Maitiro Emutemo Wepasi Pose Anogonesa Sei Kubhomba Kwevagari muHondo yeUS paGandanga

By Peace Sciences Digest, August 12, 2021

Ongororo iyi inopfupikisa uye inoratidza kutsvagurudza kunotevera: Nylen, AJ (2020). Frontier kururamisira: Mutemo wepasi rese uye nzvimbo 'dzisina mutemo' mu "Hondo Nekutyisa". European Journal yeInternational Relations, 26 (3), 627-659. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066119883682

Kuongorora uku ndiko kwekutanga kwezvikamu zvina zvezvikamu zvekurangarira makumi maviri^th Chirangaridzo chaGunyana 11, 2001. Mukuburitsa basa razvino redzidzo pamhedzisiro ine njodzi yehondo dzeUS muIraq neAfghanistan uye Hondo Yenyika Yose paGandanga (GWOT) zvakanyanya, isu tinotarisira kuti nhepfenyuro idzi dzikonzere kufunga patsva Mhinduro yeUS kuhugandanga uye kuvhura nhaurirano pane dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzechisimba kuhondo nemhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika.

Kutaura Points

• Obama Administration yakavaka pfungwa yemiganhu - nzvimbo dzisiri pasi pehurumende asi dzichiwira mukati memiganhu yenyika - "kudzivisa zvipingamupinyi zviri pamutemo" mukushandisa kwemauto uye "kuvhara izvo vazhinji vangazofunga seyakawedzera mutemo" muUS drone hondo.
• Iyo Geneva Konferensi yakashandiswa kururamisa ratidziro dzeUS drone muPakistan, Yemen, neSomalia nekuratidzira matunhu emiganhu mukati memunyika idzi se "vasingateereri mutemo," "vane mhirizhonga," uye "vasingaregerere," nokudaro vachitorera matunhu ehumambo ichi nekuzviisa pasi pekunze kwenyika. mhirizhonga.
• Nokuratidzira Hondo yekutyisa semhirizhonga isiri yepasi rose, iyo Obama Administration yakakwanisa "kutaura kuti ichiri kukwira [e] ld uye inoremekedza [ed] mutemo wepasi rose mukuita kwavo kwemauto… mukati mehurongwa hweyakaregedzeka seti. yemirau. ”

 Kiyi Insight yeKuziva Maitiro

• Kurambidzwa kwedrone kurovera pavanhu vasiri vemo kuri pakati penhanho dzemhinduro yeUS kuhugandanga zvichitevera kurwiswa kwaGunyana 11.^th- inguva yekuramba zano rekuti drone inorwisa chishandiso chinoshanda uye chehunhu chekuchengetedza nyika uye kusimbisa masimba ekongiresi mukugadzira hondo.

pfupiso

Kurwiswa kwakaitwa nemagandanga munaGunyana 11, 2001, kwakatanga nguva nyowani inoshamisa muUS yekune dzimwe nyika uye mutemo wezvekuchengetedza nyika, kunyanya iro Mvumo ya2001 yekushandisa Mauto Emasoja (AUMF). Kubva ipapo, iyo AUMF yanga ichishandiswa nevatungamiriri vatatu vehurumende kururamisa chiuto cheUS kurwisa al-Qaeda ne "mauto ayo akabatana" munzvimbo dzinonzi dzinonzi dzepamberi - nzvimbo dzisingadzorwi nenyika asi dzichiwira mukati memiganhu yenyika uye dzimwe nguva inofambiswa nedzinza kana mamwe mapoka emuno anovenga nyika. Matunhu ekumaodzanyemba haasi ekuverengeka asi anoumba chikamu chakasiyana chesangano rezvematongerwo enyika risingazivikanwe zviri pamutemo mumutemo wepasi rose.

Achifunga nezvezviga zviri pamutemo zvinotonga mutemo wehondo, Alexandria J. Nylen anobvunza kuti hurukuro yemutemo wepasi rose yakashandiswa sei kufambisa kunze kwenyika nzvimbo dzeUS drone kumatunhu epakati pePakistan, Yemen, neSomalia. Anopokana kuti hurumende yeUS pasi pehutongi hwaObama yakavaka pfungwa yenzvimbo dzekunze "kudzivisa zvipingamupinyi zviri pamutemo" jus ad bellum uye jus muBlolo mitemo yevarwi vechiuto "kuvhara izvo zvingafungidzirwa nevazhinji kuita zvisiri pamutemo." Kuongorora kwake kunoguma kunoratidza "mhirizhonga, kuoneka, uye nharaunda mukushandisa kwesimba rehurumende," zvichipa vanhuwo zvavo zvakafa sezvakakodzera kudzivirira kubva kumagandanga epasirese.

Tsvagurudzo inotanga kuongorora kuti mutemo wepasi rese unganzwisiswe sei kuti ukwanise magariro ezvematongerwo enyika enyika dzine simba uye, chechipiri, inopa ongororo yehurukuro yemagwaro gumi nematanhatu (memos yemukati uye hurukuro dzeveruzhinji) kubva kuObama Administration pakumira zviri pamutemo kwekurohwa kwedrone.

Pfungwa yehutongi hwehurumende inosimbisa mutemo wepasi rese, ichigadzira "mukati / kunze" bhanari iyo inokanda matunhu anozvidza kujeka kwemutemo, senzvimbo dzemuganho, sevasina mutemo. Izvi zvinoguma ne "nzvimbo dzepachena dzepamutemo" apo nyika dzine simba dzinogona kutsanangura miganhu nenzira dzinosimudzira nzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa kushayikwa kwezvematongerwo enyika nevezvemitemo nekusarudza mutemo wepasi rose kuendesa mhinduro yehondo kune kushaikwa kwehurongwa. Semuenzaniso, hurukuro yemunyori yekuongorora yakaona kuti matunhu ekumiganhu akatsanangurwa neObama Administration se "vasingateereri mutemo," "vane mhirizhonga," uye "vasingaregerere," uye vakaumbwa senzvimbo dzakasiyana kubva kunyika dzavari. Nekuda kweizvozvo, matunhu aya "anoitwa tsika dzakasiyana dzemhirizhonga," nekuti nyika dzine simba dzinogona kufambisira mberi "fungidziro yenhema inovaratidza sevasina kukodzera kudzivirirwa kubva kumhirizhonga yekunze." Kumisikidza mutemo wemutemo munzvimbo dzepamberi kuburikidza nemauto ehondo inova chinangwa chegwara chinotariswa se "zvakajairika zvakanaka," zvisinei nekuvapo kwenzvimbo, dzisiri-Euro-America-dzakavakirwa dzimba mumatunhu iwayo.

Nekusarudza nzvimbo yekurohwa kwedrone senzvimbo dzepamberi, chikamu chiri kunze kwekunzwisisa kwetsika kwehutongi hwehurumende pane iyo mutemo wepasi rose wakavakirwa, iyo Obama Administration yakanamatira kududzirwa kwe jus ad bellum uye jus muBlolo misimboti maererano nekushandiswa kwemauto ehondo. Ongororo yehurukuro yakaratidza kuti Obama Administration yaivimba ne Geneva Kokorodzano kururamisa hunyanzvi hwekurohwa kwedrone muPakistan, Yemen, neSomalia. Kutanga, maererano jus ad bellum misimboti, iyo Dhipatimendi yakati nharo yekurwisa Al-Qaeda yakaruramiswa se asiri-epasirese kurwa kwehondo (NIAC), izvo zvaizobvumidza mauto eUS kuitisa drone kurwisa munzvimbo dziri kunze kwenzvimbo dzinoshanda dzehondo, zvichibva pakodzero yeUS yekupindura nekuzvidzivirira kubva pakurwiswa kuri pedyo. Uku kutaura kwakatsamira pakududzirwa zvakare kweUS Supreme Court kesi Hamdam vs. Rumsfeld, iyo yakatsanangura mashandiro emauto eUS kurwisa Al-Qaeda seNIAC, asi iro boka rakangoshanda mukushanda kweUS muAfghanistan. Mune mapepa emutemo machena akaongororwa kuongororwa kwehurukuro, Hamdam vs. Rumsfeld yakaiswa kune ese epasi rose ekurwisa hugandanga.

Chechipiri, maererano jus muBlolo misimboti, iyo Obama Administration yakataura kuti chero chiito chinouraya munzvimbo dzepamuganhu chaive pamutemo kana ichiitiswa maererano nemitemo yakataurwa mumutemo weNIAC. Nekudaro, mutemo wepasirese hauna kunyatsojeka nezvekuti zvipi zvinoshanda kumaNIACs achienzaniswa nehondo yepakati. Izvi zvakatendera Bazi rezveHurumende "kuti rireve kuti richiri kumusoro [e] ld uye rinoremekedza [ed] mutemo wepasi rose mukuita kwavo muchiuto… mukati megadziriro yemitemo inobvumidza."

Ongororo yehurukuro yakaratidza kuti hapana kutaurwa nezve "mutemo wemuno kana yekuraira misimboti" munzvimbo dzinotarisana nedhiraoni. Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti kurohwa kwedrone kwakaita hutongi hwenzvimbo zvakanyanya kuoma mumatunhu aya. Mumwe muenzaniso unoratidza chokwadi ichi mudunhu rePakistan reNazi Waziristan uko US yakarova kanzuru yemakakatanwa emuno mumusangano wemazuva maviri, ichiuraya vanhu vangangosvika makumi mashanu. Ipo iyo US ichipokana kuti ratidziro iyi yedrone yairuramiswa kuburikidza nekufunga kwayo kwepamutemo, zvapupu zvakaona zvinopokana kuti hapana weavo vakaurayiwa vaive varwi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, makanzuru emunharaunda anonetseka kusangana, achitya kuti zviitwa zvavo zvinganzwisisike sekutyisidzira nevatyairi veUS drone. Iwo marongero epamutemo akataurwa pano, akabatanidzwa pamwe nekusaonekwa kwenzvimbo idzi nekuda kwekuremekedzwa kwavo muhurongwa hwepasi rose hwakavakirwa muhutongi hwehurumende, zvinoita kuti chisimba chenyika chisabvumidzwe nemacheke mashoma pasimba renyika.

Kuzivisa Kudzidzira

Tsvagurudzo iyi inosimbisa mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika uye kuurayiwa kwawo wakanyorwa naMartin Luther King Jr. mu Tsamba yake kubva kuJeri reBirmingham: "Dzimwe nguva mutemo unenge uri pachiso chavo uye hauna kurongeka mukushandiswa kwawo." MaGeneva Konferensi akanyorwa kuchengetedza vanhu kubva kuhondo asi akaunganidzwa nenyika dzine simba - dzinoti, US - kupa chikonzero chekurwiswa kwevanhu vasingaite basa rekurwisa hugandanga. Zvakakosha, ese maRepublican neDemocratic manejimendi akafambisira mberi kududzirwa uku uye nekuenderera mberi kwekurohwa kwedrone nesimba risingamiswe uye pasina kongiresi yekutarisa. Iyi ndiyo nhaka yemhinduro yeUS kuhugandanga zvichitevera Gunyana 11^th, uye zvakakosha kuti uongororezve kurohwa kwedrone sosi yekuchengetedza nyika.

Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa paruzhinji nezvekurohwa kwedrone, asi kuziva kwenyaya kwakawedzera nekuda kwe muridzi wemiridzo anodonha uye kuferefeta kutapa nhau. Critiques ye drone warfare inogona kuiswa muzvikamu maererano nehunhu uye kushanda. Mishumo yevanoridza muridzo nevatori venhau vanoferefeta inoratidza huwandu hwakakura hwevagari vemo hwekurohwa kwedrone, kunyangwe hazvo hurumende yehurumende ichiti kudhiraira kwedrone kwakanyatso tarisa. Semuenzaniso, panguva nguva yemwedzi mishanu muAfghanistan, vanhu vanosvika makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana vakaurawa havasi ivo "vaitarisirwa." Kwete chete idrone stereki isinganetseke mukutarisa kwavo, asi mashandisiro avo ave nemhedzisiro inokatyamadza pakurwisa masangano emagandanga ayo zano rakagadzirirwa kunanga. Tarisa maTaliban muAfghanistan: iro rekutanga sangano uye nyika yakava tarisiro yeUS yekupokana nehugandanga mashandiro achiri kushanda uye, kana yekutanga mitsara ichokwadi, iri kutanga kushandiswa kwema drones asina kurongwa kuita kurwisa kurwisana nehurumende yeAfghan. Kwete kwete chete kuti maTaliban akatsungirira mukutarisana nematanho eUS drone uye kupindira kwemauto, asi ivo vakawedzerawo kugona kwavo uye turu yekushandisa yekuenderera mberi nemushandirapamwe wemhirizhonga kuti vadzore kutonga pamusoro peAfghanistan.

Kudzokera nekufungisisa zvakare chirevo chinogamuchirwa che "chinangwa chakanangwa," kushandiswa kwehondo yedrone kunounza dambudziko rakakomba mutsika sezvo zvichikanda varume vese vane zera munzvimbo idzi sevarwi, zvisinei nebasa ravo chairo mukurwa. Zviri pachena kuti haina rusaruro mukuitwa kwayo. Asi, njodzi dzinosanganisira kwete chete kurasikirwa kwehupenyu kune vanhuwo zvavo. tsvakurudzo inoratidza kushungurudzika kukuru uko nharaunda dziri munzvimbo dzakatarwa nedrone stereki ruzivo, ichitsanangura kuputsika kwemanzwiro, hope dzehusiku, kurasikirwa nenzara, kushaya hope, uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvemuviri nezvemuviri. Zvakafanana zviratidzo zvekushungurudzika varipo mumauto eU.S. vakapiwa ungwaru kuunganidza uye kunanga kurwisa.

Asi, kunyangwe paine matambudziko aya nedrone stereki, iyo US inoenderera nekuishandisa, munguva pfupi yapfuura saJuly 2021 muSomalia. Kushaikwa kwekongiresi kutarisira uye kubvumidzwa kwemauto chiito ndicho chimwe chikonzero nei kurwisa kwedrone kuchiramba. Kuunza Congress zvakare mukutora danho nekusimbisazve simba rayo rekuita hondo kunogona kubatsira kudzosa simba reMutungamiriri risingamharwe rekubhomba vanhuwo zvavo. Fungidzira, semuenzaniso, dai Congress yakanga yaratidza simba rayo uye ikapokana nebumbiro remutemo raObama Administration, ichiratidza kududzirwa patsva kwematare edzimhosva uye maGungano eGeneva uye kuramba kubvumidza chiuto. Fungidzira zvakare kana, pachinzvimbo chekutora zvisirizvo zvekuchengetedza kwemauto paradigm, iyo US yakanga yapindura kugandanga nematombo ekuvaka runyararo. Vangani vanhuwo zvavo vangadai vachiri vapenyu nhasi, uye isu tingave tiri padyo zvakadii nenyika ine mapoka ane mhirizhonga asingakurumidzi kuwana vanotora rutsigiro? [KC]

Mibvunzo Yehurukuro

• Kushandisa iyo Geneva Konferensi, yakanyorwa kuchengetedza vanhu kubva kuhondo, kururamisa kurohwa kwedrone kunodzora simba remutemo wepasi rese nekuratidzira maitiro nyika kutenderera misimboti yayo, kana kuratidza simba rayo nekuti nyika dzinomanikidzwa kushandisa iyi mirau pakuita zviitiko zvemauto?
• Kunze kwekuita musangano wekongiresi, ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dzekumisa US drone hondo, uye ndedzipi nzira (es) dzinogona kushandiswa kudzikisira kutyisidzira kwehugandanga (kunoonekwa kana kwechokwadi)?

Kuenderera Kuverenga

Lederach, JP (2011). Kutaura kugandanga: Mufungo wekuchinja nzira. Muna JP Lederach, R. Clos, D. Ansel, A. Johnson, L. Weis, J. Brandwein, & S. Lee (Eds.), Somaria. Kugadzira nzvimbo yenzira nyowani dzekuvaka rugare (mapeji 7–19). Hupenyu & Runyararo Institute. Yakasvika munaAugust 2, 2021, kubva https://kroc.nd.edu/assets/239570/somalia_lpi_kroc.pdf

Scahill, J. (2015, Gumiguru 15). Iyo mhondi yakaoma. The Intercept. Yakasvika munaAugust 2, 2021, kubva https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/the-assassination-complex/

Woods, C. (2012, Gunyana 25). 'Drones inokonzera kushungurudzika kukuru pakati pevanhuwo zvavo,' kudzidza kukuru kunowana. Iyo Bureau yeInoongorora Inhau. Yakasvika munaAugust 2, 2021, kubva https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2012-09-25/drones-causing-mass-trauma-among-civilians-major-study-finds

McCann, S. (2021, Chikunguru 28). Biden haafanire kuwedzera US kupindira muSomalia. Inkstick Midhiya. Yakasvika munaAugust 3, 2021, kubva https://inkstickmedia.com/biden-shouldnt-prolong-us-intervention-in-somalia/

Hondo Kudzivirira Initiative. (2021, Chikumi 21). Kudzoserwa kwa2002 Mvumo yeKushandiswa kweMasoja Mauto (AUMF) muIraq. Zvimwe zvinogona kuitwa kupedza zvachose hondo uye kuwana kuchengetedzeka chaiko. Yakasvika munaAugust 2, 2021, kubva https://warpreventioninitiative.org/aumf-repeal/

Runyararo Sayenzi Digest. (2021, Kubvumbi 16). Artificial intelligence muUS kupandukira hugandanga uye (isingadzivisike) mhute yehondo isingaperi. Yakasvika munaAugust 2, 2021, kubva https://peacesciencedigest.org/artificial-intelligence-in-u-s-counterterrorism-and-the-inescapable-fog-of-endless-war/

Misangano

Airwars: https://airwars.org

Bureau yeInvestigative Nhau: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com

Quincy Sisitimu Yekutarisira Statecraft: https://quincyinst.org