NaNeve Gordon naNicola Perugini, Al Jazeera
Hongu, hapana zuva rakapfuura mumwedzi yakati wandei pasina ruzhinji rwemapepanhau anotaura nezve nhoo dzevanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemhirizhonga: Fom Syria, uko varwi veISIL vakatiza Manbij vari mumakwikwi sezviri pachena. kushandisa nhoo dzevanhu; kuburikidza neKashmir, apo “mauto nemapurisa akashandisa vanhuwo zvavo senhoo dzevanhu mukurwisa varwi”; kuUkraine, uko pro-Russian separatists vakapomerwa mhosva kushandisa vacherechedzi vepasi rese senhoo.
Uyezve, izwi rekuti nhovo dzevanhu haringoshandisi kutsanangura kushandiswa kwevanhu mukati mehondo, asi kuratidza vanhuwo zvavo mukuratidzira, kubva. Ferguson muUnited States, kuti zimbabwe uye Ithiyopiya.
Nyika dzakasununguka dzegutsaruzhinji hadzisi idzo dzoga dziri kunyevera nyika nezvekuwedzera kwenhoo dzevanhu; asi hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri pamwe nemasangano akasiyana siyana emuno neepasirese emarudzi akasiyana, kubva kuRed Cross uye maNGOs ekodzero dzevanhu kuenda kuUnited Nations, ari kudaidza izwi iri.
Mumushumo wakavanzika weUN munguva pfupi yapfuura, Houthi vapanduki vaipomerwa mhosva yekuvanza "varwi nemidziyo mukati kana pedyo nevanhuwo zvavo ... nechinangwa chekudzivisa kurwiswa."
Kubvumira kuuraya
Kunyangwe mafomu akasiyana ekudzivirira kwevanhu angangove akafungidzirwa uye akaunganidzwa kubva pakavambwa hondo, kushandisa kwayo quotidian chinhu chakazara novel chiitiko. Sei, mumwe angabvunza, izwi iri rakangoerekana rapararira?
Kutaura zviri pamutemo, nhoo dzevanhu dzinoreva kushandiswa kwevanhuwo zvavo sezvombo zvekudzivirira kuitira kuti varwi kana nzvimbo dzemauto dzisarwiswe. Pfungwa iri kumashure kweshoko iri ndeyekuti vanhuwo zvavo, avo vanochengetedzwa pasi pemutemo wepasi rose, havafanirwe kushandiswa kuti vawane mukana wemauto.
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda pasina mubvunzo vachiziva dudziro iyi, isinganyanyozivikanwa inyaya yekuti mutemo wenyika dzakawanda haungorambidzi kushandiswa kwenhoo dzevanhu asi unouitawo kuti zvive pamutemo kuti mauto arwise nzvimbo dziri “dzivirirwa” nenhoo dzevanhu.
The US Air Force, semuenzaniso, rinotsigira izvozvo "Zvinangwa zviri pamutemo zvakadzivirirwa nevanhu vakachengetedzwa zvinogona kurwiswa, uye vanhu vakachengetedzwa vanogona kutorwa sekukuvara kwechibvumirano, chero kukuvara kwechibvumirano kusinganyanyi kuenzaniswa nekongiri uye mukana wakananga wemauto unotarisirwa nekurwiswa."
Zvichienderana nemitsetse yakafanana, gwaro ra2013 pamusoro pekunangana kwakabatana rakaburitswa neUS Joint Chiefs of Staff rinosimbisa kukosha kweiyo musimboti wekuenzana, rinoratidzawo kuti, "zvikasadaro zvinangwa zviri pamutemo zvakadzivirirwa zvisina kufanira nevanhu vakachengetedzwa zvinogona kurwiswa ... kunze kwekunge kukanganisa kwechibvumirano haina kuwandisa kana ichienzaniswa nekongiri uye yakananga mukana wemauto unotarisirwa nekurwiswa. " (PDF)
Zvinoreva zvese izvi, zviri nyore, ndezvekuti nhovo dzevanhu dzinogona kuurayiwa zviri pamutemo chero bedzi kutumirwa kwemhirizhonga kusingatyore musimboti wekuenzana - izvo zvinoda kuti ma belligerents arege kukonzeresa kukanganisa kusingaenderane nerubatsiro rwemauto kuwanikwa.
Pari zvino zvave kuita sekuti mapurisa pasi rose ave kuitawo maonero akafanana paari kutarisana nekuratidzira pamwe nemhirizhonga.
Zvinokurudzira kutorwa kwemitemo yakadai nevatambi vemuno nevekunze zviri pachena: Inobvumira mauto kuti anyevenutse mitemo yekubatana, achigadzira avo vanoisa nhovo sevasina hunhu uye vachityora mutemo wenyika.
Pre-emptive pamutemo kudzivirira
Tichifunga nezve kutorwa kwehunyanzvi uye kwakapararira kwemutsara nhovo dzevanhu, zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti izwi iri harisi kungoshandiswa sechiratidziro chekutaura kuratidza kushandiswa kwevanhu sezvombo, asiwo serudzi rwekudzivirira kwemutemo kusati kwavapo pakupomerwa. zvekuvauraya kana kuvakuvadza.
Isa zvakasiyana, kana mumwe wevanhu veFallujah's 50,000 vakaurayiwa panguva yekurwisa ISIL, haisi iyo US-backed kurwisa masimba ane mhosva, asi ISIL pachayo, iyo yakashandisa zvisiri pamutemo uye unzenza senhoo.
Uyezve, zvinoramba zvichiratidza kuti zvakakwana kutaura - mberi - kuti muvengi ari kushandisa nhovo dzevanhu kuitira kuti atonge kuurayiwa kwevasiri varwi.
Kunyangwe zvisingarambike kuti mauto mazhinji nemapoka asiri ehurumende anoshandisa nhovo dzevanhu, zvingangoitika zvekungopomerwa zvinonetsa zvakanyanya.
Mune mamwe mazwi, nekutaura kuti rumwe rutivi rwuri kushandisa nhovo dzevanhu, simba rinorwisa rinozvipa pacharo ne pre-emptive pamutemo dziviriro.
Kuti unzwisise zvizere zvinorehwa nekuumbwa uku zvakakosha kufunga nezvenzvimbo dzemudhorobha, saStephen Graham anobva kuNewcastle University. chiisei, “vakava vafambisi vemheni nokuda kwechisimba chezvematongerwe enyika chepasi redu.”
Icho chokwadi chekuti hondo parizvino inoumba hupenyu hwemudhorobha munzvimbo dzakawanda pasirese inoreva kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanogara uye vacharamba vachigara pamberi pekurwa kwakawanda.
Izvi zvinovasiya vari panjodzi huru yekuumbwa senhoo dzevanhu, sezvo zvaizova zvakakwana kutaura pachine nguva kuti vagari veguta inhoo kuti kufa kwavo kuve kwepamutemo uye kwakarurama.
Kana zviri izvo, saka pre-emptive pamutemo dziviriro inogona kunyatso shandiswa sechikamu chenzira inotyisa ine chinangwa chekunyoresa zviri pamutemo uye kudzoreredza kuuraya kukuru kwevanhu.
Nyaya iyi yakatanga kuwanikwa paAl Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2016/08/human-shields-pretext-kill-civilians-160830102718866.html
