Mamirioni Akawanda Akave Akaurayiwa muAmerica Post-9 / 11 Hondo? Chikamu 3: Libya, Siria, Somalia neYemen

Mune chikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chetsamba dzake, Nicolas JS Davies anoongorora kuurawa kwevanhu veUnited States uye vehurumende muLibya, Siria, Somalia neYemen uye inosimbisa kukosha kwehuwandu hwehondo yekufa kwevadzidzi.

NaNicolas JS Davies, April 25, 2108, Consortium News.

Muchikamu chekutanga chemugumo uyu, ndakafungidzira izvozvo pamusoro Vanhu vane mamiriyoni e2.4 vakaurawa semugumisiro wekuuya kweUnited States kuIraq, nechokuita Mamiriyoni e1.2 akaurawa muA Afghanistan nePakistan semhedzisiro yehondo inotungamirwa neUS muAfghanistan. Muchikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chemushumo uyu, ndichafungidzira kuti vanhu vangani vakaurayiwa nekuda kwemauto eUS neCIA kupindira muLibya, Siria, Somalia neYemen.

Kubva munyika iyo US yakarwisa uye yakashungurudzwa kubva ku2001, Iraq chete ndiyo yaive iyo nyaya ye "kufa nesimba" kwehupfumi zvidzidzo zvinogona kuratidza zvimwe zvinorehwa kufa. I "kushingaira" kufa kwechidzidzo ndechimwe chekuti "nekushingaira" inotsvaga mhuri kuti iwane rufu dzisina kumbobvira dzakataurwa nemashoko ehupfumi kana mamwe mabhuku akabudiswa.

Izvi zvidzidzo zvinowanzoitwa nevanhu vanoshanda mumunda wehutano hwevanhu, saLobert Roberts ku Columbia University, Gilbert Burnham paJohs Hopkins uye Riyadh Lafta paYunivhesiti yeAudansiriya muBaghdad, iyo yakanyora 2006 Lancet kudzidza yeIraq yehondo kufa. Mukudzivirira zvidzidzo zvavo muIraq nemhedzisiro yavo, vakasimbisa kuti zvikwata zvavo zvekuongorora zveIraq zvakazvimiririra kubva kuhutongi hwehurumende uye kuti ndicho chinhu chakakosha mukushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvavo uye kuda kwevanhu muIraq kutaura vakatendeka navo.

Kuwedzera kwekufa kwechidzidzo mune dzimwe nyika dzakaparadzwa (kufanana neAngola, Bosnia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, Irak, Kosovo, Rwanda, Sudan neUganda) dzakazivisa nhamba dzese dzevanhu vakafa 5 kune 20 nguva avo vakamboratidzwa ne "passive" reporting zvichibva pamishumo yehau, marekheni echipatara uye / kana kuongorora kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Mukusavapo kwezvidzidzo zvakanyatsodzidza muAfghanistan, Pakistan, Libya, Siria, Somalia neYemen, ndakatarisa nhoroondo dzekufa kwehondo uye ndakaedza kuongorora kuti zviyero zvekufa zvakadini izvi zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo zvinogona kuverengwa nenzira kushandiswa, zvichienderana nehutano hwekufa kwechokwadi kune passively zvakarondedzerwa kufa kwakawanikwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehondo.

Ini ndangofungidzira kufa kwechisimba. Hapana chimwe chekufungidzira kwangu chinosanganisira kufa kubva kune zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro yehondo idzi, sekuparadza zvipatara nemaitiro ehutano, kupararira kwezvimwe zvirwere zvinodzivirirwa pamwe nekukanganisa kwekushomeka kwezvikafu zvinovaka muviri uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo zvakare zvave zvakakosha munyika dzese idzi.

KuIraq, kukosha kwangu kwekupedzisira vanenge 2.4 mamiriyoni akaurayiwa yakanga yakavakirwa pakugamuchira mahesera e 2006 Lancet kudzidza uye 2007 Opinion Research Bhizinesi (ORB) kuongorora, iyo yakanga yakafanana nemumwe, uye ikashandisa chiyero chakafanana chekufa kwevakafa kune zvisina kufanirwa kufa (11.5: 1) pakati pe Lancet kudzidza uye Iraq Count Count (IBC) mu 2006 kusvika kuBC count kune makore kubva 2007.

Kune Afghanistan, ndakafungidzira izvozvo pamusoro 875,000 Afghans vakaurawa. Ini ndakatsanangura kuti iyo mishumo yegore negore yevasungwa vasiri varwi na UN Assistance Mission kuA Afghanistan (UNAMA) zvakavakirwa chete pakuferefetwa kwakapedzwa neAfghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), uye kuti vanoziva vanobvisa huwandu hwemishumo yekufa kwevagari iyo AIHRC isati yaongorora kana iyo yaisina kupedza kuferefeta kwayo. Nhau dzeUNAMA zvakare dzinoshaya chero chirevo zvachose kubva kunzvimbo zhinji dzenyika uko maTaliban nemamwe mauto eAfghan ekurwisa ari kushanda, uye uko kwakawanda kana kwakawanda kurwisa kwemhepo kuUS nekurwiswa kwehusiku kunoitika.

Ndakagumisa kuti kupomerwa kweUNAMA nezvekufa kwevanhu muAfghanistan kunoratidzika kunge kusina kukwana sekunyanya kudarika kunoratidzwa kunowanikwa pakuguma kweGuatemalan Civil War, apo UN-sponsored Historical Verification Commission yakaratidza nguva 20 yakawanda kufa kune yakambotaurwa.

KuPakistan, ndakafungidzira izvozvo pamusoro 325,000 vanhu vakanga vaurawa. Izvo zvaive zvinoenderana nekufungidzirwa kwakaburitswa kwekufa kwevarwi, uye pakushandisa avhareji yezvikamu zvakawanikwa muhondo dzakapfuura (12.5: 1) kune huwandu hwevanhu vakafa nzendo dzakataurwa ne South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) muIndia.

Kufananidzira Kufa muLibhiya, Siria, Somalia neYemen

Mune chikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chemugumo uyu, ini ndichafungidzira rufu rwakaitwa nehurumende yeUnited States nemapurisa eRibya, Siria, Somalia neYemen.

Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vekuAmerica vanyengedza Dzidziso yeU.S. yekudzivirira uye yekutonga hondo uyo akawana maruva ayo azere pasi pema Obama ekutonga se "Akazvinyengedza, akanyarara, asingasviki mune zvevhidhiyo" kusvika kuhondo, uye ndatsvaga kuvandudzwa kwedzidziso iyi kudzoka kuhondo dzeUS muCentral America muma1980. Panguva iyo US kubatanidzwa, kudzidziswa, murairo uye kutonga kwevanhu vanofa muIraq yakanzi "Svondo yeSalvador," Shanduro yeSU muLibhiya, Siria, Somalia neYemen yakanyatsotevedzera muenzaniso uyu kunyanya.

Hondo idzi dzave dzakaipa kuvanhu vemarudzi ose aya, asi maSU "akavanzika, akanyarara, vasingasunungurwi" kuswedera kwavari kwave kubudirira kwazvo mumashoko ekuparadzira mazita ayo vazhinji veAmerica vanoziva zvishoma nezvemauto eUnited States muchisimba chisingaiti uye chisungo chakakonzera.

Izvo zvinyorwa zvevanhu zvisiri pamutemo asi zvakanyanya zvokufananidzirwa zvinopararira kuSiria paApril 14, 2018 inomira zvakasiyana ne "yakavhiringidzika, yakasununguka, isina mhizha" Mushandirapamwe wakatungamirirwa neUnited States wakaparadza Raqqa, Mosul nevamwe veSiriya vakawanda Iraki maguta ane kupfuura mabhomba e100,000 nemisungo kubvira 2014.

Vanhu veMosul, Raqqa, Kobane, Sirte, Fallujah, Ramadi, Tawergha naDeir Ez-Zor vakafa semiti iri kuwira musango umo makanga musina vatori venhau vekuMadokero kana vashandi veTV kuti vanyore kupondwa kwavo. Sekubvunza kwakaita Harold Pinter nezvemhosva dzekutanga dzehondo yeUS maari 2005 mutauriro wekubvuma Nobel,

“Zvakaitika here? Uye ivo vari mune zvese zviitiko zvinokonzerwa neUS yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo? Mhinduro ndeyekuti, zvakaitika, uye zviri mune zvese zviitiko zvinokonzereswa nedare reAmerica rekunze. Asi iwe hawaizozviziva. Hazvina kumboitika. Hapana chakamboitika. Kunyangwe pazvaiitika, zvaive zvisiri kuitika. Zvanga zvisina basa. Yakanga isingafadzi. ”

Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pebasa rinokosha iro US rave rakaita mune imwe neimwe yehondo idzi, tapota verenga nyaya yangu, "Kupa Hondo Kune Mikana Yakawanda," yakabudiswa munaJanuary 2018.

Ribhiya

Chero chete kururamisirwa kwepamutemo kweNATO nehurumende yehurumende yeArabic yakabatana kunyanya 7,700 mabhomba uye zvombo paRibhiya uye akaipinda nemasaiti anoitwa mauto kutanga munaFebruary 2011 yaiva UN Security Council yakagadzirisa 1973, iyo yakabvumira "zviyero zvose zvinodiwa" nokuda kwechinangwa chakatsanangurwa chekudzivirira vanhu vemuLibhiya.

Asi hondo pachinzvimbo ichi yakauraya vanhu vazhinji kupfuura fungidziro yenhamba yakaurayiwa mukupandukira kwekutanga munaKukadzi naKurume 2011, zvakatangira pa1,000 (fungidziro yeUN) kusvika pa6,000 (sekureva kweLibyan Human Rights League). Saka hondo iri pachena yakundikana mune yakataurwa, yakapihwa chinangwa, kuchengetedza vanhuwo zvavo, kunyangwe payakabudirira mune imwe uye isina mvumo: kupidigurwa zvisiri pamutemo kwehurumende yeLibya.

Kugadziriswa kweSC SC 1973 kwakarambidza zvakajeka "chinzvimbo chevatorwa chekuchengeta chero chimiro pane chero chikamu chenharaunda yeLibya." Asi NATO nevabatsiri vayo vakatanga chiitiko chinoputika zveRibhiya nezviuru zveQatari neWestern Special Operations forces, avo vakagadzirira vapanduki vachienderera mberi munyika yose, vakadana mumhepo vachirova mauto ehurumende uye vakatungamirira kurwisa kwekupedzisira kuBab al-Aziziya mahofisi makuru euto muTatupo.

Qatari Chief of Staff Major General Hamad bin Ali al-Atiya, akaudza AFP kuti,

"Isu taive pakati pavo uye huwandu hwevaQatar vari pasi hwaive mumazana munzvimbo dzese. Kudzidziswa uye kutaurirana kwaive kuri mumaQatari maoko. Qatar… yakatarisa zvirongwa zvevapanduki nekuti vanhuwo zvavo uye havana ruzivo rwakakwana mumauto. Takaita semubatanidzwa pakati pevapanduki nemauto eNATO. ”

Pane mhinduro dzinokodzera iyo mutungamiriri wekuFrance vangangodaro vakapa nyaya yekuponesa iyo yakauraya mutungamiri weLibya Muammar Gaddafi, mushure mokunge atapwa, akatambudzwa uye akachinjwa nebanga ne "NATO vapanduki."

Paramende Foreign Affairs Committee kubvunzurudza muUnited States muna 2016 akagumisa kuti "kupindira kwepakati pekuchengetedza vanhu vakagumburwa kuva mutemo unobatsira wehurumende kuchinjwa nemauto ehondo," zvichiguma, "kuparara kwezvematongerwe enyika uye kwezvematongerwo enyika, hondo dzezvematongerwo enyika uye zvemadzinza emarudzi, hondo dzinobatsira uye dzinopinda mune dzimwe nyika, kuparadzira kodzero dzevanhu, kupararira kwehurumende dzeGaddafi zvombo munyika yose uye kukura kweIsil [State Islamic] kuchamhembe kweAfrica. "

Mishumo Isingazivikanwi Nekufa Kwemhirizhonga muLibhiya

Pakangopidigurwa hurumende yeLibya, vatori venhau vakaedza kubvunza nezvenyaya iri pachena yekufa kwevanhu, yaive yakakosha pamutemo nezvematongerwo enyika kurwira kwehondo. Asi National Transitional Council (NTC), iyo hurumende itsva isina kugadzikana yakaumbwa nevapoteri vanotsigirwa neWestern nevapanduki, yakamira kupa fungidziro yekufa kwevanhu ndokuraira vashandi vemuzvipatara. kwete kusunungura ruzivo kuvanyori venhau.

Chero mamiriro ose ezvinhu, sekuAraq neAngland, mhirizhonga yaiputika munguva yehondo uye vanhu vazhinji vakaviga vadiwa vavo kumashure avo kana kupi zvako kwavaikwanisa, vasingavatori kuzvipatara.

Mutungamiriri wevapanduki anofungidzirwa muna August 2011 kuti 50,000 VaRibhia vakange vaurawa. Zvino, munaGunyana 8th 2011, Naji Barakat, gurukota idzva rehutano reNTC, rakaburitsa chirevo chekuti 30,000 vanhu vakanga vaurawa uye vamwe zviuru zvina vakashaikwa, zvichibva pakuferefetwa kwezvipatara, vakuru vemunharaunda nevatungamiriri vevapanduki munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika iyo panguva iyoyo yaitongwa neNTC. Vakati zvaizotora mamwe mavhiki akati kuti apedze ongororo iyi, saka vaitarisira kuti nhamba yekupedzisira inge iri pamusoro.

Chirevo cheBarakat hachina kusanganisira dzakasiyana nhamba dzevarwi uye kufa kwevanhu. Asi akataura kuti vangangosvika hafu yemakumi matatu ezviuru vakafa vakafa mauto akavimbika kuhurumende, kusanganisira mazana mapfumbamwe enhengo dzeKhamis Brigade, inotungamirwa nemwanakomana waGaddafi Khamis. Barakat akabvunza veruzhinji kuti vataure nzufu mumhuri dzavo uye ruzivo rwevanhu vakashaikwa pavakauya kumamoski kuminamato Chishanu ichocho. Kufungidzira kweNTC kwevanhu zviuru makumi matatu vakaurayiwa kwakaratidzika kuve kune vazhinji vevarwi kumativi ese maviri.

Inonyanya kuongororwa kwehondo yekufa kubva pakuguma kwehondo ye 2011 muLibhiya yaiva "chirwere chepademiological-based study" yakanyorwa "Libyan Zvombo Zvokurwisana 2011: Kufa, Kukuvadza uye Kuparara Kwevanhu."  Yaiva yakanyorwa navaprofesa vatatu vezvokurapa kubva kuTripoli, uye yakabudiswa mu African Journal of Emergency Medicine muna 2015.

Vanyori vakatora marekodhi erufu rwehondo, kukuvara uye kusimudzwa kwakaunganidzwa nebazi rezveedzimba nekuronga, ndokutumira zvikwata kuitisa zviso zvakatarisana kumeso nenhengo yemhuri yega yega kuti vaone kuti vangani vemhuri yavo vakaurayiwa, vakakuvadzwa kana misha. Ivo havana kuedza kupatsanura kuurawa kwevanhuwo zvavo nerufu rwevarwi.

Uyewo havana kuedza kuverenga nhamba yekufungidzira rufu rwakagara rusingatauri kuburikidza ne "cluster sampu yekuongorora" nzira ye Lancet kudzidza muIraq. Asi iyo Libyan Armed Conflict kudzidza ndiyo yakanyanya kuzere nhoroondo yevakafa vakafa muhondo muLibya kusvika munaFebruary 2012, uye yakasimbisa kufa kwevanhu vangangoita 21,490.

Muna 2014, kurwisana kunoenderera mberi uye kurwisana kwemauto muLibhiya zvakaputirwa mune izvo Wikipedia ikozvino inoshevedza yechipiri Libyan Vehondo Yehondo.  Boka rinodanwa Libya Body Count (LBC) vakatanga kutaura nezvekufa kwechisimba muLibya, zvichibva pamitambo yemavhidhiyo, pamuenzaniso we Iraq Count Count (IBC). Asi LBC yakangozviita kwemakore matatu, kubva muna Ndira 2014 kusvika Zvita 2016. Yakaverenga vanhu 2,825 vakafa muna 2014, 1,523 muna 2015 uye 1,523 muna 2016. (Webhusaiti yeLBC inoti yaingova netsaona kuti nhamba yakanga yakafanana muna 2015 na2016. .)

The UK-based Simba Rokupesana Nzvimbo uye Chiitiko Data (ACLED) chirongwa chakachengetedzawo huwandu hwekufa kwechisimba muLibya. ACLED yakaverengwa kufa kwe4,062 mu2014-6, ichienzaniswa ne5,871 yakaverengerwa neLibya Muviri Kuverenga. Kwenguva dzasara pakati paKurume 2012 naMarch 2018 iyo LBC isina kuvhara, ACLED yakaverenga 1,874 kufa.

Kana LBC yakavhara nguva yose kubva muna March 2012, uye yakawana nhamba yakaenzana yepamusoro pane ACLED sezvakaitwa ne2014-6, ingadai yakaverenga vanhu ve8,580 vakaurawa.

Kufungidzira Kuti Vanhu Vazhinji Vakaita Sei Akaurayiwa muRibhiya

Kubatanidza nhamba kubva ku Libyan Armed Conflict 2011 kudzidza uye yedu yedu yakabatanidzwa, inoratidzwa kubva Libya Body Count uye ACLED inopa huwandu hwe30,070 passively hunoti vakafa kubvira February 2011.

VaRibhia VaArmed Conflict (LAC) vakadzidza zvakabva kune zvinyorwa zvepamutemo munyika yakanga isina hurumende yakagadzikana, yakabatana kwemazana emakore e4, nepo Libya Body Count yakanga iri mutsva wekutsvaga kutevedzera Irak Body Count yakaedza kukanda nhamba yakakura kuburikidza nekusavimba chete nemitauro yemutauro weChirungu.

MuIraq, chiyero pakati pe2006 Lancet Kudzidza uye Iraq Kuverengwa kweMuviri kwaive kwakakwirira nokuti IBC yakanga ichiverenga vanhu vese, asi iyo Lancet kudzidza vakaverenga varwi veIraq pamwe nevanhuwo zvavo. Kusiyana neIraq Muviri Kuverenga, ese edu makuru epasi masosi muLibya akaverenga vese vanhuwo zvavo nevarwi. Kubva pane imwe-mutsara tsananguro yechiitiko chimwe nechimwe mu Libya Body Count database, yose yeLBC inoratidzika kusanganisira inenge hafu yevarwi nehafu yevanhu.

Mauto ehondo anowanzoverengwa zvakanyanyisa kupfuura vevanhu vasiri vehurumende, uye mauto ehondo anofarira kunyatsoongorora avo vanouraya pamwe chete nekuziva ivo pachavo. Kusiyana ndezvechokwadi pamusoro pekuurayiwa kwevanhu, izvo zvinowanzowanzova uchapupu hwemhosva dzehondo apo masimba avo vakavauraya vane chido chakasimba chokudzivisa.

Saka, muAfghanistan nePakistan, ini ndakabata varwi uye vanhu vasiri voga, ndichiita shanduro dzenhepfenyuro pakati pekutaura uye kusafa zvidzidzo kune vanhu vese, asi vachibvuma kuurayiwa kwevanhu vanouraya sezvavakanga vasina kutaurirwa.

Asi masimba anorwisana muLibhiya haasi hondo yehurumende necheketani rakasimba rekuraira uye sangano rehurongwa rinoita kuti kuve nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwemauto kune dzimwe nyika nekukakavadzana, saka zvose zvechiuto uye zvehondo zvinouraya zvinoratidzika kunge zvakanyanyisa-zvataurwa nezvangu zviviri main sources, the Libya Yakapesana Kurwisana kudzidza uye Libya Body Count. Muchokwadi, iyo National Transitional Council's (NTC) inofungidzira kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu naGunyana 2011 yevanhu zviuru makumi matatu vakafa vanga vatokwira kupfuura huwandu hwevakafa muhondo mukudzidza kweLAC.

Apo 2006 Lancet kudzidza nezvekufa muIraq kwakaburitswa, yakaratidza kakapetwa ka14 nhamba yevakafa yakaverengwa muIraq Muviri Count runyorwa rwevanhu vakafa. Asi IBC yakazowana vamwe vakafa kubva panguva iyoyo, ichideredza huwandu pakati pe Lancet kukosha kwekudzidza uye IBC yakadzokororwa kuverengera ku11.5: 1.

Zvose zvakabatanidzwa kubva kuRibya Armed Conflict kuongorora 2011 uye Libya Kuverengwa kweMuviri kunoratidzika sehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekufa kwechisimba kudarika Iraq Body Count yakaverengwa muIraq, zvikurukuru nokuti LAC neLBC vose vakaverenga varwi pamwe nevevanhu, uye nokuti Libya Body Kuverenga kunosanganisira kufa kunorondedzerwa muArabic zvinyorwa, nepo IBC inotsigira zvachose Mutauro weChirungu misoro uye kazhinji inoda "zvishoma zvidhinha mbiri dzakasununguka zvemashoko" zvisati zvanyorwa chero rufu rumwe.

Mune kumwe kukakavara, kungozivisa zvisina kumbobvira kwabudirira kuverenga chinopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chevakafa chinowanikwa nezvakakwana, "zvinoshanda" zvidzidzo zvehutachiona. Tichifunga nezvezvinhu izvi zvese, huwandu hwechokwadi hwevanhu vakaurayiwa muLibhiya hunoratidzika kunge huri pakati nepashanu kusvika gumi nemaviri zvakapetwa nhamba dzinoverengerwa neRibya Yemauto Ekupokana 2011 kudzidza, Libya Muviri Kuverenga uye ACLED.

Saka ndinofungidzira kuti vangangoita mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emakumi maRibya vakaurayiwa muhondo, mhirizhonga nemhirizhonga zvakaburitswa neU.S. nevakabatana navo muLibya muna Kukadzi 250,000, uye zvichiri kuenderera nanhasi. Kutora 2011: 5 uye 1: 12 ratios kusvika pasivesi yakaverengwa kufa semiganhu yekunze, hushoma huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa hwaizove zana nemakumi mashanu ezviuru uye huwandu hwacho hungave 1.

Siriya

The "Akazvinyengedza, akanyarara, asingasviki mune zvevhidhiyo" Sangano reUnited States muSiriya rakatanga munguva yekupedzisira ye2011 neCIA chirongwa chekufambisa vatorwa vokunze uye zvombo kuburikidza neTurkey neJoridhani kuenda kuSiria, kushanda neKatar neAradi Arabia kuti varwise mhirizhonga yakatanga nevekurwisana kweArabic Spring kupikisana nehurumende yeBaathist yeSiria.

Vakawanda vanobva vasara uye mauto ezvematongerwe enyika eSyria kurongedza kupesana kusina chisimba muSiria mu2011 kwakarwisana zvakasimba nematambudziko aya ekune dzimwe nyika kusunungura hondo yehurumende, uye yakabudisa zvinyorwa zvakasimba zvinopesana nechisimba, mahedheni uye kupindira kune dzimwe nyika.

Asi kunyange svondo raDecember 2011 Qatari-rakabhadharwa maonero evanhu vakawana izvozvo 55% yevaSiriya vakatsigira hurumende yavo, veUnited States uye vashandi varo vakazvipira kugadzirisa hutungamiri hwavo hwekuRibya shanduko yeSiria, vachiziva zvakazara kubva pakutanga kuti hondo iyi ichava yakawanda uye inoparadza.

ICIA nevanhurume vayo veArab monarchist vakapedzisira vashandurwa zviuru zvematani zvezvombo uye zviuru zvevatorwa veAl-Qaeda-yakabatana jihadis muSyria. Zvombo zvakatanga kuuya kubva kuLibya, ndokuzobva kuCroatia neBalkans. Ivo vaisanganisira mahaircher, zvombo zvekukanda zvombo uye zvimwe zvombo zvinorema, pfuti dzekupfura, maroketi akafuridzirwa, matope nemaoko madiki, uye iyo US yakazopa zvakananga zvombo zvine simba zvinopesana nematangi.

Munguva iyi, panzvimbo yekubvumirana neKofi Annan yakatsigirwa neUnited States kuunza rugare kune Siria mu2012, US uye vashandi varo vakabatwa zvitatu "Shamwari dzeSiria" misangano, kwavakatsvakira "Purogiramu B," vachivimbisa kutsigira kwakaramba kuripo kune vanowedzera kupanduka kweAl-Qaeda.  Kofi Annan akasiya basa rake risina chivimbo mukunyangadza mushure meNobvu weHurumende Clinton pamwe chete neBrithani, French neSaudi vashanduri vakashandura urongwa hwake hwekuronga.

Vamwe vese, sezvavanotaura, inhoroondo, nhoroondo yemhirizhonga inogara ichingopararira uye mhirizhonga yakakwevera US, UK, France, Russia, Iran nevese vavakidzani veSyria mumhepo ine ropa vortex. Sekuona kwakaita Phyllis Bennis weInstitute for Policy Study akacherekedza, masimba ekunze aya anga akagadzirira kurwira Siria ”kusvikira kuSiriya yekupedzisira. "

Kuburitswa kwebhomba uko Mutungamiri Obama akatungamira kupikisana neIslamic State mu 2014 ndiyo mhirizhonga inoparadza zvikuru kubva muhondo yeUnited States muVietnam, ichidonha kupfuura mabhomba e100,000 nemisungo paSyria neIraq. Patrick Cockburn, murwi mukuru kuMiddle East munyori weUK sununguka pepanhau, munguva pfupi yakashanyira Raqqa, aimbova Siria ye6th guta guru, uye akanyora kuti, "Kuparadzwa zvachose."

"Mune mamwe maguta eSyria akabhombwa kana akafukidzwa kusvika pakukanganikwa pane dunhu rimwe chete rakapona risina kukwana," Cockburn akanyora. "Iyi ndiyo kesi kunyangwe muMosul muIraq, kunyangwe yakawanda yacho yakapwanywa kuita marara. Asi muRaqqa kukuvara uye kudzikisira zvinhu kwazara. Kana chimwe chinhu chikaita basa, serobhoti rimwe chete, iro roga rinoita kudaro muguta, vanhu vanoratidza kushamisika. ”

Kufananidzira Kufa Kwechisimba muSiriya

Kuongororwa kupi zvako kwevoruzhinji kwenhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa muSiria yandakawana inouya zvakananga kana zvakasiyana kubva kune Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), inotungamirwa naRami Abdulrahman muCoventry kuUK Iye aimbova musungwa wezvematongerwo enyika anobva kuSyria, uye anoshanda nevabatsiri vana muSyria avo vanozoburitsa pamambure evanosvika mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nematanhatu vanopokana nehurumende munyika yese. Basa rake rinowana imwe mari kubva kuEuropean Union, uyezve zvinonzi zvimwe kubva kuhurumende yeUK.

Wikipedia inodudza iyo Syria Center yePolitiki Ongororo seyakasiyana sosi ine huwandu hwekufa, asi izvi zviripo fungidziro kubva kumanhamba eSOHR. Pazasi fungidziro neUN inoita kunge zvakare yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pamishumo yeSOHR.

SOHR yakashoropodzwa nekuda kwekusanyara kupokana maonero, zvichitungamira vamwe kupokana nezve chinangwa che data rayo. Zvinoratidzika kunge zvakanyanyisa kuverengerwa vanhu vakaurayiwa nendege dzemuUS, asi izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuoma uye njodzi yekumhan'ara kubva kuI-inzvimbo yakachengetwa, sezvakaitikawo muIraq.

SOHR inobvuma kuti kuverenga kwayo hakugone kuve fungidziro yakazara yevanhu vese vakaurayiwa muSyria. Mumushumo wayo uchangoburwa munaKurume 2018, yakawedzera zviuru zana muchibvumirano chayo kubhadhara zvakataurwa, vamwe zviuru makumi mana nemashanu zvekuzvidavirira vasungwa vakaurayiwa kana kutsakatika mumaoko ehurumende uye zviuru gumi nezviviri zvevanhu vakaurayiwa, vakanyangarika kana kushayikwa muIslamic State kana kumwe kuchengetedzwa kwevapanduki. .

Kusiya zvimwe zvinhu izvi, SOHR yaMarch 2018 report inonyora kufa kwevarwi makumi matatu nematatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu evarwi nevarwi muSyria. Hwerengedzo iyi inoumbwa nevanhu 353,935 vevanhuwo zvavo; 106,390 mauto eSyria; 63,820 nhengo dzevatsigiri vehurumende (kusanganisira 58,130 kubva Hezbollah uye 1,630 vamwe vatorwa); 7,686 Islamic State, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (aimbove Jabhat al-Nusra) nemamwe maIslamist jihadis; 63,360 vamwe varwi vanopesana nehurumende; uye 62,039 mitumbi isingazivikanwe.

Kuparadzanisa izvi pasi pevanhu vese uye varwi, iyo 106,488 vagari vemauto uye varwi ve247,447 vakaurayiwa (pamwe nemitumbi isingazivikanwi ye196 yakakamurwa zvakaenzana), kusanganisira 63,820 Syrian Army mauto.

SOHR's ​​count is not a comprehensive statistical survey like the 2006 Lancet kudzidza muIraq. Asi zvisinei nemaonero avo evapanduki, iyo SOHR inoita senge yekuedza kuzere kuverenga "zvisina basa" kuverenga vakafa muhondo yapfuura.

Kunge masosi emauto mune dzimwe nyika, Mauto eSyria angangodaro anochengeta zvakaenzana nhamba dzekukuvara kwemauto ayo. Kunze kwekuuraya chaiko kwemauto, zvingave zvisina kumboitika kuti SOHR iverenge anopfuura 20% yevamwe vanhu vakaurayiwa muSiria yeHondo Yenyika. Asi nhoroondo yeSOHR inogona kunge yakanyatsojeka seyese yekare yekuedza kuverenga vakafa ne "passive" nzira.

Kutora zvirevo zveSOHR zvisina tsarukano zvekufa kwevasiri vemauto sezvo 20% yevakafa chaivo zvaizoreva kuti 1.45 miriyoni yevagari nevasiri varwi vakaurawa. Mushure mekuwedzera mauto makumi matanhatu nematanhatu eSyria akaurayiwa kunhamba iyoyo, ndinofungidzira kuti vangangoita mamirioni 64,000 vanhu vakauraiwa muSyria.

Kana SOHR yave ichibudirira kupfuura chero yapfuura "pasive" kuyedza kuverenga vakafa muhondo, uye yakaverenga 25% kana 30% yevanhu vakaurawa, iyo chaiyo nhamba yakaurawa inogona kunge yakadzika kunge 1 miriyoni. Kana isina kubudirira senge inoratidzika, uye kuverenga kwayo kuri padyo nezvakajairwa mune kumwe kukakavara, saka vangangosvika mamirioni maviri vanhu vanogona kunge vakaurayiwa.

Somaria

Vazhinji vekuAmerica vanoyeuka kupindira kweUnited States muSomalia kwakatungamirira kune "Black Hawk Down" chiitiko uye kubviswa kwemauto eU.S. muna 1993. Asi vazhinji vekuAmerican havayeuke, kana vangangodaro vasina kumboziva, kuti iyo US yakaita imwe "Akazvinyengedza, akanyarara, asingasviki mune zvevhidhiyo" kupindira muSomalia mu2006, mukutsigira hondo yeEthiopiya inopinda.

Somalia yaiva pakupedzisira "ichizvikwirisa pachayo nehootterps yayo" pasi pekutonga kwe Islamic Courts Union (ICU), mubatanidzwa wematare emadzishe emuno akabvuma kushanda pamwechete kutonga nyika. ICU yakabatana nemurwi wehondo muMogadishu ndokukunda vamwe vatungamiriri vehondo avo vaive vatonga mafiebhu ega kubva pakaparara hurumende yepakati muna 1991. Vanhu vaiziva nyika zvakanaka vakarumbidza ICU senzira yekusimudzira runyararo nerunyararo muSomalia.

Asi muchirevo che "hondo yekutyisa," hurumende yeUS yakaratidza Islamic Courts Union semuvengi uye chinangwa cheuto remauto. IUS yakabatana neEthiopia, yekuSomalia inokwikwidza dunhu remunzvimbo (uye nyika zhinji yechiKristu), uye kuitiswa mhirizhonga yemhepo uye masimba masimba kutsigira an KuEthiopiya inopinda muSomalia kuti abvise ICU kubva pasimba. Sezvimwe mune dzimwe nyika dzose US uye mapurisa ayo akauya kubvira 2001, mamiriro acho aive kuparadza Somalia kudzokera muchisimba uye tsvina iyo inoramba iripo nanhasi.

Kufananidzira Kufa Kwekufa muSomalia

Zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo zvinoisa kuurayiwa kwechisimba muSomalia sezvo US-backed Ethiopian invasion in 2006 pa 20,171 (Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) - kuburikidza ne2016) uye 24,631 (Armed Kurwisana Nzvimbo uye Chiitiko Dhata Project (ACLED)). Asi mubayiro wakakunda wemuno NGO, iyo Elman Peace and Human Rights Center muMogadishu, iyo yakaona rufu chete nokuda kwe2007 ne2008, inonzi 16,210 kufa kwechisimba mumakore maviri aya chete, 4.7 nguva iyo nhamba inonzi UCDP uye 5.8 nguva dze ACLED yemakore maviri aya.

MuLibhiya, Libya Muviri Kuverenga kungoverengwa chete 1.45 zvakapetwa kawanda sekufa seACLED. MuSomalia, Elman Peace akaverenga 5.8 zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kupfuura ACLED - mutsauko uripo pakati peiri waive mana nguva yakakura. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuverenga kwaElman Peace kwaive kwakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri seLibya Body Count, nepo ACLED ichiita kunge ingangoita hafu yekugona kufa kwevanhu muhondo muSomalia seLibya.

UCDP yakakwira manhamba akakwirira evakafa kupfuura ACLED kubva 2006 kusvika 2012, nepo ACLED yakaburitsa manhamba akakwirira kupfuura UCDP kubvira 2013. Ivhareji yemaviri mairi inopa huwandu hwakazara hwevanhu 23,916 vane mhirizhonga kubva muna Chikunguru 2006 kusvika 2017. Dai Elman Runyararo akange achiramba achiverenga hondo kufa uye anga aramba achitsvaga 5.25 (avhareji ye4.7 uye 5.8) zvakapetwa manhamba akawanikwa nemapoka epasi rose ekuongorora, ingadai yakaverengera vangangoita zviuru zana nemakumi mashanu nezviuru zvevanhu vakafa noutsinye kubvira pakapinda US kuEthiopiya muna Chikunguru 125,000.

Asi nepo Elman Runyararo akaverenga akawanda kufa kupfuura UCDP kana ACLED, iyi yaive ichiri kungove "passive" yekufa kwehondo muSomalia. Kufungidzira huwandu hwenzufu dzehondo dzakakonzerwa nesarudzo yeUS yekuparadza hurumende yeIUU yeSomalia, tinofanirwa kuwedzera manhamba aya nechiyero chinowira kumwe kunhu pakati peavo vanowanikwa mune dzimwe mhirizhonga, pakati pa5: 1 na20: 1.

Kuisa chikamu che5: 1 kune yangu fungidziro yezvingave zvakaverengerwa neiyo Elman Project parizvino inoburitsa huwandu hwevanhu mazana matanhatu nemakumi maviri nemashanu vakafa. Kuisa 625,000: 20 ratio kune yakadzika kwazvo kuverenga neUCDP uye ACLED yaizopa yakaderera nhamba ye1.

Hazvigoneki kuti iyo Elman Project yaive kuverenga zvinopfuura makumi maviri kubva muzana zvevakafa chaiko muSomalia yese. Kune rimwe divi, UCDP ne ACLED vaingo kuverenga chete mishumo yekufa muSomalia kubva kumabhesi avo muSweden neUK, zvichibva pamishumo yakaburitswa, saka vanogona kunge vakaverenga isingasviki 20% yevakafa chaivo.

Kana iyo Elman Project yaingotora 15% yevakafa vese panzvimbo ye20%, izvo zvaizoreva kuti vanhu zviuru mazana masere nemakumi matatu vakaurayiwa kubva muna 830,000. Kana huwandu hweUCDP neACLED hwakatora zvinopfuura zvikamu zvishanu kubva muzana zvevakafa zvachose, huwandu hwacho hungangodzikira kupfuura 2006. Asi izvi zvaizoreva kuti Elman Project yaive ichiratidza huwandu hwakanyanya hwevakafa, izvo zvingave zvisati zvamboitika muchirongwa chakadai.

Saka ndinofungidzira kuti nhamba chaiye yevanhu vakaurayiwa muSomalia kubva 2006 inofanira kuva pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pe500,000 ne850,000, uye inowanzove yakafa nehupfumi hweHNUMX.

Yemeni

IUS chikamu chemubatanidzwa uyo wanga uchibhomba Yemen kubvira 2015 mukuyedza kudzoreredza aimbova Mutungamiriri Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi pasimba. Hadi akasarudzwa mu2012 mushure mekuratidzira kweArab Spring uye kumukira kwehondo kumanikidza mudzvanyiriri wekare weU.S.-akatsigira, Ali Abdullah Saleh, kusiya chigaro munaNovember 2011.

Basa raHadi raive rekugadzira bumbiro idzva uye kuronga sarudzo nyowani mukati memakore maviri. Haana kuita kana chimwe chezvinhu izvi, saka kufamba kwakasimba kweHore Houthi kwakapinda guta guru munaGunyana 2014, vakaisa Hadi pasi pekusungwa mumba uye vakakumbira kuti iye nehurumende yake vazadzise mvumo yavo uye kuronga sarudzo nyowani.

Iwo Zaidis iboka rakasarudzika revaShiite vanoita 45% yevagari veYemen. Kuwedzera maMamamu akatonga mazhinji eYemen kweanopfuura makore chiuru. MaSunni neZaidis vakagara pamwe murunyararo muYemen kwemazana emakore, kuroora kana kuroorwa kwakajairika uye vanonamata mumamoski mamwe chete.

Yekupedzisira Zaidi Imam yakakundwa muhondo yevagari vemo muma1960. Muhondo iyoyo, maSaudis akatsigira maRoyalist mazhinji, nepo Egypt yakapinda Yemen kuti itsigire mauto eRepublican akazopedzisira aumba Yemen Arab Republic muna 1970.

Muna 2014, Hadi akaramba kubatana neHouthis, uye vakasiya muJanuary 2015. Akatizira kuAden, kumusha kwake, ndokuzoenda kuSaudi Arabia, iyo yakatanga chirongwa chebhomba chakatsigirwa neUS uye kudzivirirwa kwemauto kuyedza kumudzorera pasimba.

Ipo Saudi Arabia ichiitisa yakawanda yekurova kwemhepo, iyo US yatengesa akawanda ndege, mabhomba, zvombo uye zvimwe zvombo zvairi kushandisa. UK ndiyo Saudis 'wechipiri mukurusa maoko mutengesi. Pasina US satellite ungwaru uye mu-mhepo refueling, Saudi Arabia haigone kuitisa eirstrikes kwese Yemen sezvazviri kuita. Saka kubviswa kwezvombo zveUS, mu-mhepo refueling uye rutsigiro rwematongerwo enyika zvinogona kuita sarudzo mukupedza hondo.

Kufananidzira Hondo Yevakafa muYemen

Kubudiswa kwekufungidzira kwekufa kwehondo muYemen kunobva pakuongorora nguva dzose zvezvipatara uko neWorld Health Organization, kazhinji inotungamirirwa ne Ofisi yeUnited States yeKurongwa Kwebasa reMunhu (UNOCHA). Ongororo ichangoburwa, kubva muna Zvita 2017, ndeyekuti vanhu mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mashanu nemashanu vakaurayiwa, kusanganisira vanhu 9,245.

Asi mushumo weUNOCHA waDecember 2017 wakabatanidza nheyo inoti, "Nokuda kwenhamba yakakura yezvivako zvehutano izvo zvisingashandisi kana kushanda zvishoma nekuda kwemakakatanwa, nhamba idzi dzinotaurirwa uye zvichida dzakakwirira."

Kunyangwe kana zvipatara zviri kushanda zvizere, vanhu vazhinji vakaurayiwa muhondo havambozviita kuchipatara. Zvipatara zvakati wandei muYemen zvakarohwa nemiridzo yemhepo yeSaudi, pane kuvharirwa kwemasoja kunotadzisa kupinzwa kwemishonga, uye magetsi, mvura, chikafu nemafuta zvese zvakakanganiswa nekubhomba nekuvharirwa. Saka pfupiso dzeWHO dzekufa kubva kuzvipatara zvinogona kunge zviri chikamu chidiki chehuwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa.

ACLED inoshuma nhamba yakaderera zvishoma kupfuura iyo WHO: 7,846 kusvika pakupera kwa2017.Asi kusiyana neWHO, ACLED ine data razvino re2018, uye inoshuma kumwe kufa kwevanhu 2,193 kubva munaNdira. Kana iyo WHO ikaramba ichitaura 18% yevakafa kupfuura ACLED, iyo WHO yakazara kusvika parizvino ingangoita 11,833.

Kunyangwe UNOCHA neWHO vanobvuma kushomeka kwekufa kwehondo muYemen, uye chiyero pakati pemishumo yeWHO yekungofa uye kufa chaiko kunoratidzika kunge kuri kumagumo ekumusoro kwehurefu hunowanikwa mune dzimwe hondo, izvo zvakatosiyana pakati pe5: 1 ne20: 1. Ini ndinofungidzira kuti vangangoita 175,000 vanhu vakaurayiwa - ka15 kakapetwa manhamba akataurwa neWHO neACLED - aine mashoma e120,000 uye anosvika mazana maviri nemakumi mana ezviuru.

The True Human Cost of US Wars

Pamwe chete, muzvikamu zvitatu zvechirevo ichi, ndakafungidzira kuti Hondo dzeAmerica dzepashure-9/11 dzakauraya vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni matanhatu. Pamwe iyo yechokwadi nhamba ingori chete mamirioni mashanu. Kana pamwe iri mamirioni manomwe. Asi ini ndine chokwadi chekuti mamirioni akati wandei.

Haisi mazana emakumi ezviuru chete, sevanhu vakawanda vane ruzivo rwakatenda vanotenda, nokuti kuumbwa kwe "passive reporting" hakukwanisi kuwedzera kudarika chikamu chenhamba chaiyo yevanhu vakaurayiwa munyika dzinorarama nenzira yechisimba uye mhirizhonga iyo hutsinye hwedu hwenyika akavasunungura kubva 2001.

Nhoroondo yekugadzirisa yei Syrian Observatory for Human Rights zvirokwazvo vakatora chikamu chiduku chekufa chaiye kudarika nhamba shomanana yekupedza kupedza kunyengedzwa kwakanyatsorondedzerwa sekufa kwehuwandu hwei UN Assistance Mission kuA Afghanistan. Asi ese ari maviri achingomiririra chidimbu chevakafa vese.

Uye nhamba yechokwadi yevanhu vakaurayiwa ndeyechokwadi kwete mumakumi makumi ezviuru, sezhinji vevanhu vakawanda muUnited States uye muUnited States vave vakatungamirirwa kuti vatende, maererano nemaonero ekuongorora.

Isu tinokurumidza kukumbira nyanzvi dzehutano hwehutano kuti tifambise zvakakwana kufa kwekudzidzira munyika dzose US inopinda muhondo kubvira 2001, kuitira kuti nyika inogona kupindura zvakakodzera kusvika kwechokwadi chekufa uye kuparadzwa kwehondo dzakakonzera.

Sezvo Barbara Lee achiyambira vamwe vake asati aisa vhoti yake yekupokana muna 2001, isu "tave vakaipa vatinoshora." Asi idzi hondo hadzina kuperekedzwa nemapurisa anotyisa emauto (haasati avepo) kana hurukuro dzekukunda nyika. Panzvimbo pezvo ivo vakaruramiswa nezvematongerwo enyika "Ruzivo rwehondo" kuti vaone madhimoni uye kugadzirisa matambudziko, ndokubva apinda mune "Akazvinyengedza, akanyarara, vhidhiyo pasina" nzira, kuvanza mari yavo muropa revanhu kubva kuvanhu veAmerica nenyika.

Mushure memazana emakore e16 ehondo, nezvemamiriyoni evanhu vane mhirizhonga anouraya mhirizhonga, nyika dze 6 dzakaparadzwa zvachose uye dzakawanda zvakanyanya kuora mwoyo, zvinokurumidzira kuti vanhu veAmerica vabvumirane nemari yevanhu chaiyo yehondo dzedu dzepanyika uye kuti isu takashandiswa sei uye tatsausa kuchinja kuve mapofu kwavari - vasati vaenderera mberi kwenguva refu, kuparadza nyika dzakawanda, kuwedzera kuderedza mutemo wemitemo yenyika uye kuuraya mamiriyoni akawanda evanhu vedu.

As Hana Arendt akanyora in Kutanga kweUtitarian. Rwizi rwepasi pevhu rwenhoroondo yekuMadokero rwakazosvika pamusoro ndokubvuta chiremerera chetsika yedu. "Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvatiri kurarama."

Nicolas JS Davies ndiye munyori we Ropa Pamakumbo Edu: American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. Akanyorawo chitsauko pamusoro pe "Obama muHondo" mukugadzirisa mutungamiri we44th: Gwaro reKarita paKutanga kwekutanga kweBarack Obama semutungamiri wekufambira mberi.