kuti archetypes midzi yakadzika mukuremekedzana, tsitsi, uye kudyidzana zvave zvakakosha kuti zvisikwa zvedu zviwane kure izvi pabazi redu rekushanduka-shanduka. Nekudaro, 5,500 makore apfuura, kutenderera 3,500 BCE, misha midiki yeNeolithic yakatanga kushandukira kuva "guta rakakura" remadhorobha. Ne "budiriro," pfungwa itsva yesangano yakamuka-izvo nhoroondo yezvetsika Lewis Mumford inodana "megamachine," yaisanganisira yevanhu " zvikamu ”zvinomanikidzwa kushanda pamwe chete kuita mabasa pachiyero chisina kumbobvira chakambofungidzirwa. Budiriro yakaona kusikwa kwemahofisi ekutungamirwa necompany yemagetsi (mambo) nevanyori nevatumwa, iyo yakaronga michina yevashandi (vazhinji vevashandi) kuvaka mapiramidhi, masisitimu ekudiridza, uye hurongwa hukuru hwekuchengetera zviyo pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvese inomanikidzwa neuto. Zvimiro zvaro zvaive musimboti wesimba, kupatsanura vanhu mumakirasi, nguva yehupenyu kukamurwa kwevashandi vehuranda uye kweuranda, kusaenzana kweupfumi uye nerombo, uye masimba ehondo nehondo.[9] Nekufamba kwenguva, budiriro, yatakadzidziswa kufunga nezvayo seyakabatsira mamiriro emunhu, zvakaratidza kushungurudzika zvakanyanya kune zvipenyu, tisingatauri nezvezvimwe zvipuka uye nemagariro epasi. Se nhengo dzanhasi dzerudzi rwedu (kusingabatanidzike iyo yakasarudzika nzanga dzeVatema avo neimwe nzira vakapunyuka kutora) isu takamanikidzwa kumazera mazana matatu muchimiro chinoda kuteerera kwakakura kumatambo makuru ekumira.
Mumford anojekesa kusarudzika kwake kuti kuzvitonga kuzere mumapoka madiki madiki archetype yevanhu zvino yakatsikirirwa mukuteerera tekinoroji uye kurongeka. Kugadzirwa kwevanhu kubudirira mumaguta kwakaunza maitiro emhirizhonga akarongeka nehondo dzaisazivikanwa kare,[10] chinonzi Andrew Schmookler chinonzi "zvivi zvekutanga" zvebudiriro,[11] uye Mumford, "paranoia pamwe chete nekufungidzira kwedzinza."[12]
"Kubudirira" kwave kungoda ruzhinji kuteerera kuita kuti zviremera zviremera zviite. Uye hazvina kutaurwa kuti iro rekumusoro rehumambo rehumambo rinowanikwa sei, kunyangwe kuburikidza nekutevedzana, madzinza, kana kusarudzwa kwedemocracy, rinoshanda nguva dzose nenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzeudzvanyiriri. Kuzvitonga kuzere kwakasununguka uko vanhu vaimbofarira mumashure memagariro echivanhu iye zvino anokanganisa kutenda mune zvivakwa zvevane masimba uye mafungiro avo anodzora, ayo akatsanangurwa se "hutongi hwehutongi" hunodzvinyirira uko kunowanikwa vega vanhukadzi nekutapa kwevakadzi, nechisimba kana zvichidikanwa.[13]
Iko kubuda kwevakamisikidzwa vezviremera zviremera, kutonga kwemadzishe nemakurukota, kubvarura vanhu kubva munhoroondo dzekugara mumapoka madiki emadzinza. Pamwe pamwe nekumanikidzwa stratization, kuparadzaniswa kwevanhu kubva pakukoshesana nehukama hwepasi kwakagadzira kusagadzikana kwakadzika, kutya, uye kushungurudzika kune psyche. Ecopyschologists inoratidza kuti kupatsanuka kwakadaro kunotungamira kune yakasikwa unkuziva.[14]
Nekudaro, vanhu vanoshuva zvikuru kutsvaga zvakare nekururamisa mienzaniso yekusateerera kune zviremera zvemasimba ezvematongerwo enyika izvo zvakagadzira 14,600 hondo kubva pakatanga humwe humwe makore 5,500 apfuura. Kwemakore apfuura 3,500 makore anga ave paine zvibvumirano zve8,500 zvakasainwa mukuyedza kupedza hondo, zvikashaya basa nekuti zvigaro zvemasimba masimba zvakaramba zviripo izvo zvinoda kuti vateerere mukuedza kwavo kuwedzera nzvimbo, simba kana zvekushandisa. Ramangwana rerudzi, uye nehupenyu hwakawanda wedzimwe zvisikwa, zviri parumananzombe, sezvo isu takamirira kuti vanhu vauye kuzere pfungwa dzakapusa, mumwe nemumwe uye pamwe chete.
Iyo 1914 yeKrisimasi Truck yemakore zana apfuura yaive muenzaniso unoshamisa wekuti hondo dzingangopfuurira sei kana mauto akabvuma kurwa. Inoda kukudzwa uye kupembera, kunyangwe kana yaive chete chipenga chenguva munguva. Inomiririra mukana wekusateerera kwevanhu kune misika yekupenga. Sezvakaziviswa nhetembo yeGerman uye mutambi wekutamba Bertolt Brecht, Kazhinji, tangi yako imotokari ine simba. Rinopaza masango, uye rinopwanya varume Mazana. Asi ine hurema hwani: inoda mutyairi.[15] Kana vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba en masse yekutyaira tangi rehondo, vatungamiriri vaizosara vachirwa mauto avo. Ivo vaizopfupika.
ENDNOTES
[1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/197627.stm, ruzivo rwakatorwa kubva kuMalcolm Brown naShirley Seaton, Kisimusi Truce: Iyo Western Front, 1914 (New York: Hippocrene Mabhuku, 1984.
[2] Richard Boyle, Ruva reRjoka: Kuputswa kweuto reUS Army muVietnam (San Francisco: Ramparts Press, 1973), 235-236; Richard Moser, Iwo Nyowani Chando Masoja, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996), 132; Tom Wells, Hondo Mukati (New York: Henry Holt uye Co, 1994), 525-26.
[3] Dave Grossman, Pakuuraya: Maitiro ePfungwa nezvekudzidza kuuraya muHondo neSosaiti (Boston: Mudiki, Brown, 1995).
[4] Lisa M. Krieger, "Chinotyisa Chizaruro: Santa Clara University Muzvinafundo Mirazvo anozivikanwa Torture Study," San Jose Mercury Nhau, December 20, 2008.
[5] Stanley Girama, "Matambudziko Ekuteerera," Harper's, Zvita 1973, 62-66, 75-77; Stanley Milgraph, Kuteerera Chiremera: Kuedza Kuedza (1974; New York: Perennial Classics, 2004), 6-8, 11.
[6] Girafu, 179.
[7] Girafu, 182.
[8] [Hannah Arendt, Eichmann muJerusarema: Chirevo pamusoro pe Banity Yeuipi (1963; New York: Penguin Mabhuku, 1994), 276].
[9] Lewis Mumford, Nhema dzeMuchina: Technics uye Kubudirira kwevanhu (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1967), 186.
[10Ashley Montagu, Hunhu hweAggression yevanhu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 43-53, 59-60; Ashley Montagu, ed., Kudzidza Isiri-Kugumbuka: Iko Kuitika Kwevasina-Nyowani Nharaunda (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978); Jean Guilaine naJean Zammit, Kwakatangira Hondo: Mhirizhonga muPrimistory, trans. Melanie Hersey (2001; Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005).
[11] Andrew B. Schmookler, Kuneta Kuneta: Kuporesa Maronda Anotiperekedza Kuhondo (New York: Mabhuku eBantam, 1988), 303.
[12] Mumford, 204.
[13] Etienne de la Boetie, Izvo Zvematongerwo Enyika Ekuteerera: Iyo hurukuro yeChido chekuzvidira, trans. Harry Kurz (ca. 1553; Montreal: Black Rose Mabhuku, 1997), 46, 58-60; Riane Eisler, The Kalice neBanga (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 45-58, 104-6.
[14] Theodore Roszak, Mary E. Gomes, naAllen D. Kanner, eds., Ecopsychology: Kudzoreredza Pasi Kuporesa Pfungwa (San Francisco: Sierra Club Mabhuku, 1995). Ecopsychology inopedzisa ichiti hapana panogona kuve nekurapa pasina kurapa pasi, uye nekudzokorora hukama hwedu hutsvene nahwo, kureva.
[15] "Kazhinji, Tangi Rako Ine Imotokari Ine Simba", rakabudiswa mukati Kubva kuGerman War Primer, chikamu che Svendborg Nhetembo (1939); sekushandurwa kwaLee Baxandall mu Nhetembo, 1913-1956, 289.
SOURCES 1914 Kisimusi Truck
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/197627.stm.
Brown, David. "Kurangarira kukunda kwehunyoro hwevanhu - WWI inotyisa, inotyisa yeKutya," Washington Post, December 25, 2004.
Brown, Malcolm naShirley Seaton. Kisimusi Truce: Iyo Western Front, 1914. New York: Hippocrene, 1984.
Cleaver, Alan uye Lesley Park. "Kisimusi Yekutakura: A General Overview," christmastruce.co.uk/article.html, yakawanikwa munaNovember 30, 2014.
Gilbert, Martin. Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga: Nhoroondo Yakakwana. New York: Henry Holt uye Co, 1994, 117-19.
Hochschild, Adamu. Kupedza Hondo Dzese: Iyo Nyaya Yekuvimbika uye yekupanduka, 1914-1918. New York: Mariners Mabhuku, 2012, 130-32.
Vinciguerra, Thomas. "Iyo Truck yeKisimusi, 1914", The New York Times, December 25, 2005.
Weintraub, Stanley. Vakanyarara Usiku: Nyaya yeHondo Yenyika I Iroya yeKrisimisi. New York: Yemahara Press, 2001.
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S. Brian Willson, brianwillson.com, Zvita 2, 2014, nhengo Veterans Runyararo Chitsauko 72, Portland, Oregon
