Kushandiswa Kwemasimba muSomalia Zvikwereti zvemakore gumi nemana zvinotungamirira kuAustralia, Iraq, Syria neS Yemen Nhasi

NaAnn Wright, August 21, 2018.

Mazuva akati wandei apfuura, mutori wenhau akandibata nezve memorandamu yakanzi "Zvemutemo nekodzero dzevanhu zviitiko zvechiuto zveUNOSOM" zvandakanga ndanyora muna 1993, makore makumi maviri nemashanu apfuura. Panguva iyoyo, ini ndaive mukuru weJustice Division yeUnited Nations Operations muSomalia (UNOSOM). Ini ndakange ndatumirwa kubva kuUS department reHurumende kunoshanda munzvimbo yeUnited Nations Somalia pachinzvimbo chebasa rangu rapfuura muna Ndira 1993 nemauto eUS kumisazve mapurisa eSomalia munyika isina hurumende.

Kubvunzurudzwa kwemutori wenhau kwakaunza pfungwa dzemakakatanwa ehondo nemaitiro ekutonga akamboshandiswa muClinton, Bush, Obama neTrump vatongi vanobva kumabasa eUS / UN muSomalia makore makumi maviri neshanu apfuura.

Musi waZvita 9,1992, mwedzi wekupedzisira uzere wehutungamiriri, George HW Bush akatumira 30,000 US Marines muSomalia kuvhurira nzara veSomalia mitsara yekupa chikafu yaidzorwa nemauto eSomalia ayo akaunza nzara huru uye kufa munyika yese. Muna Kukadzi 1993, iyo nyowani Clinton manejimendi yakashandura basa rezvekubatsira vanhu kuUnited Nations nemauto eUS akakurumidza kubviswa. Zvisinei, munaFebruary naMarch, ??? UN yakanga yakwanisa kutora nyika shomanana chete kuti ipe mauto emauto eUN. Mauto eSomalia akaongorora nhandare uye zviteshi zvengarava uye akaona kuti UN yaive nemauto asingasvike zviuru zvishanu sezvo vachiverenga huwandu hwendege dzinotora mauto nekuburitsa mauto muSomalia. Varidzi vehondo vakasarudza kurwisa mauto eUN vachiri pasi pesimba mukuedza kumanikidza basa reUN kubva muSomalia. Kurwiswa kwemauto eSomalia kwakawedzera munguva yeChirimo cha5,000.

Sezvo mauto eUS / UN nemauto ehondo achienderera mberi munaChikumi, kwaive kunetsekana kuri kuwedzera pakati pevashandi veUN nezvekushomekerwa kwezviwanikwa kubva kumabasa evashandi kuti varwe nemauto uye nekukuvara kwakawanda kwevanhu vemuSomalia panguva dzehondo idzi.

Mutungamiriri ane mukurumbira weSomalia aive General Mohamed Farah Aidid. Aidid aimbova general uye mumiriri wehurumende yeSomalia, sachigaro weUnited Somali Congress the uye akazotungamira Somali National Alliance (SNA). Pamwe pamwe nemamwe mapoka anopikisa akashongedzerwa, mauto aGeneral Aidid akabatsira kudzinga mudzvanyiriri Mutungamiri Mohamed Siad Barre munguva yehondo yevagari vemuSomalia kutanga kwema1990.

Mushure mekunge mauto eUS / UN aedza kuvhara chiteshi cheredhiyo cheSomalia, munaJune 5, 1993, General Aidid zvakawedzera kuwedzera kurwiswa kwakaitwa nemauto eUN apo mauto ake akatemera mauto ePakistan aive chikamu cheavo UN yekuchengetedza rugare chinangwa, kuuraya 24 uye kukuvadza 44.

UN Security Council yakapindura pakurwiswa kwemauto eUN neSecurity Council Resolution 837 iyo yakabvumidza "matanho akakosha" ekubata avo vane mhosva yekurwiswa kwemauto ePakistan. Mukuru weboka reUnited Nations muSomalia, akarega basa muU.S. Navy Admiral Jonathan Howe, akaisa mari inosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu paGeneral Aided, kekutanga kupihwa bounty neUnited Nations.

Memorandamu yandakanga ndanyora yakakura kubva pane danho rekuti Mauto eUS Army maherikoputa aputse chivakwa chinozivikanwa seAbdi House muMogadishu, Somalia panguva yekuvhima General Aidid. Musi waChikunguru 12, kumisidzana kwemauto kuUS kurwisa General Aidid kwakaguma nekufa kwevanhu vanopfuura makumi matanhatu veSomalia, vazhinji vacho vakuru avo vaisangana kuti vakurukure kumisa ruvengo pakati pemauto nemauto eUS / UN. Vatori venhau vana, Dan Elton, Hos Maina, Hansi Kraus naAnthony Macharia avo vanga vaenda kunzvimbo iyi kuti vataure nezvemauto eU.S. ari kuitika padyo nehotera yavo vakaurayiwa nemhomho yeSomalia yakaungana ndokuwana vakuru vavo vairemekedzwa vakafa.

Maererano nhoroondo ye1^st Battalion ye22^nd Vacheche vakaita kurwisa, "mumaawa gumi negumi neshanu musi wa1018 Chikumi, mushure mekusimbiswa kwechinangwa, pfuti nhanhatu dzeCobra helikopta dzakapfura zvombo gumi nezvitanhatu zveTOW kupinda muAbdi House; Pfuti makumi matatu-millimeter cheni dzakashandiswawo kuita kukuru. Imwe neimwe yeCobras yakaramba ichipfura TOW uye cheni pfuti kutenderera mumba kusvika maawa angangoita 12. ” Pakupera kwemaminetsi mana, angangoita gumi nematanhatu TOW anti-tank zvombo uye zviuru zve30mm cannon kutenderera zvaive zvadzoserwa muchivako. Mauto eUS akaramba achiti vaive nehungwaru kubva kuvanobhadhara vakabhadharwa kuti Aidid achange achipinda mumusangano.

Muna 1982-1984, ini ndaive US Army Major murairidzi weMutemo weKurwa Kwehondo uye maGeneva Kokorodzano kuJFK Center ye Special Warfare, Fort Bragg, North Carolina uko vadzidzi vangu vaive Mauto eUS Special uye mamwe maSpecial Operations mauto. Kubva pane zvandakaona ndichidzidzisa mitemo yepasi rose pamusoro pekufambiswa kwehondo, ndainetsekana zvakanyanya nezvenyaya dzepamutemo dzekushanda kwemauto kuAbdi House uye nezvehunhu hwazvo sezvo ini pandakaziva zvimwe zvebasa.

SaMutungamiriri weUNOSOM Justice Division, akanyora memorandamu achiratidza kunetseka kwangu kune mukuru weUN muSomalia, Mumiriri weUN General General Mumiriri Jonathan Howe. Ini ndakanyora kuti: "Uku kushanda kwemauto eUNOSOM kunomutsa nyaya dzakakosha dzemitemo nekodzero dzevanhu kubva mumaonero eUN. Nyaya irikubva pakuti Security Security resolution yezvisungo (zvichitevera kuurawa kwemauto ePakistani nemauto eAidid) kupa mvumo UNOSOM 'kutora matanho akakosha' kune avo vane mhosva yekurwisa mauto eUNOSOM akaitirwa UNOSOM kushandisa simba rinouraya kune vese vanhu vasina mukana wekuzvipira mune chero chivakwa chinofungidzirwa kana kuzivikanwa senzvimbo dzeSNA / Aidid, kana Security Council yakabvumira munhu iyeye anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye anokonzera kurwiswa kwemauto eUNOSOM vaizove nemukana wekuvharirwa nemauto eUNOSOM nekutsanangura kuvepo kwavo SNA / Aidid nzvimbo uye vozotongwa mudare risina kwavakarerekera kuti vaone kana vaikonzeresa kurwiswa kwemauto eUNOSOM kana kuti vaingove vagari (venguva pfupi kana vechigarire) vechivako, vanofungidzirwa kana kuzivikanwa senzvimbo yeSNA / Aidid. ”

Ndakabvunza kana United Nations inofanirwa kunanga vanhu uye "kuti United Nations inofanirwa here kuzvibata zvine hunhu hwepamusoro mukutanga basa rekubatsira kuchengetedza chikafu muSomalia? ' Ini ndakanyora, "Isu tinotenda sechinhu chemutemo, pfupi kumberi chiziviso chekuparadzwa kwechivakwa chine vanhu mukati chinofanira kupihwa. Kubva pamaonero epamutemo, ehutsika nekodzero dzevanhu, tinopa zano rekuti tirege kuita zvechiuto izvo zvisingazivise nezvekurwiswa kune vanogara muzvivakwa. ”

Sekufungidzira kunoita munhu, memorandamu yekubvunza nezvehunhu uye hunhu hwekushanda kwemauto haina kumira zvakanaka nemusoro weiyo UN mission. Muchokwadi, Admiral Howe haana kutaura neni zvakare panguva yangu yasara neUNOSOM.

Zvisinei, vazhinji mumasangano okuyamura uye mukati mehurongwa hweUN vakashushikana zvikuru kuti iyo helikopta yaive yekushandiswa kwakasimba kwesimba uye yakanga yashandura UN kuita mubato unorwiwa muhondo yevagari vemuSomalia. Vazhinji vevakuru veUNOSOM vakafadzwa kuti ndanyora memo uye mumwe wavo akazoburitsa kuWashington Post uko kwakanongedzerwa kuchinyorwa chaAugust 4, 1993, "UN Report Inotsoropodza Mauto Matekiniki eSomaliya Vanochengetedza rugare. "

Zvakawanda gare gare, kutarisa kumashure, nhoroondo yeuto rehondo ye1^st Battalion ye22^nd Infantry yakabvuma kuti kurwiswa kwakaitwa musi waChikunguru 12 pachivako cheAbdi nekurasikirwa kukuru kwehupenyu kwakavakirwa pahungwaru hwakakanganisa kwaive chikonzero chehasha dzeSomalia izvo zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwehupenyu kumauto eUS muna Gumiguru 1993. "Kurwiswa kweUN kwakaitwa neFirst Brigade inogona kunge yaive huswa hwekupedzisira hwakatungamira kunovandira veRanger battalion muna Gumiguru wa1993. Seye mutungamiri weSNA akarondedzera kurwiswa kwa12 Chikunguru muBowden's Black Hawk Down: "Chaive chinhu chimwe chete kuti nyika ipindire kupa vane nzara chikafu, uye kunyangwe UN ibatsire Somalia kuumba hurumende ine runyararo. Asi iri bhizinesi rekutumira kuUS Ranger vachitsvedza vachipinda muguta ravo vachiuraya nekutapa vatungamiriri vavo, izvi zvaive zvakanyanyisa ".

Iyo 1995 Kodzero dzeVanhu Chirevo pamusoro peSomalia yakaratidza kurwiswa kweimba yeAbdi sekutyora kodzero dzevanhu uye mhosho huru yezvematongerwo enyika neUN. "Pamusoro pekunge kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu nemutemo wevanhu, kurwiswa kwemba yeAbdi yaive mhosho inotyisa yezvematongerwo enyika. Zvinotariswa zvakanyanya sekunge vakataura zvakawandisa zvevanhu, pakati pavo vanotsigira kuyananiswa, imba yeAbdi imba yakave chiratidzo chekurasikirwa kweUN muSomalia. Kubva kumhare yerubatsiro, iyo UN yaive pachayo pachiteshi chekuti chii kune munhuwo zvake aiona senge kuuraya vanhu vazhinji. Sangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose, uye kunyanya mauto eAmerica, akarasikirwa nezvakawanda zvezvakasara zvehunhu hwakakwirira. Kunyangwe hazvo chirevo chechiitiko ichi chakaitwa neUnited Nations Justice Division chakatsiura UNOSOM nekushandisa nzira dzechiuto dzekuzivisa hondo uye kurwa kwakajeka kune basa rayo rekubatsira, chirevo hachina kumboburitswa. Sokuzeza kwavo kuita kuti kodzero dzevanhu dzive chikamu chekubata kwavo nevatungamiriri vehondo, varindi verunyararo vakatsunga kudzivirira kuongororwa kwepedyo uye neruzhinji rekodhi yavo vachipesana nezvinodiwa nenyika dzese. ”

Uye zvechokwadi, kurwa pakati peUN / US mauto kwakaguma mune chiitiko chakazogumisa sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika yehutongi hwaClinton kuti aenderere mberi nekupinda muchiuto muSomalia uye akandidzosa kuSomalia kwemwedzi yekupedzisira yekuvapo kweUS kuSomalia.

Ndakanga ndadzoka kubva kuSomalia kuenda kuUS mukupera kwaKurume 1993. Mukugadzirira basa muKyrgyzstan muCentral Asia, ndaive muchidzidzo chemutauro wechiRussia muArlington, Virginia muna Gumiguru 4, 1993 pakapinda mukuru wechikoro chemitauro yeHurumende. yekirasi yangu yekubvunza, "Ndiani wenyu anonzi Ann Wright?" Pandakazvizivisa ini, akandiudza kuti Richard Clarke, director weGlobal Affairs yeNational Security Council anga afona achikumbira kuti ndiuye nekukurumidza kuWhite House kuzotaura naye nezve chimwe chinhu chakaitika muSomalia. Director vakabva vabvunza kana ndanga ndanzwa nhau dzevakawanda vakaurayiwa muUS muSomalia nhasi. Ndakanga ndisina.

Musi waGumiguru 3, 1993 US Ranger nemaSpecial Forces vakatumirwa kunotora vaviri vakuru Aidid vabatsiri padyo neOlympic Hotel muMogadishu. Ma helikopta maviri eU.S. akapfurwa pasi nemauto ehondo uye yechitatu helikopta ikapunzika painenge ichidzosera kumashure kwayo. Sangano rekununura rekuUnited States rakatumirwa kunobatsira avo vakadonhedza helikopta vashandi kuti vamisirwe pasi pamwe nekuparadzwa zvichidaro rwechipiri rwekununura mimotokari ine mauto ane mauto anofambiswa nemaUN mauto asina kuziviswa nezvekutanga chinangwa Varwi gumi nevasere veUS vakafa musi waOctober 3, zuva rimwe chete rakaipisisa rekufa kwevakarwa nemauto eU.S. kubva paHondo yeVietnam.

Ndakateresa kuWhite House ndokusangana naClarke uye mushandi wechidiki weNSC Susan Rice. Mwedzi gumi nemasere gare gare Rice yakagadzwa seMubatsiri Munyori Wenyaya dzeAfrica muDhipatimendi reHurumende uye muna 18 yakagadzwa neMutungamiri Obama seMumiriri weUS kuUnited Nations uyezve muna 2009, saNabrari weNational Security Advisor

Clarke akandiudza nezvekufa kwemauto gumi nemasere eUS muMogadishu uye kuti Clinton manejimendi afunga kumisa kubatanidzwa muSomalia- uye kuti zviite kudaro, iyo US yaida nzira yekubuda. Haana kufanirwa kundiyeuchidza kuti pandakauya kuburikidza nehofisi yake mukupera kwaChikunguru pandakadzoka kubva kuSomalia, ndakange ndamuudza kuti US yakanga isati yambopa mari izere yezvirongwa zviri muUNOSOM Justice Chirongwa uye kuti mari yeSomalia chirongwa chemapurisa chinogona kushandiswa zvinobudirira pachikamu chenzvimbo isiri yekuchengetedza mauto muSomalia.

Clarke akabva andiudza kuti Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakanga ratobvumirana kumisa mutauro wangu weRussia uye kuti ndaizotora timu kubva kuDhipatimendi reZvemitemo Yezvezvemitemo uye Dzidzo YehutongiICITAP) kudzokera kuSomalia uye kuita imwe yemazano kubva munhaurirano dzangu naye-kuumbwa kwechikoro chekudzidzisa mapurisa cheSomalia. Vakati tichava nemadhora gumi nemashanu emadhora pachirongwa ichi - uye kuti ndaifanira kuve nechikwata muSomalia kutanga kwesvondo rinotevera.

Uye saka takaita-nesvondo rakatevera, takava neboka revanhu vatanhatu kubva ICITAP muMogadishu. uye pakupera kwa6, iyo yemapurisa academy yakavhurwa. IUS yakapedza kubatanidzwa kwayo muSomalia pakati pa1993.

Ndezvipi zvidzidzo kubva kuSomalia? Nehurombo, izvo zvidzidzo zvisina kuteererwa mumauto eUS muAfghanistan, Iraq, Siria neYemen.

Kutanga, mubairo wakapihwa General Aidid wakave muenzaniso kune bounty system inoshandiswa nemauto eU.S. muna 2001 na2002 muAfghanistan nePakistan kumabasa eAl Qaeda. Vazhinji vevanhu vakaperera mutirongo reUS kuGuantanamo vakatengwa neUS kuburikidza nesystem iyi uye chete gumi pavanhu mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nevapfumbamwe vakasungwa muGuantanamo vakatongerwa mhosva. Vamwe vese havana kumhan'arirwa uye vakazoburitswa kunyika dzekumusha kwavo kana nyika dzechitatu nekuti vaive vasina chekuita neAl Qaeda uye vaive vatengeswa nevavengi kuti vawane mari.

Chechipiri, kushandiswa kusingaenzaniswi kwesimba rekuputira chivakwa chose kuuraya vanhu vakanangwa chave hwaro hweUS mhondi drone chirongwa. Zvivakwa, mapato makuru emuchato, uye ngarava dzemotokari dzakadzimwa nezvombo zvegehena zvemhondi dzemhondi. Mutemo weLand Warfare uye maGeneva Kokorodzano zvinowanzo kutyorwa muAfghanistan, Iraq, Syria neYemen.

Chechitatu, usamborega huchenjeri hwakaipa kumisa mashandiro emauto. Ehezve, vemauto vachati havazivi kuti huchenjeri hwakaipa, asi mumwe anofanirwa kunyumwira chikonzero ichocho. "Taifunga kuti kuIraq kune zvombo zvekuparadza vanhu vazhinji" - kwaisave kungwara kwakaipa asi kugadzirwa kwehungwaru kutsigira chero chinangwa chebasa.

Kusaterera zvidzidzo zveSomalia zvakagadzira maonero, uyezve, chokwadi mumauto eUS kuti mashandiro emauto haana mhedzisiro. MuAfghanistan, Iraq, Siria neYemen mapoka evarwi anorwiswa nekuuraiwa vasina mhosva uye hutungamiriri hwemauto hunochenesa kuongorora kwekuti mashandiro aitevedzera mutemo wepasi rose. Zvinoshamisa, zvinoita sekunge rakarasika kune vanogadzira maseru ekuti kushomeka kwekuzvidavirira kwemauto eU.S. kunoisa vashandi vemauto eUS nenzvimbo dzeUS dzakadai seMamiriri eU.S.mumigwagwa yepamberi yeavo vanoda kutsiva mabasa aya.

Nezve Munyori: Ann Wright akashanda makore makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe muUS Army / Mauto Anochengetedza uye akarega basa seColonel. Aive mumiriri weUS kuNicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia, Afghanistan neMongolia. Akasiya basa kubva kuhurumende yeUS munaKurume 29 achipikisana nehondo yeIraq. Iye ndiye mubatanidzwa wemunyori we "Kuramba: Manzwi Ehana."